T247 1 1

Standard Method of Test for
Preparation of Test Specimens of

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means
of California Kneading Compactor
AASHTO Designation: T 247-10 (2015)

Technical Section: 2d, Proportioning of
Asphalt–Aggregate Mixtures
ASTM Designation: D1561-92
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249
Washington, D.C. 20001
Accessed by account: (UCR) Universidad de Costa Rica | Date: Sun Feb 18 00:30:01 2018 | IP address: 163.178.101.95
Standard Method of Test for
Preparation of Test Specimens of

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of
California Kneading Compactor
AASHTO Designation: T 247-10 (2015)

Technical Section: 2d, Proportioning of
Asphalt–Aggregate Mixtures
ASTM Designation: D1561-92
1. SCOPE
1.1. The method covers the compaction of test specimens of hot mix asphalt (HMA) by means of a
mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action to the test specimens by a series of
individual impressions made with a ram.
1.2. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1. AASHTO Standards:
 R 30, Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
 T 246, Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by Means of
Hveem Apparatus
 T 316, Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer
3. APPARATUS
3.1. California Kneading Compactor—Mechanical kneading compactor, as shown in Figure 1, 1 for
consolidating test specimens.
TS-2d T 247-1 AASHTO

© 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
Figure 1—California Kneading Compactor
Note 1—Kneading compactors, which on standardization develop a trace curve similar to that of
the California kneading compactor, shall be considered acceptable under this test method.
Optionally, any kneading compactor capable of fabricating specimens that will provide
stabilometer values equivalent to those obtained from the California kneading compactor shall be
acceptable for use under this test method. The supplier has the responsibility of furnishing those
substantiating data for his device.
Note 2—Curves are considered within standardization when they show the same peak pressure
and dwell time in load time trace obtained in the calibration procedure.
Note 3—This compactor shall be considered in standardization when the peak momentary load
applied to a test specimen is held within 5 percent of the intended foot pressure (within the range
from 2.4 to 3.4 MPa (350 to 500 psi)).
Note 4—The stabilometer values from replicate specimens fabricated by T 247 and tested in
accordance with T 246 shall fall within a range of three units for all dense-graded HMA mixtures
containing aggregates not larger than 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) and within a range of four units for coarser-
graded HMA mixtures containing up to 25.0-mm (1-in.) maximum-sized aggregates.
3.2. Compactor Foot—A ram having a face shaped as shown in Figure 2, and having an area of
approximately 20.059 cm2 (3.1 in.2).
3.3. Mold Holder, Funnel, and Feeder Trough—As shown in Figure 3.

120º Typ
yp
(2 in m T
Typ
c
.)
R 5 .0 8 0
Typ
2.302 cm
(29/32 in.)
2.778 cm
(13/32 in.)
R
R
R
0.6 1 / 4 in
(
3 5 .)
cm T
Dimensional Limits, cm (in.)

yp
Min Max
Distance across Foot,
3 Measurements 5.189 5.289
120º Apart (2.042) (2.082)
Figure 2—Face of Compactor Ram
Figure 3—Funnel, Feeder Trough, and Mold Assembly of the California Kneading Compactor
3.4. Molds—Molding cylinders for 101.60 ± 0.13 mm (4.000 ± 0.005 in.) in inside diameter by
127 mm (5 in.) in height. A minimum of three such compaction molds is recommended.

