Indian Institute of Technology(Indian School of Mines),

Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand.

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning(MCC17102)

Tutorial Sheet No.-1

Ques 1
(a) The ambient air temperatures during summer and winter in a particular locality are
45°C and 15°C respectively. Find the values of Carnot COP for an air conditioner for
cooling and heating, corresponding to refrigeration temperatures of 5°C for summer
and heating temperature of 55°C for winter. Assume suitable temperature differences
in the exchanger that exchanges heat with the surroundings.
(b) If water from the cooling tower at 30°C is used as a cooling medium with 3°C
temperature differential for air-conditioning in summer, what will be the Carnot COP
for cooling?
(c) Also, find the theoretical power consumption per ton of refrigeration in each case.
Assume no increase in the temperature of the surrounding air or water.

Ques 2
(a) A reversed Carnot cycle air conditioner of 1 TR capacity operates with cooling coil
temperature to = 5°C. The surrounding air at 43°C is used as a cooling medium rising
to a temperature of 53°C. The temperature of heat rejection is tk = 55°C. The overall
heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger between the working substance and
the surrounding air is U = 250 W. m–2 K–1. Determine the mass flow rate of the
surrounding air entering the heat exchanger, area of the heat exchanger, COP and
power consumption of the air conditioner.
(b) If water at 30°C is used as a cooling medium in the same heat exchanger, will its area
be adequate or inadequate for necessary heat rejection? Assume that the mass flow
rate of water remains the same as that of air. Also for water, U = 2500 W. m–2 K–1.
(c) If the area is reduced to 1 m2, what will be the temperature of heat rejection tk,
temperature rise of water, COP, power consumption, percentage saving in power
consumption and percentage reduction in the heat-exchanger area as compared with
air as a cooling medium.

Ques 3
(a) A Carnot refrigerator has working temperatures of –30°C and 35°C. If it operates with
R 12 as a working substance, calculate the work of isentropic compression and that of
isentropic expansion, and refrigerating effect, heat rejected per kg of the refrigerant,
 and COP of the cycle.
(b) If the actual refrigerator operating on the same temperatures has a COP of
0.75 of the maximum, calculate the power consumption and heat rejected to the
surroundings per ton of refrigeration.

Ques 4
A reversed Carnot cycle has a COP for cooling of 4. Determine the temperature ratio Tk/To.If
the power consumption of the cycle is 7.5 kW, determine the refrigerating capacity of the
machine in TR. If the cycle is used as a heat pump with the same ratio of temperatures, deter-
mine its COP for heating and the quantity of heat pumped.

Ques 5
A Carnot refrigerator operates with Refrigerant 134a as a refrigerant con densing at 50°C and
evaporating at –15°C.Find its COP using the Carnot expression as well as the properties of
R134a. Also determine the power consumption per ton of refrigeration.

Ques 6
The overall volume compression ratio of a reversed Carnot cycle working with air as a
refrigerant is 10. The temperature limits of the cycle are 40°C and 0°C. Determine:
1. the pressure, volume and temperature at each point of the cycle,
2. the work done in the cycle,
3. the refrigerating effect, and
4. the COP of the cycle.

Ques 7
An air conditioning system is operating in an ambient of 45°C. The room temperature is
maintained at 25°C. Determine the power consumption of the system per ton of refrigeration
if it is,
(a) air-cooled as in a window-type air conditioner;
(b) water-cooled as in a central air conditioning plant.
The cooling water from cooling tower is available at 30°C. Assume suitable operating
temperatures. Actual COP of the system is only 50% of the COP of the reversible cycle.

Ques 8
Determine the power consumption of a domestic refrigerator if its refrigerat ing capacity is
1/8 TR. It is operating in an ambient of 40°C. Temperature in the freezer must be maintained
at –15°C. COP of the system is half the Carnot COP. Assume suitable condensing and
evaporating temperatures.

