News Portal Report

1.
Introduction and Objectives
1.1 Introduction
Now-a-days we live in age of Information Communication and Technology (ICT). We can’t
think a single moment without technology. From morning to night, we need help of the
technology. This is the revolutionary time of computer technology. Most of the works depends
on web application. For this reason, anytime, anywhere, anyone can access a website by internet
at low cost and we can find our expectable and most update information from website. At
present information is one the most valuable resource of the current world. We have developed
our project so that we can aware the people.
The online news portal has been developed to override the problems prevailing in the practicing
manual system. The main purpose of the project is intended to develop a portal for management
of Web based news. The portal provides a suitable and easy display for which large population
around the world can learn or will have the knowledge about the world. No formal knowledge is
needed to use this portal.
The portal has basically two user parts where one is user who can view, add comment, can
have subscribe the newsletters or games and another is administrator who will manage or
control the website and other user can only view ,search and can add comments if name and
email is given, but with the approval of administrator.
The website consists of basic pages from which the user can view and know the relevant
information according to various categories which administrator given. In other case, the
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administrator manages all the relevant actions for which the users can view properly and also
make reports.
1.2 Objectives
 The objective of this project is to develop a web application for Online News Paper
website that can aware the people.
 The objective of this project is to provide the daily news.
 Those people who don’t have time to read the news paper and always linked with
internet can get more information.
 Anytime, anywhere, anyone can know about the news or information by internet at low
cost.
 Dynamically provides facility.
 Once a news item is put on the internet, it becomes instantly available for use round
the globe without additional variable cost.
 You don’t have to wait for newspaper in morning.
 Money and time will also save.
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1.3 Tools/ Platform Hardware & Software Requirements
Hardware:
Processor : Intel core 2 Duo or above
Memory : 2 GB RAM or above
Cache Memory : 128 KB or above
Hard Disk : 30 GB or above [at least 3 MB free space required]
Software:
Language Used : PHP
Database : MySql
User Interface Design : HTML, jquery, javacsript
Web Browser : Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera
Server : Xamp Server
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1.4 Project Category
This is an RDBMS web based project which is currently using MySQL for all the transaction
statements and PHP as the front end. This project also uses Javascript and CSS for the user
friendly view.
RDBMS
A Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) is a software that −
 Enables you to implement a database with tables, columns and indexes.
 Guarantees the Referential Integrity between rows of various tables.
 Updates the indexes automatically.
 Interprets an SQL query and combines information from various tables.
MySQL
MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big businesses. MySQL
is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB, which is a Swedish company. MySQL is
becoming so popular because of many good reasons −
 MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing to pay to use it.
 MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large subset of the
functionality of the most expensive and powerful database packages.
 MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.
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 MySQL works on many operating systems and with many languages including PHP,
PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.
 MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.
 MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web development.
 MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a table. The default
file size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can increase this (if your operating system can
handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).
 MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows programmers to modify
the MySQL software to fit their own specific environments.
PHP
PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and more people found out
how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf unleashed the first version of PHP way back in 1994.
 PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".
 PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML. It is used to manage
dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-commerce sites.
 It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL,
Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
 PHP is pleasingly zippy in its execution, especially when compiled as an Apache module
on the Unix side. The MySQL server, once started, executes even very complex queries
with huge result sets in record-setting time.
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 PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as POP3, IMAP, and LDAP. PHP4
added support for Java and distributed object architectures (COM and CORBA), making
n-tier development a possibility for the first time.
 PHP is forgiving: PHP language tries to be as forgiving as possible.
 PHP Syntax is C-Like.
Common uses of PHP are ;
 PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read,
write, and close them.
 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, through email you
can send data, return data to the user.
 You add, delete, modify elements within your database through PHP.
 Access cookies variables and set cookies.
 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
 It can encrypt data.
HTML
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup
 HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages
 HTML elements are represented by tags
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 HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table", and so on
 Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the page
Javascript
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most commonly
used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script to interact with the
user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented
capabilities.
CSS
Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to
simplify the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the
text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out,
what background images or colors are used, layout designs, and variations in display for
different devices and screen sizes as well as a variety of other effects.
CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or
XHTML.
Jquery
jQuery is a lightweight, "write less, do more", JavaScript library. The purpose of jQuery is to
make it much easier to use JavaScript on your website. jQuery takes a lot of common tasks that
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require many lines of JavaScript code to accomplish, and wraps them into methods that you can
call with a single line of code.
jQuery also simplifies a lot of the complicated things from JavaScript, like AJAX calls and DOM
manipulation. The jQuery library contains the following features:
 HTML/DOM manipulation
 CSS manipulation
 HTML event methods
 Effects and animations
 AJAX
 Utilities
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2.System Study
2.1 Preliminary Investigation
In this process, the development team visits investigate the need for possible software
automation in the given system. By the end of Preliminary Investigation, the team furnishes a
document that holds the different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It also
includes the personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates. Main Tasks of the
preliminary investigation phase are:
 Investigate the present system and identify the functions to be performed
 Identify the objectives of the new system. In general, an information system benefits a
business by increasing efficiency, improving effectiveness, or providing a competitive
advantage.
 Identify problems and suggest a few solutions
 Identify constraints, i.e. the limitations placed on the project, usually relating to time,
money and resources
 Evaluate feasibility - whether the proposed system promises sufficient benefit to invest
the additional resources necessary to establish the user requirements in greater detail.
2.2. System Development Life Cycle
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model which includes policies and
procedures for developing or altering systems throughout their life cycles.
SDLC is used by analysts to develop an information system. SDLC includes the following
activities −
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 requirements
 design
 implementation
 testing
 deployment
 operations
 maintenance
Phases of SDLC
Systems Development Life Cycle is a systematic approach which explicitly breaks down the
work into phases that are required to implement either new or modified Information System.
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2.3. Feasibility Study
A feasibility study aims to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an
existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats present in the natural
environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In
its simplest terms, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained.
A well-designed feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or
project, a description of the product or service, accounting statements, details of the operations
and management, marketing research and policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax
obligations. Generally, feasibility studies precede technical development and project
implementation.
A feasibility study evaluates the project's potential for success; therefore, perceived objectivity is
an important factor in the credibility of the study for potential investors and lending institutions.
It must therefore be conducted with an objective, unbiased approach to provide information upon