3.5. Rod—Round-nose steel rod, 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) in diameter by 406 mm (16 in.) long.
3.6. Paper Disks—Heavy paper disks, 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter.
3.7. Shim—Steel shim, 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) thick, 19 mm (3/4 in.) wide, and 64 mm (21/2 in.) long.
3.8. Metal Followers—Two metal followers, 101.2 ± 0.11 mm (3.985 ± 0.005 in.) in diameter; one
140 mm (5.5 in.) high, the other 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) high.
3.9. Testing Machine—A compression testing machine having a minimum capacity of 222 kN
(50,000 lbf).
3.10. Ovens—Electric ovens capable of maintaining temperatures of 60 ± 3°C (140 ± 5°F) and
110 ± 3°C (230 ± 5°F).
3.11. Balance—A balance having a capacity of 5 kg or more and sensitive to 1.0 g or less for
determining the mass of the mixture.
3.12. Measuring Device—A device for measuring the height of the specimen to the nearest 0.3 mm
(0.01 in.).
3.13. Sample Mixing Apparatus—Suitable equipment is required for mixing the aggregate and the
asphalt binder. Hand mixing is permissible but mechanical mixing is recommended. 2
3.14. Sample Splitter—Riffle-type.
3.15. Miscellaneous Apparatus—Thermometers, trowels, spatulas, scoops, gloves, and metal pans.
Note 5—Caution: Rough interior of molds can cause a difference in test results.
4. TEST SPECIMENS
4.1. Selection of Binder Content for Specimens—Determine the theoretical or estimated optimum
amount of bitumen for the aggregate (Note 6). On normal materials, conduct laboratory tests for a
minimum of three binder contents, one above, one below, and one at the theoretical or estimated
optimum content. The incremental change of binder content should be 0.5 percent. For extremely
critical mixes, lower the incremental change of binder content to 0.3 percent, and increase the
number of tests to a minimum of five. Conversely, for highly absorptive aggregates, increase the
incremental change of binder content to 1.0 percent, and reduce the number of tests to three.
Express the percentage of the binder as a percentage of the dry weight of the aggregate.
Note 6—The optimum amount of binder for the aggregate may be determined by the method
commonly employed by the laboratory. A method that has been found suitable is the centrifuge
kerosene equivalent method.
4.2. Preparation of Aggregates—Obtain a sieve analysis and specific gravity determination on the fine
and coarse aggregate (aggregate shall be separated by means of a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve).
Separate the aggregate into the various size fractions necessary for accurately recombining into
test mixtures conforming to specified grading requirements.
4.3. Preparation of Mixtures—Combine the moisture-free aggregates into batches weighing 1200 g.
(Every effort should be made to fabricate test specimens 64 ± 3 mm (2.5 ± 0.1 in.) in height.) The
mixing temperature range is defined as the range of temperatures where the unaged binder has a
viscosity of 0.17 ± 0.02 Pa·s when measured in accordance with T 316. Charge the mixing bowl
with the heated aggregate from one pan and dry-mix thoroughly. Form a crater in the dry-blended
aggregate, and weigh the required amount of binder into the mix. Immediately initiate mixing.

