8/26/2019 General and nerve – muscle physiology - Last Minute Revision Tips - Dr.

s - Dr. Bhatia Medical Coaching Institute Pvt. Ltd. - Dr Bhatia Medical …

Insulin secretion

Insulin secretion

1. Insulin is a polypeptide anabolic hormone containing two chains of amino

acids linked by disulfide bridges

2. Insulin secretion begins at 12 weeks.

3. Beef insulin differs by three amino acids from a human, Pork insulin differs
from human insulin by only one amino acid.

4. Insulin is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the B cells. It is

then packaged in Golgi apparatus and expelled by exocytosis.

5. The half-life of insulin in the circulation in humans is about 5 min

6. The normal concentration of insulin in fasting normal humans is 0–70 U/mL.

The amount of insulin secreted in the basal state is about 1 U/h, with a fivefold
to tenfold increase following ingestion of food. The average amount secreted
per day in a normal human is about 40 U.

STIMULATORS INHIBITORS
Glucose Somatostatin
Mannose 2-Deoxyglucose
Amino acids (leucine, arginine, others) Mannoheptulose
Intestinal hormones (GIP, GLP-1, gastrin, α Adrenergic stimulators
secretin, CCK)
β-Keto acids β Adrenergic blockers
Acetylcholine Diazoxide
Glucagon Thiazide diuretics
Cyclic AMP K+ depletion
β-Adrenergic stimulators Phenytoin
Theophylline Insulin
Sulfonylureas Microtubule inhibitors
 
GLUT Transporter for facilitated diffusion of glucose
https://gradestack.com/Dr-Bhatia-Medical/Last-Minute-Revision-Tips/General-and-nerve-/15782-3165-7404-revise-wtw 1/4
8/26/2019 General and nerve – muscle physiology - Last Minute Revision Tips - Dr. Bhatia Medical Coaching Institute Pvt. Ltd. - Dr Bhatia Medical …
GLUT Basal glucose uptake
Insulin secretion
Placenta, blood-brain barrier, brain, red
1 cells, kidneys, colon, many other
organs
GLUT Act as B-cell glucose sensor B cells of islets , liver
2
GLUT Basal glucose uptake Brain, placenta, kidneys
3
GLUT Insulin-Dependent glucose Skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose
4 uptake tissue,
GLUT Fructose transport Jejunum, sperm 
5

1. Maximum triglycerides are in chylomicrons

2. Exogenous (Dietary) triglycerides are maximum in chylomicrons.

3. Endogenous triglycerides are max. in VLDL.

4. Stress induced Hyperglycemia is mediated through increased epinephrine,

Cortisol and glucagon causing gluconeogenesis.

5. Insulin is synthesized on a large scale bases by recombinant technology.

Melatonin is synthesized & secreted by pineal gland

6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by intermediate pituitary

gland ACTH level is highest during early morning.

7. Dopamine acts as hypothalamic prolactin inhibiting hormone and decreases

prolactin secretion.

8. Polyuria & diabetes insipidus occur due to decrease in ADH secretion.

9. Iodine uptake is seen in thyroid gland salivary gland mammary gland gastric
placenta, ciliary body of eye & choroid plexus.

10. 1 , 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (steroid) causing bone mineralization by

increasing intestinal Ca*+ absorption.

11. Adrenal medullary hormones (Adrenaline,Nor-Adrenaline, Dopmine) are not

essential for life.

12. Adrenal cortex is essential for life. The mineratocorticoids & glucocorticoids
are essential for life.
https://gradestack.com/Dr-Bhatia-Medical/Last-Minute-Revision-Tips/General-and-nerve-/15782-3165-7404-revise-wtw 2/4
8/26/2019 General and nerve – muscle physiology - Last Minute Revision Tips - Dr. Bhatia Medical Coaching Institute Pvt. Ltd. - Dr Bhatia Medical …
13. Increase in plasma Na+ inhibits aldosterone secretion & acute decline in
Insulin secretion
plasma Na+ stimulates its secretion.

14. GABA - exerts an inhibitory action on GnRH secretion before onset of puberty.
Glutamate - has an excitatory effect & whose levels increase at the onset of
puberty.

15. A surge in LH secretion triggers ovulation. Action of LH are

16. Stimulates ovulation

17. Formation & maintenance of corpus luteum.

18. Formation of progesterone in the corpus luteum from the lutein cells.

19. Progesterone is thermogenic which increase body temperature during

ovulation.

20. FSH acts on granulosa cells in female and Sertoli cells in male.

21. Zinc is secreted by prostate, and prostaglandins from seminal vesicle.

22. Spermatozoa are stored in epididymis.

23. Spermatozoa maturation and motility acquired during their passage through
epididymis.

24. Further maturation and capacitance occur within female genital tract.

Comment

Sertoli cells

1. They provide nutrition to the developing sperm cells. Q

2. maturation of spermatozoa called spermiogenesis

3. They phagocytoze the injured or dead sperm cells Q

4. They are the basis: of blood testis barrier Q

5. They secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP), inhibin and MIS. Q

6. They do not synthesize androgens, but they contain aromatase, the enzyme
responsible for conversion of androgens to, estrogens and they can produce
https://gradestack.com/Dr-Bhatia-Medical/Last-Minute-Revision-Tips/General-and-nerve-/15782-3165-7404-revise-wtw 3/4
 Q – muscle physiology - Last Minute Revision Tips - Dr. Bhatia Medical Coaching Institute Pvt. Ltd. - Dr Bhatia Medical …
8/26/2019
estrogens.
General and nerve

Insulin secretion
7. Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion

8. MIS causes regression of the mullerian ducts is in males during fetal life.

 
Leydig cells (Interstitial Cells)
They are nest of cells present between the seminiferous tubules in testes. They
secrete testosterone into bloodstream

Comment

Previous

Gradeup School (https://school.gradeup.co) About Us (https://gradeup.co/about-us)

Gradeup (https://gradeup.co) Test Series (https://gradeup.co/online-test-series)
JEE Question Papers (https://gradeup.co/jee-main-question-paper-i) News (/mainsite/news)
Contact Us (https://gradeup.co/contact-us)
Terms & Conditions (https://gradeup.co/terms-and-condition)
mail us at contact@gradestack.com (mailto:contact@gradestack.com)

https://gradestack.com/Dr-Bhatia-Medical/Last-Minute-Revision-Tips/General-and-nerve-/15782-3165-7404-revise-wtw 4/4