which decisions can be based.
2.3.1 Technical feasibility
This assessment is based on an outline design of system requirements, to determine whether the
company has the technical expertise to handle completion of the project. When writing a
feasibility report, the following should be taken to consideration:
 A brief description of the business to assess more possible factors which could affect the
study
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 The part of the business being examined
 The human and economic factor
 The possible solutions to the problem
At this level, the concern is whether the proposal is both technically and legally feasible
(assuming moderate cost).
The technical feasibility assessment is focused on gaining an understanding of the present
technical resources of the organization and their applicability to the expected needs of the
proposed system. It is an evaluation of the hardware and software and how it meets the need of
the proposed system.
The system is developed using XAMPP running on Windows platform. MySQL, which is a
powerful RDBMS is used as backend. So this system is technically feasible. If the budget is a
serious constraint then the project is judged technically feasible.
2.3.2 Operational feasibility
Operational feasibility is the measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and
takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the
requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development.
The operational feasibility assessment focuses on the degree to which the proposed development
project fits in with the existing business environment and objectives with regard to development
schedule, delivery date, corporate culture and existing business processes.
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To ensure success, desired operational outcomes must be imparted during design and
development. These include such design-dependent parameters as reliability, maintainability,
supportability, usability, producibility, disposability, sustainability, affordability and others.
These parameters are required to be considered at the early stages of design if desired operational
behaviours are to be realised. A system design and development requires appropriate and timely
application of engineering and management efforts to meet the previously mentioned parameters.
A system may serve its intended purpose most effectively when its technical and operating
characteristics are engineered into the design. Therefore, operational feasibility is a critical
aspect of systems engineering that needs to be an integral part of the early design phases.
No doubt the proposed system is fully GUI based that is very user friendly and all inputs to be
taken all self –explanatory even to a layman. Besides, a proper training has been conducted to let
know the essence of the system to the users so that they feel comfortable with new system.
2.3.3 Economic feasibility
Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a
candidate system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine
the benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them with cost.
If benefits outweigh cost, then the decision is made to design and implement the system
Otherwise, further justification or alternations in the proposed system will have to be made if it
has a chance of being approved.
The project uses the technology based on minimum possible cost factor. The project is
economically feasible since its benefits exceed the costs.
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3. System Analysis
Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as planning, analysis,
design, deployment, and maintenance.
System analysis is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and
decomposition of a system into its components.
System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to
identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures
that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose. Analysis
specifies what the system should do.
During analysis , data collected on various files, decision points and transactions handled by the
present system. The commonly used tools are data flow diagram, interviews etc. Training
,experience and common sense are required for the collection of relevant information needed to
develop the system. The success of the system depends largely on how clearly the problem is
defined , thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution.
3.1 Existing System
The existing system is fully manual. Each person has to wait for the newspaper to arrive.
There is a payment for each day newspaper. A user will have to spend more time browsing to
find the updates of particular news. This may lead to wastage of time, if the page containing the
information is unknown to the user. The main disadvantage is that there will be lot of difficulties
for the user to find the specified news updates for his/her choice of category.
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3.2 Proposed System
By computerizing the news, the administrator can easily add the information, edit or even delete
the information if it is irrelevant. By the admin approval of comment facility , it is even scrutiny
of social issue comments.
This project has several advantages :-
 User friendly interface
 Fast access to database
 No extra charge levied
 Less error
 More storage capacity
 Search facility
 Look and feel environment
 Quick transaction
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4. Systems Design
System design is the phase that bridges the gap between problem domain and the existing
system in a manageable way. This phase focuses on the solution domain, i.e. “how to
implement?”
It is the phase where the SRS document is converted into a format that can be implemented and
decides how the system will operate.
In this phase, the complex activity of system development is divided into several smaller sub-
activities, which coordinate with each other to achieve the main objective of system
development.
System design takes the following inputs −
 Statement of work
 Requirement determination plan
 Current situation analysis
 Proposed system requirements including a conceptual data model, modified DFDs, and
Metadata (data about data).
System design gives the following outputs −
 Infrastructure and organizational changes for the proposed system.
 A data schema, often a relational schema.
 Metadata to define the tables/files and columns/data-items.
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 A function hierarchy diagram or web page map that graphically describes the program
structure.
 Actual or pseudocode for each module in the program.
 A prototype for the proposed system.
4.1 Entity Relationship Diagram
The ER model defines the conceptual view of a database. It works around real-world entities
and the associations among them. At view level, the ER model is considered a good option for
designing databases.
Entity:-
An entity can be a real-world object, either animate or inanimate, that can be easily identifiable.
For example, in a school database, students, teachers, classes, and courses offered can be
considered as entities. All these entities have some attributes or properties that give them their
identity.
An entity set is a collection of similar types of entities. An entity set may contain entities with
attribute sharing similar values. For example, a Students set may contain all the students of a
school; likewise a Teachers set may contain all the teachers of a school from all faculties. Entity
sets need not be disjoint.
Entities are represented by means of rectangles. Rectangles are named with the entity set they
represent. Eg:
Category
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Attributes:-
Entities are represented by means of their properties, called attributes. All attributes have
values. For example, a student entity may have name, class, and age as attributes.
There exists a domain or range of values that can be assigned to attributes. For example, a
student's name cannot be a numeric value. It has to be alphabetic. A student's age cannot be
negative, etc.
Attributes are represented by means of ellipses. Every ellipse represents one attribute and is
directly connected to its entity (rectangle).
CategoryId
Category CategoryDetails
CategoryName
Types of Attributes
 Simple attribute − Simple attributes are atomic values, which cannot be divided further.
For example, a student's phone number is an atomic value of 10 digits.
 Composite attribute − Composite attributes are made of more than one simple attribute.
For example, a student's complete name may have first_name and last_name.
 Derived attribute − Derived attributes are the attributes that do not exist in the physical
database, but their values are derived from other attributes present in the database. For
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example, average_salary in a department should not be saved directly in the database,
instead it can be derived. For another example, age can be derived from data_of_birth.
 Single-value attribute − Single-value attributes contain single value. For example −
Social_Security_Number.
 Multi-value attribute − Multi-value attributes may contain more than one values. For
example, a person can have more than one phone number, email_address, etc.
These attribute types can come together in a way like −
 simple single-valued attributes
 simple multi-valued attributes
 composite single-valued attributes
 composite multi-valued attributes
Relationship:-
The association among entities is called a relationship. For example, an employee works_at a
department, a student enrolls in a course. Here, Works_at and Enrolls are called relationships.
Relationships are represented by diamond-shaped box. Name of the relationship is written inside
the diamond-box. All the entities (rectangles) participating in a relationship, are connected to it
by a line.
Category has Sub category
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Relationship Set:
A set of relationships of similar type is called a relationship set. Like entities, a relationship too
can have attributes. These attributes are called descriptive attributes.
Degree of Relationship:
The number of participating entities in a relationship defines the degree of the relationship.
 Binary = degree 2
 Ternary = degree 3
 n-ary = degree
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UserId LoginId
Username
User Has Login UserName

