06/08/2018

GENERAL ANATOMY HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)

 Greek physician
 Father of Medicine
 His name is memorialized in
the Hippocratic oath
 Humoral theory :
Four body humors –
-blood
. -phlegum
- -yellow bile
- -black bile
 Attributed diseases to natural
causes .

HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)

 210 CE
 Father of Anatomy  Monkey and Pig
 Performed:
-vivi-sections (dissections of Dissection
living humans) and -
dissections of human cadavers
 regarded brain as seat of
intelligence
 described cerebrum,
cerebellum, fourth ventricle
 first to identify nerves as
sensory or motor.

 Ibn An-Nafis (1288  Rhazez (925 CE)

CE)  Nerves had motor or
 Pulmonary circulation sensory functions,
 The first known scholar describing 7 cranial and
to contradict the 31 spinal cord nerves.
contention of the Galen
School in blood could
pass between the
ventricles

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VESALIUS(1514- 1654)  William Harvey (1628

 His work De humani corporis
CE)
fabrica written in 7 volumes  First Systemic
 His work revolutionised the Circulation
teaching of anatomy and ruled
for two centuries  De Motu Cordis (On
 Chose not to have his name the Motion of the Heart
attached to the parts of body he
described unlike anatomists
and Blood)
Sylvius, Fallopius, Eustachius.
 Father of Modern Anatomy
 ‘Reformer of Anatomy’

Anatomy

GENERAL ANATOMY
 Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy
Anatomy = Ana (Gr) Tome (Gr)  Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
 Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
Apart To Cut  Living Anatomy
 Clinical Anatomy (Applied)
 Neuroanatomy
Dissection = Dissecare (Latin)
 Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
 Radiographic Anatomy
To cut apart  Comparative Anatomy
 Sectional Anatomy

Anatomy

SUB – DIVISIONS OF BODY

 REGIONAL ANATOMY Head and Neck

- Head and neck
- Brain
-Thorax Brain
- Abdomen
- Upper Limb
- Lower limb Superior Extremity

 SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
- Integumentary system Thorax
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system Abdomen and Pelvis
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Endocrine system Inferior Extremity
- Digestive system, Respiratory system, Urogenital
system

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Anatomy Anatomy
ANATOMICAL POSITION TERMS OF PLANES

Standing up right
1. MID SAGITTAL
(Median Plane):
Looking straight towards
horizon A vertical plane dividing
the body into right and
left equal halves.
Upper limbs hanging by the
side of body

Palms facing forwards

2. SAGITTAL:
A vertical plane which is
Lower limbs are parallel parallel to the sagittal
with toes pointing forwards plane.

Anatomy
TERMS OF PLANES

3. CORONAL PLANE
(Frontal Plane):
 HORIZONTAL PLANE: A plane parrallel to
A vertical plane which is at
right angles to the median the ground.
plane dividing the body into
an anterior and a posterior
part.
 OBLIQUE PLANE: Any plane other than of
aforementioned planes.
4. TRANSVERSE PLANE:
A plane at right angles to
the sagittal / coronal plane
dividing the body into an
upper and lower part.

Anatomy Anatomy
TERMS OF POSTURE TERMS OF POSITION
Supine Prone Left Lateral

Anterior = Ventral
Right Lateral

Lithotomy
Intermediate = Middle

Erect Upside Down Posterior = Dorsal

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Anatomy Anatomy
TERMS OF POSITION OTHER TERMS

For solid organs:

• Lateral -Superficial

• Intermediate -Deep

• Medial
• Median For hollow organs:
-Interior
-Exterior
For indicating the side:
-Ipsilateral
-Contralateral

Anatomy Anatomy
TERMS OF POSITION TERMS FOR LIMBS

Proximal
Superior = Cephalic Distal
Radial
Inferior = Caudal Ulnar
Tibial
Fibular
Preaxial border
Postaxial border

Anatomy Anatomy
TERMS OF POSITION TERMS OF POSITION

Skull - Inferior surface is called as Base

Foot
Hand - Posterior surface - Dorum of Hand
- Anterior surface - Palmar surface - Superior surface -
Dorsum of Foot

- Inferior Surface -
Plantar Surface

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Anatomy Anatomy
TERMS OF POSITION TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Combination of Terms: Flexion: - Moving part is carried forwards

- Movement on the transverse
axis
- Supero medial
Extension- Moving part is carried

- Infero lateral backwards

- Movement on the transverse
axis.
- Postero superior
Circumduction: Moving part forms the
base of a cone
- Antero inferior

Anatomy Anatomy
TERMS OF MOVEMENT TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Abduction: - Moving part is carried
Medial Rotation –
away from the body/
-Moving part is
reference line.
rotated towards the
- Movement on antero – mid line.
posterior axis. - Movement on
vertical axis.

Adduction: - Moving part is carried

towards the body / Lateral Rotation –
reference line. - Moving part is
rotated away from
-Movement on antero –
the mid line.
posterior axis.
- Movement on
vertical axis.

Anatomy Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

LEG: NECK:

Flexion – A movement on knee - Flexion

joint in which leg is carried - Extension
backwards.
Extension – A movement on knee
joint in which leg is carried ROTATION:
forwards. - Right
- Left
TOES:
- LATERAL FLEXION
Abduction – Toes move away from
the long axis of 2nd toe. - Right

Adduction – Toes move towards - Left

long axis of the 2nd toe.

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Anatomy Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Thumb:
FINGERS:
Flexion
Extension
ABDUCTION – Fingers
move away from the long Abduction
axis of middle finger. Adduction
Opposition
Forearm:
Pronation – Forearm
ADDUCTION – Fingers is rotated that the palm
move towards the long faces towards ground.
axis of middle finger. Supination – Forearm
is rotated that the palm
faces above.
Mid Prone Position

Anatomy Anatomy

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

FOOT –
Trunk:
Inversion – Sole of the foot
faces medially. Flexion
Eversion – Sole of the foot
faces laterally. Extension

Dorsiflexion – A movement
of foot in which the dorsal
surface of foot comes closure
to the front of leg.
Rotation - Left
Plantarflexion – A
movement of foot in which the
dorsal surface of foot goes
away from the front of leg.

Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Rotation - Right
1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1.

2. Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition.

3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition.

Lateral Flexion - Right

- Left

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1. Who is the Father of Anatomy: 2. The meaning of term anatomy is:

a) Galen a) To analyze
b) Herophilus b) To observe
c) Vesalius c) To cut up
d) Hippocrates d) To make

3. The sectional plane that divides the body into 4. Lying down position with the face directed
anterior and posterior portions is: down is called as:

a) Transverse plane a) Supine

b) Sagittal plane b) Prone
c) Coronal plane c) Anatomical
d) Oblique plane d) Lithotomy

5. During flexion of the arm, the arm moves:

a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Medial
d) Lateral