Ques9
A Freon 12 vapour compression system operating at a condenser temperature of 40°C and
an evaporator temperature of 0°C develops 15 tons of refrigeration. Using the p-h diagram
 for Freon 12, determine.
(a) the discharge temperature and mass flow rate of the refrigerant circulated,
(b) the theoretical piston displacement of the compressor and piston displace- ment per
ton of refrigeration,
(c) the theoretical horsepower of the compressor and horsepower per ton of refrigeration,
(d) the heat rejected in the condenser, and
(e) the Carnot COP and actual COP of the cycle.

Ques 10
Chlorine in the Freon 12 (CCl2F2) molecule depletes the ozone layer in the earth’s upper
atmosphere. R 12 has now been replaced by the ozone-friendly R 134 a (C2H2F4)
For the conditions of Example 3.1, do calculations for R 134a, and compare results.

Ques 11
An ammonia ice plant operates between a condenser temperature of 35°C and an
evaporator temperature of –15°C. It produces 10 tons of ice per day from water at 30°C to
ice at –5°C. Assuming simple saturation cycle, using only tables of properties for ammonia,
determine;
(a) the capacity of the refrigeration plant,
(b) the mass flow rate of refrigerant,
(c) the discharge temperature,
(d) the compressor cylinder diameter and stroke if its volumetric efficiency is
ŋv = 0.65, rpm N = 1200 and stroke/bore ratio L/D = 1.2,
(e) the horsepower of the compressor motor if the adiabatic efficiency of the
compressor ŋa = 0.85 and mechanical efficiency ŋm = 0.95, and
(f) the theoretical and actual COP.

Ques 12
An ammonia refrigerating machine has working temperatures of 35°C in the condenser and
–15°C in the evaporator. Assume two cases;
(a) dry compression, and
(b) wet compression
Calculate for each, the following;
(i) the theoretical piston displacement per ton refrigeration,
(ii) the theoretical horsepower per ton refrigeration, and
(iii) the coefficient of performance.

Ques 13
(a) A Freon 12 simple saturation cycle operates at temperatures of 35°C and –15°C for the
condenser and evaporator respectively. Determine the COP and HP/TR of the system.
(b) If a liquid-vapour heat exchanger is installed in the system, with the temperature of the
vapour leaving the heat exchanger at 15°C, what will be the change in the COP and
 HP/TR?

Ques14
(a) An R 134a simple saturation cycle refrigerator operates at 40°C condenser and –16°C
evaporator temperatures. Determine COP and HP/TR.
(b) If a liquid–vapour regenerative heat exchanger is installed in the system, with the
suction vapour at 15°C, what will be the effect on COP and HP/TR?

Ques 15
An 89 W refrigerating capacity 165 L Freon 12 domestic refrigerator operates on the
standard cycle (Fig. 3.21). Determine:
(i) Isentropic discharge temperature.
(ii) Actual discharge temperature if experimental value of polytropic index n is found to
be 1.032.
(iii) Motor watts (isentropic).
(iv) Heat rejected in the condenser.
(v) Volumetric efficiency of the compressor if its cylinder volume is 4.33 cc, and rpm of
its motor is 2800

Ques 16
A standard vapour compression cycle using Freon 22 operates on simple saturation cycle at
the following conditions:
Refrigerating capacity 15 TR
Condensing temperature 40°C
Evaporating temperature 5°C
Calculate:
(a) Refrigerant circulation rate in kg/s.
(b) Power required by the compressor in kW.
(c) Coefficient of performance.
(d) Volume flow rate of the refrigerant at compressor suction.
(e) Compressor discharge temperature.
(f) Suction vapour volume and power consumption per ton of refrigeration. Refrigeration
engineers assume that if this Freon 22 compressor is used with R 134a, its capacity would fall
by about 40%. Examine this assumption by doing cycle analysis for R134a with the same
compressor.

Ques 17
A R134a machine operates at –15°C evaporator and 35°C condenser tem- peratures.
Assuming a simple-saturation cycle, calculate the volume of the suction vapour and power
consumption per ton of refrigeration and COP of the cycle.
Calculate the same if the system has a regenerative heat exchanger with the suction vapour
leaving at 20°C from the heat exchanger.