Email
Password Password
Manage
CategoryId
PostId CategoryName
Post Category
PostTitle Description
Has CreatedDate
Description
SubId
CreatedDate Subcategory
Description SubName
ER Diagram for Online News Portal
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4.2 Data flow diagram
Data Flow diagram is a graphical representation of flow of data throughout the information
system. Data flow diagrams illustrate how data is processed by a system in terms of inputs and
outputs.
DFD graphically representing the functions, or processes, which capture, manipulate, store, and
distribute data between a system and its environment and between components of a system. The
visual representation makes it a good communication tool between User and System designer.
Structure of DFD allows starting from a broad overview and expands it to a hierarchy of detailed
diagrams. DFD has often been used due to the following reasons:
 Logical information flow of the system
 Determination of physical system construction requirements
 Simplicity of notation
 Establishment of manual and automated systems requirements
DFD Symbols:-
There are four basic symbols that are used to represent a data-flow diagram.
Name Notation Role
Process Transforms incoming data
flow to output data flow
Data Store Repositories of data in the
system.
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Dataflow Dataflow are pipelines
through which packets of
information flow.
External Entity External entities are objects
outside the system, with which
the system communicates
1. External Entity
An external entity, which are also known as terminators, sources, sinks, or actors, are an outside
system or process that sends or receives data to and from the diagrammed system. They’re either
the sources or destinations of information, so they’re usually placed on the diagram’s edges.
2. Process
Process is a procedure that manipulates the data and its flow by taking incoming data, changing
it, and producing an output with it. A process can do this by performing computations and using
logic to sort the data or change its flow of direction. Processes usually start from the top left of
the DFD and finish on the bottom right of the diagram.
3. Data Store
Data stores hold information for later use, like a file of documents that’s waiting to be processed.
Data inputs flow through a process and then through a data store while data outputs flow out of a
data store and then through a process.
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4. Data flow
Data flow is the path the system’s information takes from external entities through processes and
data stores. With arrows and succinct labels, the DFD can show you the direction of the data
flow.
But before starting mapping out data flow diagrams, we need to follow four rules of thumb to
create a valid DFD.
1. Each process should have at least one input and one output.
2. Each data store should have at least one data flow in and data flow out.
3. A system’s stored data must go through a process.
4. All processes in a DFD must link to another process or data store.
DFDs can range from simple overviews to complex, granular representations of a system or
process with multiple levels, numbered from 0 to beyond. But the most common and intuitive
DFDs are Level 0 DFDs, which are called context diagrams. They’re digestible, high-level
overviews of the flow of information through a system or process, so almost anyone can
understand it.
Level 1 DFDs are still broad overviews of a system or process, but they’re also more detailed --
they break down the system’s single process node into subprocesses. Level 2 DFDs dive even
deeper into detail by breaking down each process into granular subprocesses. Any DFD that goes
past level 2 is rare -- there would be too much detail, which defeats its original purpose of being
easy to understand.
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User Category
Management Management
Posts Online Subcategory

News Portal
Comments Login
Level 0 : Data Flow Diagram
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Category Generate Category
Management Report
Login Check User

Management Login Details
Subcategory Generate
Management Subcategory Report
Online News
Portal
Posts Generate Post

Management Report
Comments Generate
Management Comments Report
Level 1 : Data Flow Diagram
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Admin
Login to Check roles Manage

system of access Category Details
Manage Sub
category Details
Check Manage
credentials modules
Manage Posts
Details
Manage
Comments Details
Level 2 : Admin Data Flow Diagram
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User
Login to Check roles Manage

system of access Register Details
View News
Check Manage
credentials modules
Search News
Password Change
Recovery Password
Level 2 : User Data Flow Diagram
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5. Design Document
For the optimum use of practical time it is necessary that every session is planned. Planning of
this project will include the following things:
 Topic Understanding.
 Modular Break – Up of the System.
 Process Logic for Each Module.
 Database Requirements.
5.1.Modules :
The project is modularized on the basis of users who use this portal.
1. Administrator
2. User
Process Logic for Each Module:
1. Administrator
 Administrator can add/ modify/ delete category details
 Administrator can add/ modify/ delete sub category details
 Administrator can add/ modify/ delete post/news details
 Administrator can approve/disapprove the comments entered by the users
 Administrator can add/ modify/ delete the images in the gallery
 Administrator can change his/her password
2. User
 A user can signup for a profile if he/she doesn’t have one already
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 The user can view the different news.
 The user can read a particular news in detail by clicking on the news link.
 The user has options to post comments
 The user has options to search the news based on subcategory or words in
the search box.
 The user can change his/her password
 The user has the option to get the password if he/she forgets her password.
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5.1. Tables :
1. user_details
2. category_details
3.subcategory_details
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4. post_details
5. comment_details
6. gallery_details
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6. System Development
6.1. Coding :
The objective of coding phase for a given design is to implement the design in best way possible.
In this phase design of the system is translated into code in a programming language. The coding
phase affects the maintenance and testing phase of the system development life cycle process.
Testing and maintenance effort reduces if the code is well written.
Since the testing and maintenance cost of software are much expensive than the coding cost, the
goal of coding should be to reduce the testing and maintenance effort. Hence, during coding the
emphasis must be on developing programs which are easy to write. Simplicity and clarity should
be achieved, during the coding phase.
In this project PHP, HTML, CSS, SQL & javascript codes are used.
index.php
<?php
session_start();
include ('config/dbconnect.php');
?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
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<title>News Portal</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/font/font-awesome.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/font/font.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/css/bootstrap.min.css" media="screen" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/css/style.css" media="screen" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/css/responsive.css" media="screen" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/css/jquery.bxslider.css" media="screen" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="body_wrapper">
<div class="center">
<?php
include ('includes/header.php');
?>
<div class="main_menu_area">
<?php
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$query=mysqli_query($con,"select * from category_details where Status=1");
while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($query))
$id=$row['CategoryId'];
$query1=mysqli_query($con,"SELECT * FROM subcategory_details WHERE
CategoryId=$id and Status=1");
?>
<ul id="nav">
<li><a href="#"><?php echo htmlentities($row['CategoryName']);?></a> <ul>
<?php
while($row1=mysqli_fetch_array($query1))
?>
<li><a href="search-news.php?subid=<?php echo htmlentities(
$row1['SubcategoryId']);?>"><?php echo htmlentities($row1['SubcategoryName']);?></a></li>
<?php
?> </ul></li></ul>
<?php}?>
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</div>
<div class="slider_area">
<div class="slider">
<ul class="bxslider">
<?php
$query=mysqli_query($con,"select * from post_details where Status=1");
{?>
<li><img src="admin/postimages/<?php echo htmlentities($row['PostImage']);?>" alt=""
title="" /></li>
<li><img src="images/2.jpg" alt="" title="" /></li>
<li><img src="images/3.jpg" alt="" title="" /></li>
<?php } ?>
</ul> </div></div>
<div class="content_area">
<div class="main_content floatleft">
<div class="left_coloum floatleft">
<div class="single_left_coloum_wrapper">
<h2 class="title">from around the world</h2>

