1

We obtain an upper-
bound solution.
Therefore, we need to try
to find the minimum
value of qu(x).
Determine the x which
minimizes qu(x) by
dqu(x)/dx = 0.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

qu  qu x 
 2

b a
2 
qu  x   m pl  1
2 a x
a 2 b  13 x

 a  a 2  3b 2
x
b
2
a
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

mpl
qu  24
a2
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 3

qu  8m pl
ab
1 
b a
a b
 4

Simple support: κ = 0

Fixed support: κ = 1

2a
a * b* a* 
1  1 2  1 4
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

qu  8m pl b* a *
a *b* 2a
b* 
1  1  1   3
 5
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

In steelwork, the “components” of a connection that actually connects the

parts are essentially welds and bolts.
In many old bridges and steel structures, you see rivets. Rivets are not used
very often any more.
 2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 6

EN 1993-1-1:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 7
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 8
 9
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4 Welded connections
4.3 Geometry and dimensions

4.3.2 Fillet welds

4.3.4 Butt welds

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
 10
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.7 Design resistance of butt welds
4.7.1 Full penetration butt welds
(1) The design resistance of a full penetration butt weld should be taken as
equal to the design resistance of the weaker of the parts connected, provided
that the weld is made with a suitable consumable which will produce all-weld
tensile specimens having both a minimum yield strength and a minimum
tensile strength not less than those specified for the parent metal.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 11

Fillet welds
 12
4.3.2 Fillet welds EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.3.2.1 General

(1) Fillet welds may be used for connecting parts where the fusion faces form an
angle of between 60° and 120°.
(2) Angles smaller than 60° are also permitted. However, in such cases the weld
should be considered to be a partial penetration butt weld.
(3) For angles greater than 120° the resistance of fillet welds should be
determined by testing in accordance with EN 1990 Annex D: Design by testing.
(4) Fillet welds finishing at the ends or sides of parts should be returned
continuously, full size, around the corner for a distance of at least twice the leg
length of the weld, unless access or the configuration of the joint renders this
impracticable.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
 13
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.5 Design resistance of a fillet weld
4.5.1 Length of welds

(1) The effective length of a fillet weld leff should be taken as the length over
which the fillet is full-size. This maybe taken as the overall length of the weld
reduced by twice the effective throat thickness a.
Provided that the weld is full size throughout its length including starts and
terminations, no reduction in effective length need be made for either the
start or the termination of the weld.

(2) A fillet weld with an effective length less than 30 mm or less than 6 times
its throat thickness, whichever is larger, should not be designed to carry
load.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
 14
4.5.2 Effective throat thickness EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
(1) The effective throat thickness, a, of a fillet weld
should be taken as the height of the largest triangle
(with equal or unequal legs) that can be inscribed within
the fusion faces and the weld surface, measured
perpendicular to the outer side of this triangle, see
Figure 4.3.

(2) The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should

not be less than 3 mm.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
 15

4.5.3 Design Resistance of fillet welds EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)

4.5.3.1 General

(1) The design resistance of a fillet weld should be determined

using either the Directional method given in 4.5.3.2 or the
Simplified method given in 4.5.3.3.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 16
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
 17
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
von Mises:

  3    
2 2 2 fu
  ||

w M2
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 18
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
 19
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.5.3.3 Simplified method for design resistance of fillet
weld

(1) Alternatively to 4.5.3.2 the design resistance of a fillet weld

may be assumed to be adequate if, at every point along its
length, the resultant of all the forces per unit length transmitted
by the weld satisfy the following criterion:

Fw,Ed  Fw,Rd ... (4.2)

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

where:
Fw,Ed is the design value of the weld force per unit length;
Fw,Rd is the design weld resistance per unit length.
 20
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
(2) Independent of the orientation of the weld throat plane to
the applied force, the design resistance per unit length Fw,Rd
should be determined from:

Fw,Rd  f vw,d a ... (4.3)

where:
fvw.d is the design shear strength of the weld.

(3) The design shear strength fvw.d of the weld should be

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

determined from:
fu
f vw,d  ... (4.4)
3 w M2
where:
fu and βw are defined in 4.5.3.2(6).
 21
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.10 Connections to unstiffened flanges
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

(2) For an unstiffened I or H section the effective width beff should be

obtained from:

beff  tw  2r  7ktf ... (4.6a)

 22
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.10 Connections to unstiffened flanges
(2) For an unstiffened I or H section the effective width beff should be
obtained from:

beff  tw  2r  7ktf ... (4.6a)

where: tf f y,f
k but k  1
tp f y,p ... (4.6b)

fy,f is the yield strength of the flange of the I or H section;

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

fy,p is the yield strength of the plate welded to the I or H section.

 23
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.9 Distribution of forces

(1) The distribution of forces in a welded connection may be

calculated on the assumption of either elastic or plastic
behaviour in conformity with 2.4 and 2.5.