Ques 18
A Refrigerant 22 vapour compression system meant for food freezing oper- ates at 40°C
condensing temperature and –35°C evaporating temperature. Its compressor is capable of
pumping 30 L/s of vapour at suction.
(a) Calculate the COP of the system and its refrigerating capacity.
(b) If a regenerative heat exchanger is installed which allows suction vapour to be heated
by 30°C with liquid from the condenser at 40°C to be cooled correspondingly, what is the new
COP and refrigerating capacity?

Ques 19
An air-cooling system for a jet plane cockpit operates on the simple cycle. The cockpit is
to be maintained at 25°C. The ambient air pressure and temperature are 0.35 bar and –
15°C respectively. The pressure ratio of the jet compressor is 3. The plane speed is 1000
kilometres per hour. The pressure drop through the cooler coil is 0.1 bar. The pressure of
the air leaving the cool- ing turbine is 1.06 bar and that in the cockpit is 1.01325 bar. The
cockpit cooling load is 58.05 kW. Calculate:
(a) Stagnation temperature and pressure of the air entering the compressor.
(b) Mass flow rate of the air circulated.
(c) Volume handled by the compressor and expander.
(d) Net power delivered by the engine to the refrigeration unit.
(e) COP of the system.

Ques 20
(a) An aircraft flying at an altitude of 8000 m, where the ambi- ent air is at 0.341 bar
pressure and 263 K temperature, has a speed of 900 km/h. The pressure ratio of the air
compressor is 5. The cabin pressure is 1.01325 bar and the temperature is 27°C. Determine
the power requirement of the aircraft for pressurization (excluding the ram work), additional
power required for refrigeration and refrigerating capacity on the basis of 1 kg/s flow of air.
(b) Determine the same if the following are to be accounted
Compressor efficiency, ŋC = 0.82
Expander/turbine efficiency, ŋT = 0.77
Heat exchanger effectiveness, ε= 0.8
Ram efficiency ŋR = 0.84

Ques 21
The following performance is expected in a certain Bootstrap system:
Turbine efficiency, ŋT = 85%
Secondary compressor efficiency, ŋC = 77%
 Secondary heat exchanger effectiveness, ε = 0.9
The cabin pressure is maintained at one standard atmosphere. The cooling air temperature
entering the secondary heat exchanger is 32°C. The compressed air leaves the primary heat
exchanger at 64°C. The refrigerated air is required to enter the cabin at 4.5°C. Calculate:
(i) The temperature of air entering the cooling turbine.
(ii) The pressures of air at discharge from primary and secondary compressors

Ques 22
The air-conditioning unit of a pressurized jet aircraft receives its air from the compressor
driven by the engine at a pressure of 1.22 bar. The pressure and temperature of the
surrounding air at the height of the aircraft are 0.227 bar and 217 K respectively.
The air-conditioning unit consists of a secondary compressor and a turbine mounted on
the same shaft. The pressure and temperature of air leaving the turbine are 1 bar and 280
K. Calculate the pressure after the secondary com- pressor and temperature of air at exit
from the cooler. Assume that all processes are reversible.

Ques 23
A dense air machine operates between 17 bar and 3.4 bar. The temperature of the air after the
cooler is 15°C and after the refrigerating coils is 6°C. Determine:
(i) Temperature after expansion and compression.
(ii) Air circulated per minute/TR.
(iii) Work of the compressor and expander/TR.
(iv) Theoretical COP and hp/TR.

Ques 24
An air-cycle unit operating on the simple system is designed for the following conditions: 7.5
kg/min of conditioned air, air entering the turbine at 4.4 bar, cabin pressure 1 bar, dry air rated
discharge temperature of 6°C and a turbine efficiency of 80 per cent.
(a) At what temperature does the air enter the turbine?
(b) How much power does the turbine supply to the fan?

Ques 25
(a) For an air cycle refrigeration system, the highest refrigeration tempera ture is 15°C and the
exit temperature of the air from the cooling coils is 40°C. Find the minimum pressure ratio
necessary for producing refrigertion at 1 atmosphere pressure.
(b) If the capacity of the plant is 33.3 kW and the pressure ratio is 4, calculate:
(i) The weight rate of air circulated.
(ii) Theoretical displacements of the compressor and expander.
(iii) The theoretical horsepower of the plant and its COP.