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<?php
$id= $row['PostId'];
$text = substr($row['PostDetails'],0,50);
?>
<div class="single_left_coloum floatleft"> <img src="admin/postimages/<?php echo
htmlentities($row['PostImage']);?>" alt="" />
<h3><?php echo htmlentities($row['PostTitle']);?></h3>
<p><?php echo htmlentities($text);?></p>
<a class="readmore" href="view-postdetails.php?post=<?php echo
htmlentities($id);?>">read more</a> </div>
<?php }?>
</div>
<div class="single_left_coloum_wrapper gallery">
<h2 class="title">gallery</h2>
<a class="more" href="#">more</a>
<?php
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{?>
<img src="admin/postimages/<?php echo htmlentities($row['PostImage']);?>" alt="" />
<?php
?></div></div> </div> </div>
</div>
<div class="single_sidebar"> <img src="" alt="" /> </div>
<div class="single_sidebar">
<img src="" alt="" /> </div>
</div>
</div> <div class="footer_bottom_area">
<div class="copyright_text">
<p>Copyright © 2045 News Portal Inc. All rights reserved | </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/jquery-min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/jquery.bxslider.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/selectnav.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
selectnav('nav', {
label: '-Navigation-',
nested: true,
indent: '-'
});
selectnav('f_menu', {
nested: true,
indent: '-'
});
$('.bxslider').bxSlider({
mode: 'fade',
39
captions: true
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
</body>
</html>
View_postdetails.php
<?php
session_start();
//Genrating CSRF Token
if (empty($_SESSION['token'])) {
$_SESSION['token'] = bin2hex(random_bytes(32));
if(isset($_POST['submit']))
//Verifying CSRF Token
40
if (!empty($_POST['csrftoken'])) {
if (hash_equals($_SESSION['token'], $_POST['csrftoken'])) {
if(strlen($_SESSION['login'])!=0)
$name=$_SESSION['login'];
$query=mysqli_query($con,"select * from user_details where UserName=$name and
Status=1");
$row=mysqli_fetch_array($query);
$email=$row['Email'];
else
$name=$_POST['name'];
$email=$_POST['email'];
$comment=$_POST['comment'];
$postid=$_GET['post'];
$st1='0';
41
$query=mysqli_query($con,"insert into comment_details(PostId,Name,Email,Comment,Status)
values('$postid','$name','$email','$comment','$st1')");
if($query)
echo "<script>alert('comment successfully submit. Comment will be display after admin review
');</script>";
unset($_SESSION['token']);
else
echo "<script>alert('Something went wrong. Please try again.');</script>";
?>
42
<head>
</head>
<body>
<?php
?>
43
<ul id="nav">
<li><a href="index.php">Back</a></li><ul>
</div>
</div>
<?php
$post=$_GET['post'];
$query=mysqli_query($con,"select * from post_details where PostId=$post and
Status=1");
$id= $row['PostId'];
//$text = substr($row['PostDetails'],0,50);
?>
<div class=""> <img src="admin/postimages/<?php echo
htmlentities($row['PostImage']);?>" alt="" />
44
<h3><?php echo htmlentities($row['PostTitle']);?></h3>
<p><?php echo htmlentities($row['PostDetails']);?></p>
<?php }?>
</div>
<div class="single_left_coloum_wrapper gallery">
<h2 class="title">Leave a Comment:</h2>
<form name="Comment" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrftoken" value="<?php echo
htmlentities($_SESSION['token']); ?>" />
<?php
if(!isset($_SESSION['login']))
{ ?>
<input type="text" name="name" class="form-control" placeholder="Name" required >
<input type="email" name="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Email" required >
<?php
?>
<textarea class="form-control" name="comment" rows="3" placeholder="Comment"
required></textarea>
45
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" name="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<?php
$sts=1;
$query=mysqli_query($con,"select Name,Comment,PostingDate from comment_details where
PostId='$id' and Status='$sts'");
while ($row=mysqli_fetch_array($query)) {
?>
<div class="media mb-4">
<img class="d-flex mr-3 rounded-circle" src="images/usericon.png" alt="">
<div class="media-body">
<h5 class="mt-0"><?php echo htmlentities($row['Name']);?> <br />
<span style="font-size:11px;"><b>at</b> <?php echo
htmlentities($row['PostingDate']);?></span>
46
</h5>
<?php echo htmlentities($row['Comment']);?> </div>
</div>
<?php } ?>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer_bottom_area">
<div class="copyright_text">
<p>Copyright © 2045 News Portal Inc. All rights reserved | </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/jquery-min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/jquery.bxslider.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="assets/js/selectnav.min.js"></script>
47
selectnav('nav', {
nested: true,
indent: '-'
});
selectnav('f_menu', {
nested: true,
indent: '-'
});
$('.bxslider').bxSlider({
mode: 'fade',
captions: true
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
48
</body>
</html>
Search_news.php
<?php
session_start();
?>
<head>

49
</head>
<body>
<?php
?>
<ul id="nav">
<li><a href="index.php">Back</a></li><ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="left_coloum floatleft">
50
<div class="single_left_coloum_wrapper">
<h2 class="title">Search details</h2>
<?php
if(($_GET['subid'])!=NULL)
$id=$_GET['subid'];
$query="select * from post_details where SubcategoryId=$id and Status=1";
$sql= mysqli_query($con, $query);
$row= mysqli_fetch_array($sql);
if($row>0)
while ($row)
?>
<div class="card mb-4">
<div class="card-body">
<h2 class="card-title"><?php echo htmlentities($row['PostTitle']);?></h2>
<a href="view-postdetails.php?post=<?php echo htmlentities($row['PostId'])?>"
class="btn btn-primary">Read More →</a>

51
</div>
<div class="card-footer text-muted">
Posted on <?php echo htmlentities($row['PostingDate']);?>
</div>
</div>
<?php }
else
echo "No record found";
else
echo "No record found";
?>
</body>
52
</html>
Register.php
<?php
session_start();
if(isset($_POST["submit"]))
$user_name=$_POST["UserName"];
$email=$_POST["Email"];
$cpassword=$_POST["CPassword"];
$password=$_POST["Password"];
if($cpassword==$password)
$sts=1;
$query=mysqli_query($con,"insert into user_details(UserName,Password,Status,Email)
values('$user_name','$password','$sts','$email')");
if($query)
$_SESSION["login"]=$user_name;
53
header('Location: index.php');
else{
$error="Something went wrong . Please try again.";
else
echo "Password and confirm password are not same.";
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
54
<meta name="description" content="News Portal.">

