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We obtain an upper-
bound solution.
Therefore, we need to try
to find the minimum
value of qu(x).
Determine the x which
minimizes qu(x) by
dqu(x)/dx = 0.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
qu qu x
2
b a
2
qu x m pl 1
2 a x
a 2 b 13 x
a a 2 3b 2
x
b
2
a
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
mpl
qu 24
a2
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 3
qu 8m pl
ab
1
b a
a b
4
Simple support: κ = 0
Fixed support: κ = 1
2a
a * b* a*
1 1 2 1 4
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
qu 8m pl b* a *
a *b* 2a
b*
1 1 1 3
5
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
EN 1993-1-1:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 7
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 8
9
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4 Welded connections
4.3 Geometry and dimensions
Fillet welds
12
4.3.2 Fillet welds EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.3.2.1 General
(1) Fillet welds may be used for connecting parts where the fusion faces form an
angle of between 60° and 120°.
(2) Angles smaller than 60° are also permitted. However, in such cases the weld
should be considered to be a partial penetration butt weld.
(3) For angles greater than 120° the resistance of fillet welds should be
determined by testing in accordance with EN 1990 Annex D: Design by testing.
(4) Fillet welds finishing at the ends or sides of parts should be returned
continuously, full size, around the corner for a distance of at least twice the leg
length of the weld, unless access or the configuration of the joint renders this
impracticable.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
13
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.5 Design resistance of a fillet weld
4.5.1 Length of welds
(1) The effective length of a fillet weld leff should be taken as the length over
which the fillet is full-size. This maybe taken as the overall length of the weld
reduced by twice the effective throat thickness a.
Provided that the weld is full size throughout its length including starts and
terminations, no reduction in effective length need be made for either the
start or the termination of the weld.
(2) A fillet weld with an effective length less than 30 mm or less than 6 times
its throat thickness, whichever is larger, should not be designed to carry
load.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
14
4.5.2 Effective throat thickness EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
(1) The effective throat thickness, a, of a fillet weld
should be taken as the height of the largest triangle
(with equal or unequal legs) that can be inscribed within
the fusion faces and the weld surface, measured
perpendicular to the outer side of this triangle, see
Figure 4.3.
3
2 2 2 fu
||
w M2
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 18
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
19
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.5.3.3 Simplified method for design resistance of fillet
weld
where:
Fw,Ed is the design value of the weld force per unit length;
Fw,Rd is the design weld resistance per unit length.
20
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
(2) Independent of the orientation of the weld throat plane to
the applied force, the design resistance per unit length Fw,Rd
should be determined from:
where:
fvw.d is the design shear strength of the weld.
determined from:
fu
f vw,d ... (4.4)
3 w M2
where:
fu and βw are defined in 4.5.3.2(6).
21
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
4.10 Connections to unstiffened flanges
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
where: tf f y,f
k but k 1
tp f y,p ... (4.6b)
2ad w3
Iy 4abeff 12 d f
2
12
My
y z Fy a y
Iy
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
NOTE:
The weld is much stronger than required.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
(3) The yield strength fyb and the ultimate tensile strength
fub for bolt classes 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8 and 10.9 are
given in Table 3.1. These values should be adopted as
characteristic values in design calculations.
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
235MPa
fy
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 36
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 37
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
38
Long joints
Welded as well as bolted joints:
The strength of “long” joints is reduced. Simple reduction
factors are given in EC3.
1 x l x
x
PlΓ
cosh cosh
EA sinh l l
l
E, A 2
l bΓ
t P 2
2
P t EA
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
E, A
x
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)
44
(2) The elastic linear distribution of internal forces should be used for the
following:
– when bolts are used creating a category C slip-resistant connection,
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
n
1
x0* xi*
n i 1
n
1
y0* yi*
n i 1
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
46
Force on bolt i:
2 2
N Myi V Mxi
I p xi2 yi2
n
Fi
n I p n I p
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
i 1
Lower-bound analysis
One possible
distribution of forces:
5Fb,Rd
VRd min 4 2a
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
e Fb,Rd
y Nu N
i
ri Vu u V
V M M M
u
N x
rR
Any rigid-body displacement xR xi
rR , ri
of the gusset plate can be OR yR yi
described as a pure rotation
about a certain point OR. A
pure rotation about any point
is thus a kinematically The exercise is thus to
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
fcd
20
425
57
From EN 1992-1-1
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3) 59
60
2012 CEN301 Steelwork (3)
NOTE:
The anchor bolts in your column base
connection will not be pre-loaded.