(2) It is acceptable to assume a simplified load distribution

within the welds.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
 24
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994
 25

2ad w3
Iy   4abeff  12 d f 
2

12

My
y  z Fy  a y
Iy
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to EN 1993 and EN 1994
 26

NOTE:
The weld is much stronger than required.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

This is quite usual. A weld less than 6 mm would seem

unreasonable for steel parts the size used here.
We do not want steel joints to fail in the welds. Be a bit generous.
This also means that it is often not worth doing a very detailed
analysis. Use simple SAFE-SIDE APPROXIMATIONS.

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to EN 1993 and EN 1994
 27
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
6.2 Design Resistance

6.2.2 Shear forces

(1) In welded connections, and in bolted connections

with end-plates, the welds connecting the beam web
should be designed to transfer the shear force from the
connected beam to the joint, without any assistance
from the welds connecting the beam flanges.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 28
 29
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
3 Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins

(3) The yield strength fyb and the ultimate tensile strength
fub for bolt classes 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8 and 10.9 are
given in Table 3.1. These values should be adopted as
characteristic values in design calculations.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

NOTE: The National Annex may exclude certain bolt classes.

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 30
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 31
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 32
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
 EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
33
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Use minimum of the distances

as a safe-side approximation
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 34
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
 EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
35
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

235MPa

fy
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 36
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 37
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
 EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
38

Typical surface treatment:

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

A – Blasted, loose rust removed μ = 0.50

B – Painted with zinc μ = 0.40
C – Cleaned, loose rust removed μ = 0.30
D – Surfaces not treated μ = 0.20
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 39
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 40
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 41
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
 EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
42
3.11 Prying forces

(1) Where fasteners are required to carry an applied

tensile force, they should be designed to resist the
additional force due to prying action, where this can occur.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
 43

Long joints
Welded as well as bolted joints:
The strength of “long” joints is reduced. Simple reduction
factors are given in EC3.

1   x    l  x   
 x  
PlΓ
 cosh   cosh  
EA sinh    l   l 
l
E, A 2
l bΓ
t P  2
2
P t EA
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

E, A
x
 EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
44

3.12 Distribution of forces between fasteners at the

ultimate limit state

(1) When a moment is applied to a joint, the distribution of internal forces

may be either linear (i.e. proportional to the distance from the centre of
rotation) or plastic, (i.e. any distribution that is in equilibrium is acceptable
provided that the resistances of the components are not exceeded and the
ductility of the components is sufficient). (= lower-bound solution)

(2) The elastic linear distribution of internal forces should be used for the
following:
– when bolts are used creating a category C slip-resistant connection,
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

– in shear connections where the design shear resistance Fv,Rd of a

fastener is less than the design bearing resistance Fb,Rd,
– where connections are subjected to impact, vibration or load reversal
(except wind loads).
 45

Linear elastic analysis

Determine the location of the centroid:

n
1
x0*   xi*
n i 1
n
1
y0*   yi*
n i 1
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
 46

Linear elastic analysis

In the centroidal system:

Force on bolt i:

2 2
 N Myi   V Mxi 
I p   xi2  yi2 
n
Fi       
n I p   n I p 

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

i 1

Show that the maximum bolt force for the

applied design loads is less than the design
resistance (slip resistance, bolt shear capacity,
bearing capacity).
 47

Lower-bound analysis

One possible
distribution of forces:
5Fb,Rd

VRd  min  4 2a
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

 e Fb,Rd

The exercise is then to find

the distribution, which gives
the maximum value of VRd
 Upper-bound analysis
48

y  Nu  N
i    
ri  Vu   u  V 
V M M  M 
 u  
N x
rR
Any rigid-body displacement  xR   xi 
rR    , ri   
 
of the gusset plate can be OR  yR   yi 
described as a pure rotation
about a certain point OR. A
pure rotation about any point
is thus a kinematically The exercise is thus to
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

possible failure mechanism. find minimum for λu

The work equation leads to: which is a function of
the two variables xR and
n yR. Minimum may be
pu  xi  xR 2   yi  yR 2 sought numerically of
u  u xR , yR   i 1 graphically.
Ny R  Vx R  M
 49
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994
 50
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994
 51
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994
 52
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994
 53
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994
 54
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

You have to design: Welds, bolts and end plate

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 55
 56

fcd

20

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork
to EN 1993 and EN 1994
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

425
 57

NOTE: You should use fcd, not fck.

NOTE: Example taken from:

They here obviously use a
conservative approach (Ac1 L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
= Ac0), see copy from EC2 Structural Design of Steelwork
next slide.
to EN 1993 and EN 1994
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Usually, you wouldn’t do the design of the end plate in this

way. Instead you would try to guess the necessary thickness
of the end plate, e.g. 20 mm, and then check if the guess is
OK and increase or decrease the thickness if necessary.

Unnecessarily large base plate?

2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 58

From EN 1992-1-1
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 59
 60
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to EN 1993 and EN 1994
 61

NOTE:
The anchor bolts in your column base
connection will not be pre-loaded.

Again, in practical design we typically

try to guess the plate thickness and
show that the capacity is sufficient for
the chosen plate thickness.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)

Example taken from:

L.H. Martin and J.A. Purkiss:
Structural Design of Steelwork to EN
1993 and EN 1994
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 62