<title>News Portal </title>

<link href="assets/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="assets/css/core.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="assets/css/components.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="assets/css/icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="assets/css/pages.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="assets/css/menu.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="assets/css/responsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<script src="assets/js/modernizr.min.js"></script>
function confirmPass() {
var pass = document.getElementById("Password").value
var confPass = document.getElementById("CPassword").value
if(pass != confPass) {
alert('Wrong confirm password !');
55
}
</script>
</head>
<body class="bg-transparent">

<section>
<div class="container-alt">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class="wrapper-page">
<div class="m-t-40 account-pages">
<div class="text-center account-logo-box">
<h2 class="text-uppercase">
<a href="index.html" class="text-success">
<span><img src="admin/assets1/img/brand/download.png"
alt="" height="56"></span>
</a>
</h2>
56

</div>
<div class="account-content">
<form class="form-horizontal" method="post">
<div class="form-group ">
<label>UserName</label>
<div class="col-xs-12">
<input class="form-control" type="text" id="UserName"
name="UserName" autocomplete="off" required /></td>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Email</label>
<input class="form-control" type="text" id="Email"
name="Email" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}$" required /></td>
</div>
</div>
57
<label>Password</label>
<input class="form-control" type="text" id="Password" name="Password"
autocomplete="off" required /></td>
</div>
</div>
<label>Confirm Password</label>
<input class="form-control" type="text" id="CPassword"
name="CPassword" required="" autocomplete="off" onblur="confirmPass()" required /></td>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group account-btn text-center m-t-10">
<button class="btn w-md btn-bordered btn-danger waves-
effect waves-light" type="submit" name="submit">Login</button></td>
</div>
</div>
58
</form>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<script>
var resizefunc = [];
</script>

<script src="assets/js/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/detect.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/fastclick.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.blockUI.js"></script>
59
<script src="assets/js/waves.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.slimscroll.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.scrollTo.min.js"></script>

<script src="assets/js/jquery.core.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.app.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Add_category.php
<?php
session_start();
error_reporting(0);
if(strlen($_SESSION['login'])==0)
header('location:index.php');
else{
60
$category=$_POST['category'];
$description=$_POST['description'];
$status=1;
$query=mysqli_query($con,"insert into
category_details(CategoryName,Description,Status) values('$category','$description','$status')");
if($query)
$msg="Category created ";
else{
?>
<html lang="en">
61
<head>
<base href="./">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-
fit=no">
<meta name="description" content="CoreUI - Open Source Bootstrap Admin
Template">
<meta name="author" content="Łukasz Holeczek">
<meta name="keyword"
content="Bootstrap,Admin,Template,Open,Source,jQuery,CSS,HTML,RWD,Dashboard">
<title>Add category</title>

<link href="assets1/css/coreui-icons.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="assets1/css/flag-icon.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="assets1/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="assets1/css/simple-line-icons.css" rel="stylesheet">

<link href="assets1/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
62
<link href="assets1/css/pace.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

<script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-118965717-
3"></script>
<script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag() {
dataLayer.push(arguments);
gtag('js', new Date());
// Shared ID
gtag('config', 'UA-118965717-3');
// Bootstrap ID
gtag('config', 'UA-118965717-5');
</script>
</head>
<body class="app header-fixed sidebar-fixed aside-menu-fixed sidebar-lg-show">
<?php
63
?>
<div class="app-body">
<?php
include ('includes/sidebar.php');
?>
<main class="main">

<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li class="breadcrumb-item">Home</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item">
Admin
</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item active">Add Category</li>
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="animated fadeIn">
<div class="row">

64
<?php if($msg){ ?>
<div class="alert alert-success" role="alert">
<strong>Well done!</strong> <?php echo htmlentities($msg);?>
</div>
<?php } ?>

<?php if($error){ ?>
<div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">
<strong>Oh snap!</strong> <?php echo htmlentities($error);?></div>
<?php } ?>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header">
<strong>Add Category</strong>
<small>Form</small>
65
</div>
<form class="form-horizontal" name="category" method="post">
<div class="row">
<label for="name">Category</label>
<input class="form-control" id="category" type="text" placeholder=""
name="category" required="">
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="row">
<label for="ccnumber">Category Description</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="description" name="description"
rows="9" placeholder="" required=""></textarea>
66
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="row">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit"
name="submit">
<i class="fa fa-dot-circle-o"></i> Submit</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
67

</body>
</html>
Edit_category.php
<?php
session_start();
error_reporting(0);
else{
$catid=intval($_GET['cid']);
$category=$_POST['category'];
$description=$_POST['description'];
68
$query=mysqli_query($con,"Update category_details set
CategoryName='$category',Description='$description' where CategoryId='$catid'");
if($query)
$msg="Category Updated successfully ";
header('location:view-category.php?msg1=Category Updated successfully');
else{
?>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<base href="./">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no">
<meta name="description" content="CoreUI - Open Source Bootstrap Admin Template">

69
<meta name="author" content="Łukasz Holeczek">
<meta name="keyword"
content="Bootstrap,Admin,Template,Open,Source,jQuery,CSS,HTML,RWD,Dashboard">
<title>Add category</title>

<link href="assets1/css/coreui-icons.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="assets1/css/flag-icon.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="assets1/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="assets1/css/simple-line-icons.css" rel="stylesheet">

<link href="assets1/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="assets1/css/pace.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

<script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-118965717-
3"></script>
<script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag() {
dataLayer.push(arguments);
70
}
gtag('js', new Date());
// Shared ID
gtag('config', 'UA-118965717-3');
// Bootstrap ID
gtag('config', 'UA-118965717-5');
</script>
</head>
<body class="app header-fixed sidebar-fixed aside-menu-fixed sidebar-lg-show">
<?php
?>
<div class="app-body">
<div class="sidebar">
<nav class="sidebar-nav">
<ul class="nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="home.php">
71
<i class="nav-icon icon-speedometer"></i> Dashboard
<span class="badge badge-primary">NEW</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-title">Categories</li>
<a class="nav-link" href="add-category.php">
<i class="nav-icon icon-drop"></i>Add Category</a>
</li>
<a class="nav-link" href="view-category.php">
<i class="nav-icon icon-pencil"></i>Manage Category</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-title">Sub Categories</li>
<a class="nav-link" href="add-subcategory.php">
<i class="nav-icon icon-drop"></i>Add Subcategory</a>
</li>
72
<a class="nav-link" href="view-subcategory.php">
<i class="nav-icon icon-pencil"></i>Manage Subcategory</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-title">Posts</li>
<a class="nav-link" href="add-post.php">
<i class="nav-icon icon-drop"></i>Add Posts</a>
</li>
<a class="nav-link" href="view-posts.php">
<i class="nav-icon icon-pencil"></i>Manage Posts</a>
</li>
<a class="nav-link" href="trash-post.php">
<i class="nav-icon icon-pencil"></i>Trash Posts</a>
</li>
73
<li class="nav-item ">
<a class="nav-link nav-link-success" href="view-comments.php" target="_top">
<i class="nav-icon icon-cloud-download"></i> View Comments</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<main class="main">