Mix the aggregate and binder as quickly and thoroughly as possible to yield HMA having a
uniform distribution of binder. As an option, mechanical mixing may be used.
Note 7—Modified binders may not adhere to the equiviscosity requirements noted, and the
manufacturer’s recommendations should be used to determine mixing and compaction
temperatures.
5. PROCEDURE
5.1. Temperatures—After completing the mixture preparation, perform the required mixture
conditioning in accordance with R 30.
5.2. Molding Specimens—The mixture and molds shall be brought to compaction temperature prior to
molding operations. Place the compaction mold in position in the mold holder, and insert a paper
disk, 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter, to cover the base plate of the mold holder. Place a steel shim
under the edge of the mold temporarily in order for the base plate of the mold holder to act as a
free-fitting plunger during the compaction operation. Weigh out the required amount of HMA
mixture for one specimen at the specified temperature and place it in the insulated feeder trough,
which shall have been preheated to the approximate compaction temperature for the HMA
mixture. Spread the HMA mixture uniformly on the feeder trough to ensure uniformity when
transferring it to the mold. By means of a paddle of suitable dimensions to fit the cross-section of
the trough, push one half of the mixture into the mold. Preheat the round-nose rod. Rod the one-
half portion of the HMA mixture 20 times in the center of mass and 20 times around the edge by
means of the round-nose rod. Transfer the remainder of the sample to the mold and repeat the
rodding procedure. Place the mold and assembly into position on the California kneading
compactor. By means of the variable transformer controlling the heater, maintain the compactor
foot sufficiently hot to prevent the HMA mixture from adhering to it. Apply approximately
20 tamping blows at a pressure of 1.7 MPa (250 psi). The number of tamping blows will vary,
depending on the type of the HMA mixture, the purpose being to form the HMA mixture into
a semicompacted condition so that it will not be unduly disturbed by the full pressure of 3.4 MPa
(500 psi). After semicompaction has been accomplished, remove the shim and release the mold-
tightening screw sufficiently to permit free “up and down” movement of the mold. Increase the
compactor foot pressure to 3.4 MPa (500 psi), and apply 150 tamping blows to complete
compaction.
Note 8—When testing referee samples for the purpose of qualifying a compactor, use only
material for the test specimens that will compact under the maximum foot pressure prescribed in
Section 4.2 without visible movement, distortion, or penetration of the compactor foot.
Note 9—In some instances where sandy or unstable material is involved, it may not be possible
to accomplish the compaction in the kneading compactor because of undue movement of the
mixture under the compactor foot. In these instances, use a 178-kN (40,000 lbf) static load (for a
102-mm (4-in.) diameter specimen) applied by the double plunger method in which a free-fitting
plunger is placed on both the bottom and top of the test specimen. Apply the load at the rate of
1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min, and hold for 30 ± 5 s.
5.3. Application of Static Load—After compaction in the California kneading compactor, place the
mold and the specimen in an oven at 60°C (140°F) for 1.5 h prior to applying the static “leveling
off” load:
5.3.1. The “leveling off” load shall consist of the application of a static load of 6.9 MPa (1000 psi) in a
compression testing machine. Apply the load by the double plunger method in which metal
followers are employed as free-fitting plungers on the top and bottom of the specimen. After
releasing the “leveling off” load, measure the height of the specimen to the nearest 0.25 mm
(0.01 in.); record the measurement, and return the specimen in the mold to the 60°C (140°F) oven
in order to retain temperature for testing. Complete testing of the specimens according to T 246
within 3 h of returning the specimens to the oven.

Note 10—A push-out device for removing the specimen is described in T 246. The temperature
of the specimen and the method of transfer from the mold to the stabilometer are given in
Section 5.2 of T 246.
6. REPORT
6.1. The report shall include the following:
6.1.1. Height of the specimen, and
6.1.2. Temperature of compaction in the California kneading compactor.
7. KEYWORDS
7.1. Hot mix asphalt (HMA); kneading action; mechanical compactor; ram.
1
Blueprints of detailed drawings of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 1 are available at a nominal cost from the
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. Request Adjunct
No. 12-415610-00.
2
A mechanical mixing apparatus capable of mixing simultaneously from two to five batches has been developed by
the California State Department of Public Works, Division of Highways. Working drawings are available at a
nominal cost from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959. Request Adjunct No. 12-415600-20.


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Standard Method of Test for

Preparation of Test Specimens of

AASHTO Designation: T 247-10 (2015)

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Preparation of Test Specimens of

AASHTO Designation: T 247-10 (2015)

TS-2d T 247-1 AASHTO

3.3. Mold Holder, Funnel, and Feeder Trough—As shown in Figure 3.

TS-2d T 247-2 AASHTO

Dimensional Limits, cm (in.)

Figure 2—Face of Compactor Ram

TS-2d T 247-3 AASHTO

3.6. Paper Disks—Heavy paper disks, 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter.

3.14. Sample Splitter—Riffle-type.

TS-2d T 247-4 AASHTO

TS-2d T 247-5 AASHTO

6.1.1. Height of the specimen, and

6.1.2. Temperature of compaction in the California kneading compactor.

TS-2d T 247-6 AASHTO

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