<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li class="breadcrumb-item">Home</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item">
Admin
</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item active">Add Category</li>
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="animated fadeIn">
74
<div class="row">

<?php if($msg){ ?>
</div>
<?php } ?>

<?php if($error){ ?>
<strong>Oh snap!</strong> <?php echo htmlentities($error);?></div>
<?php } ?>
</div>
</div>
<?php
$catid=intval($_GET['cid']);
75
$query=mysqli_query($con,"Select
CategoryId,CategoryName,Description,CreatedDate,UpdatedDate from category_details where
Status=1 and CategoryId='$catid'");
$cnt=1;
?>
<div class="row">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header">
<strong>Edit Category</strong>
<small>Form</small>
</div>
<form class="form-horizontal" name="category" method="post">
<div class="row">
76
<label for="name">Category</label>
<input class="form-control" id="category" type="text" value="<?php echo
htmlentities($row['CategoryName']);?>" placeholder="" name="category" required="">
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="row">
<label for="ccnumber">Category Description</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="description" name="description" rows="9"
placeholder="" required=""><?php echo htmlentities($row['Description']);?></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="row">
77
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit" name="submit">
<i class="fa fa-dot-circle-o"></i> Update</button>
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-danger" type="reset">
<i class="fa fa-ban"></i> Reset</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

</body>
</html>
<?php
78
}
} ?>
Login.php
<?php
session_start();
if(isset($_POST["submit"]))
$user_name=$_POST["UserName"];
$password=$_POST["Password"];
$query="select * from user_details where UserName='$user_name'";
$sql= mysqli_query($con, $query);
$user= mysqli_fetch_array($sql);
if($user>0)
$pass=$user["Password"];
if($pass==$password)
79
$_SESSION["login"]=$user_name;
if($user_name=='admin')
header('Location: home.php');
else
header('Location: ../user.php');
else {echo "<script>alert('Wrong Password');</script>";}
else {
echo "<script>alert('User not registered with us');</script>";
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
80
<meta name="description" content="News Portal.">

<title>News Portal | Admin Panel</title>

</head>
<body class="bg-transparent">

<section>
<div class="container-alt">
<div class="row">
81
<div class="wrapper-page">
<div class="m-t-40 account-pages">
<div class="text-center account-logo-box">
<h2 class="text-uppercase">
<a href="index.html" class="text-success">
<span><img src="assets1/img/brand/download.png" alt=""
height="56"></span>
</a>
</h2>

</div>
<div class="account-content">
<form class="form-horizontal" method="post">
<div class="form-group ">
<label>UserName</label>
<input class="form-control" type="text" required="" id="UserName"
name="UserName" autocomplete="off"/></td>
82
</div>
</div>
<label>Password</label>
<input class="form-control" type="password" id="Password"
name="Password" required="" autocomplete="off"/></td>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group account-btn text-center m-t-10">
<button class="btn w-md btn-bordered btn-danger waves-
effect waves-light" type="submit" name="submit">Login</button></td>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
<a href="forgot-password.php">Forgot password</a>
83
</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>

<script>
var resizefunc = [];
</script>

<script src="assets/js/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/detect.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/fastclick.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.blockUI.js"></script>
84
<script src="assets/js/waves.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.slimscroll.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.scrollTo.min.js"></script>

<script src="assets/js/jquery.core.js"></script>
<script src="assets/js/jquery.app.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
View_category.php
<?php
session_start();
error_reporting(0);
else{
85
if($_GET['action']=='del' && $_GET['rid'])
$id=intval($_GET['rid']);
echo $id;
$query=mysqli_query($con,"update category_details set Status='0' where
CategoryId='$id'");
$msg="Category deleted ";
// Code for restore
if($_GET['resid'])
$id=intval($_GET['resid']);
$query=mysqli_query($con,"update category_details set Status='1' where
CategoryId='$id'");
$msg="Category restored successfully";
// Code for Forever deletionparmdel
if($_GET['action']=='parmdel' && $_GET['rid'])
86
{
$id=intval($_GET['rid']);
$query=mysqli_query($con,"delete from category_details where
CategoryId='$id'");
$delmsg="Category deleted forever";
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title> | Manage Categories</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../plugins/switchery/switchery.min.css">

87
</head>
<body class="fixed-left">
<div class="row">
<?php
$msg1=$_GET['msg1'];
if($msg1){ ?>
<strong>Well done!</strong> <?php echo htmlentities($msg1);?>
</div>
<?php }
if($msg){ ?>
</div>
<?php } ?>
<?php if($delmsg){ ?>
88
<strong>Oh snap!</strong> <?php echo htmlentities($delmsg);?></div>
<?php } ?>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div
class="col-md-12">
<div
class="demo-box m-t-20">
<div class="m-b-30">
<a href="add-category.php">
<button id="addToTable" class="btn btn-success waves-effect waves-light">Add <i
class="mdi mdi-plus-circle-outline" ></i></button>
</a>
</div>
<a href="home.php">
Back
</a>
89
</div>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table m-0 table-colored-bordered table-bordered-primary">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>#</th>
<th> Category</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Posting Date</th>
<th>Last updation Date</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<?php
Status=1");
90
$cnt=1;
?>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><?php echo htmlentities($cnt);?></th>
<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['CategoryName']);?></td>
<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['Description']);?></td>
<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['CreatedDate']);?></td>
<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['UpdatedDate']);?></td>
<td><a href="edit-category.php?cid=<?php echo htmlentities($row['CategoryId']);?>"><i
class="fa fa-pencil" style="color: #29b6f6;"></i></a>
<a href="view-category.php?rid=<?php echo
htmlentities($row['CategoryId']);?>&&action=del"> <i class="fa fa-trash-o" style="color:
#f05050"></i></a> </td>
</tr>
<?php
$cnt++;
} ?>
91
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="demo-box m-t-20">
<h4><i class="fa fa-trash-o" ></i> Deleted Categories</h4>
</div>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table m-0 table-colored-bordered table-bordered-danger">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>#</th>
<th> Category</th>
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<th>Description</th>
<th>Posting Date</th>
<th>Last updation Date</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<?php
Status=0");
$cnt=1;
?>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><?php echo htmlentities($cnt);?></th>
<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['CategoryName']);?></td>
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<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['Description']);?></td>
<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['CreatedDate']);?></td>
<td><?php echo htmlentities($row['UpdatedDate']);?></td>
<td><a href="view-category.php?resid=<?php echo
htmlentities($row['CategoryId']);?>"><i class="ion-arrow-return-right" title="Restore this
category"></i></a>
<a href="view-category.php?rid=<?php echo
htmlentities($row['CategoryId']);?>&&action=parmdel" title="Delete forever"> <i class="fa fa-
trash-o" style="color: #f05050"></i> </td>
</tr>
<?php
$cnt++;
} ?>
</tbody>
</table>
</div> </div>
</div>
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</div>
</body>
</html>
<?php
} ?>
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7. Testing
7.1 Testing
System testing is actually a series of different whose primary purpose is to fully exercise the
computer based system. Software testing is critical element of software quality assurance and
represent the ultimate review of the specification, design and coding. System testing makes a
logical assumption that all the part of the system is correct; the goal will be successfully
achieved. Testing is the final verification and validation activity within the organization itself.
During testing the major activities are concerned on the examinations and modification of the
source code.
Testing objectives are:
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of finding an error. A good test is one
that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error.
 Unit testing
 Integration testing
 System testing
 Validation testing
 User acceptance testing
Unit Testing
This type of testing is performed by developers before the setup is handed over to the testing
team to formally execute the test cases. Unit testing is performed by the respective developers
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on the individual units of source code assigned areas. The developers use test data that is
different from the test data of the quality assurance team.
The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that individual parts are
correct in terms of requirements and functionality.
Unit testing enables a programmer to detect error in coding. A unit test focuses verification of
the smallest unit of software design. This testing was carried out during the coding itself. In this
testing step, each module is going to be work satisfactorily as the expected output from the
module.
Limitations of Unit Testing:
 Testing cannot catch each and every bug in an application. It is impossible to evaluate
every execution path in every software application. The same is the case with unit
testing.
 There is a limit to the number of scenarios and test data that a developer can use to
verify a source code. After having exhausted all the options, there is no choice but to
stop unit testing and merge the code segment with other units.
Project aspect: The front-end design consists of various forms. They were tested for data
acceptance. Similarly, the back-end also tested for successful acceptance and retrieval of data.
Integration Testing
Through each program work individually, they should work after linking together. This is
referred to as interfacing. Data may be lost across the interface; one module can have adverse
effect on the other. Subroutines after linking may not do the desired function expected by the
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main routine. Integration testing is the systematic technique for constructing the program
structure while at the same time conducting test to uncover errors associated with the interface.
Using integrated test plan prepared in the design phase of the system development as a guide, the
integration test was carried out. All the errors found in the system were corrected for the next
testing step.
Integration testing is defined as the testing of combined parts of an application to determine if
they function correctly. Integration testing can be done in two ways: Bottom-up integration
testing and Top-down integration testing.
o Bottom-up integration: This testing begins with unit testing, followed by tests of
progressively higher-level combinations of units called modules or builds.
o Top-down integration: In this testing, the highest-level modules are tested first and
progressively, lower-level modules are tested thereafter.
In a comprehensive software development environment, bottom-up testing is usually done first,
followed by top-down testing. The process concludes with multiple tests of the complete
application, preferably in scenarios designed to mimic actual situations.
Project aspect: After connecting the back-end and the front-end as whole module, the data
entered in the front-end once submitted were successfully entered in the database. On request,
data were successfully retrieved in to forms.
System Testing
After performing the integration testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed system.
No system could be useful if it doesn’t produce the required output in a specified format. The
output generated are displayed by the system under consideration and then tested by comparing
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with the format require by the user. Here the output format is considered in to two ways, one in
on-screen and other in printed format.
System testing tests the system as a whole. Once all the components are integrated, the
application as a whole is tested rigorously to see that it meets the specified Quality Standards.
This type of testing is performed by a specialized testing team.
System testing is important because of the following reasons −
 System testing is the first step in the Software Development Life Cycle, where the
application is tested as a whole.
 The application is tested thoroughly to verify that it meets the functional and technical
specifications.
 The application is tested in an environment that is very close to the production
environment where the application will be deployed.
 System testing enables us to test, verify, and validate both the business requirements as
well as the application architecture.
Project aspect: The entire project was tested and found successful.
Validation testing
Validation Testing ensures that the product actually meets the client's needs. It can also be
defined as to demonstrate that the product fulfills its intended use when deployed on appropriate
environment. The user has to work with the system and check whether the project meets his
needs. In the validation checking, the user works with the beta version of the software.
Project aspects: User enters the appropriate data and results was checked and validated
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User Acceptance Testing
User acceptance of a system is a key factor of the success of any system. The system under
consideration was tested for user acceptance by running a prototype of the software.
This is arguably the most important type of testing, as it is conducted by the Quality Assurance Team who
will gauge whether the application meets the intended specifications and satisfies the client’s requirement.
The QA team will have a set of pre-written scenarios and test cases that will be used to test the
application.
More ideas will be shared about the application and more tests can be performed on it to gauge its
accuracy and the reasons why the project was initiated. Acceptance tests are not only intended to point out
simple spelling mistakes, cosmetic errors, or interface gaps, but also to point out any bugs in the
application that will result in system crashes or major errors in the application.
By performing acceptance tests on an application, the testing team will reduce how the application will
perform in production. There are also legal and contractual requirements for acceptance of the system.
Project aspects: An alpha version is demonstrated to the users. Their suggestions are recorded.
7.2 Test Cases
A test case is a document, which has a set of test data, preconditions, expected results and
postconditions, developed for a particular test scenario in order to verify compliance against a
specific requirement.
Test Case acts as the starting point for the test execution, and after applying a set of input
values, the application has a definitive outcome and leaves the system at some end point or also
known as execution postcondition.
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Test cases involve a set of steps, conditions, and inputs that can be used while performing
testing tasks. The main intent of this activity is to ensure whether a software passes or fails in
terms of its functionality and other aspects. There are many types of test cases such as
functional, negative, error, logical test cases, physical test cases, UI test cases, etc.
Furthermore, test cases are written to keep track of the testing coverage of a software.
Generally, there are no formal templates that can be used during test case writing.
The primary objectives of test case design methods are to derive a set of test that has of highest
likelihood of uncovering the defects. To accomplish this objective, two categories of test case
design techniques are used, Black box testing and White box testing.
White Box Testing
White box testing is a test case design method that uses the control structure of the procedural
design to derive test cases. White-box testing is the detailed investigation of internal logic and
structure of the code. White-box testing is also called glass testing or open-box testing. In order
to perform white-box testing on an application, a tester needs to know the internal workings of
the code.
The tester needs to have a look inside the source code and find out which unit/chunk of the code
is behaving inappropriately. Using white box testing methods, we can derive test cases that;
 Guarantee that all independent paths within a module have been exercised at least once
 Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides
 Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds
 Exercise internal data structures to ensure their validity.
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Black Box Testing
The technique of testing without having any knowledge of the interior workings of the
application is called black-box testing. The tester is oblivious to the system architecture and does
not have access to the source code. Typically, while performing a black-box test, a tester will
interact with the system's user interface by providing inputs and examining outputs without
knowing how and where the inputs are worked upon.
Black box testing methods focus on the functional requirements if the software. That is, black
box testing enables us to derive sets of input conditions that will fully exercise all functional
requirements of the program. Black box testing attempts to find errors in the following
categories:
 Incorrect or missing functions
 Interface errors
 Errors in data structure or external database access
 Performance errors
 Initialization and termination errors
7.3 Verification and validation
Verification is intended to check that a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set
thereof) meets a set of design specifications. In the development phase, verification procedures
involve performing special tests to model or simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product,
service or system, then performing a review or analysis of the modeling results. In the post-
development phase, verification procedures involve regularly repeating tests devised specifically
to ensure that the product, service, or system continues to meet the initial design requirements,
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specifications, and regulations as time progresses. It is a process that is used to evaluate whether
a product, service, or system complies with regulations, specifications, or conditions imposed at
the start of a development phase. Verification can be in development, scale-up, or production.
This is often an internal process.
Validation is intended to ensure a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof)
results in a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) that meets the
operational needs of the user. For a new development flow or verification flow, validation
procedures may involve modeling either flow and using simulations to predict faults or gaps that
might lead to invalid or incomplete verification or development of a product, service, or system
(or portion thereof, or set thereof) . A set of validation requirements (as defined by the user),
specifications, and regulations may then be used as a basis for qualifying a development flow or
verification flow for a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof). Additional
validation procedures also include those that are designed specifically to ensure that
modifications made to an existing qualified development flow or verification flow will have the
effect of producing a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) that meets the
initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations; these validations help to keep the
flow qualified. It is a process of establishing evidence that provides a high degree of assurance
that a product, service, or system accomplishes its intended requirements. This often involves
acceptance of fitness for purpose with end users and other product stakeholders. This is often an
external process.
This project is undergone all verification and validation procedure so that it can be used by the
end user. This meets all the set of design specifications and is tested properly using the test cases.
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7.4 Debugging
It is a systematic process of spotting and fixing the number of bugs, or defects, in a piece of
software so that the software is behaving as expected. Debugging is harder for complex systems
in particular when various subsystems are tightly coupled as changes in one system or interface
may cause bugs to emerge in another.
Debugging is a developer activity and effective debugging is very important before testing
begins to increase the quality of the system. Debugging will not give confidence that the system
meets its requirements completely but testing gives confidence.
This project has been undergone all testing and has fix the errors that is reported while testing in
the developing phase itself.
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8.Input and output Screens
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9.Implementation of the security for the software developed
Security, as part of the software development process, is an ongoing process involving people
and practices, and ensures application confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Secure software
is the result of security aware software development processes where security is built in and thus
software is developed with security in mind.
Security is most effective if planned and managed throughout every stage of software
development life cycle (SDLC), especially in critical applications or those that process sensitive
information.
This project Online News Portal has two users; User and Administrator. Both are secured with
MD5 secured passwords. The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a very widely used hash
function producing a 128-bit hash value. Each time the user logins to system, it is checked with
the corresponding table detail in the database and verify whether it is the correct user or not.
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10.Limitations
 This system is not hosted on any internet server.
 The registered user now has only options of searching and viewing the news, change
password and recover forgotten password.
 Game facility is not implemented for registered user.
 Newsletter is not implemented
11. Conclusion and scope of Future Application
After processing through all phases of the system development life cycle, the news portal is
developed. In future it will be hosted on the internet server which will be accessed by all people
in the world and can view the site and learn as much as news and information about the world.
The Administrator or editor who will be assigned for editing or managing or controlling will be
given the secure login information and will change or modify the website as per the
requirements. New facility can also implemented in this system like online games for registered
users, quizzes etc .
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12. Bibliography
1. Fundamentals of Software Engineering,Rajiv Mall,New Delhi: PHI Learning limited, 2003
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php
3. HTML, and CSS Bible. Bill Karow, Chuck White, Steven M. Schafer Bryan Pfaffenberger,
New York: Wiley 2004
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering
5. http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_intro.asp
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1.

Introduction and Objectives

Now-a-days we live in age of Information Communication and Technology (ICT). We can’t

our project so that we can aware the people.

needed to use this portal.

email is given, but with the approval of administrator.

website that can aware the people.

 The objective of this project is to provide the daily news.

internet can get more information.

 Dynamically provides facility.

the globe without additional variable cost.

 You don’t have to wait for newspaper in morning.

 Money and time will also save.

Processor : Intel core 2 Duo or above

Memory : 2 GB RAM or above

Cache Memory : 128 KB or above

Hard Disk : 30 GB or above [at least 3 MB free space required]

Language Used : PHP

User Interface Design : HTML, jquery, javacsript

Web Browser : Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera

Server : Xamp Server

A Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) is a software that −

 Enables you to implement a database with tables, columns and indexes.

 Guarantees the Referential Integrity between rows of various tables.

 Updates the indexes automatically.

 Interprets an SQL query and combines information from various tables.

becoming so popular because of many good reasons −

functionality of the most expensive and powerful database packages.

 MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.

PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.

handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).

 MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows programmers to modify

the MySQL software to fit their own specific environments.

 PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

 It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL,

Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.

with huge result sets in record-setting time.

n-tier development a possibility for the first time.

 PHP is forgiving: PHP language tries to be as forgiving as possible.

 PHP Syntax is C-Like.

Common uses of PHP are ;

write, and close them.

can send data, return data to the user.

 Access cookies variables and set cookies.

 It can encrypt data.

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup

 HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages

 HTML elements are represented by tags

JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most commonly

simplify the process of making web pages presentable.

different devices and screen sizes as well as a variety of other effects.

call with a single line of code.

manipulation. The jQuery library contains the following features:

 HTML event methods

 Effects and animations

2.1 Preliminary Investigation

preliminary investigation phase are:

 Investigate the present system and identify the functions to be performed

business by increasing efficiency, improving effectiveness, or providing a competitive

 Identify problems and suggest a few solutions

money and resources

2.2. System Development Life Cycle