THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE IV

ARTICLE IV

CITIZENSHIP

Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

[1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;

[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;

[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and

[4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having
to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine
citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.

Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.

Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or
omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.

Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
Loria must return Munoz’s P2,000,000.00 under the principle of unjust enrichment

Under Article 22 of the Civil Codeof the Philippines, "every person who through an act of performance
by another, or any other means, acquires or comes into possession of something at the expense of the
latter without just or legal ground, shall return the same to him." There is unjust enrichment "when a
person unjustly retains a benefit to the loss of another, or when a person retains money orproperty of
another against the fundamental principles of justice, equity and good conscience."55

The principle of unjust enrichment has two conditions. First, a person must have been benefited
without a real or valid basis or justification. Second, the benefit was derived at another person’s
expense or damage.56

In this case, Loria received P2,000,000.00 from Muñoz for a subcontract of a government projectto
dredge the Masarawag and San Francisco Rivers in Guinobatan, Albay. However, contrary to the parties’
agreement, Muñoz was not subcontracted for the project. Nevertheless, Loria retained the
P2,000,000.00.

Thus, Loria was unjustly enriched. He retained Muñoz’s money without valid basis or justification. Under
Article 22 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, Loria must return the P2,000,000.00 to Muñoz.

Contrary to Loria’s claim, Section 6 of the Presidential Decree No. 1594 does not prevent Muñoz from
recovering his money.

Nonetheless, even if we were to exercise utmost liberality and veer away from the rule, the records will
show that the petitioner had failed to establish its case by a preponderance of evidence.[64] Section 1,
Rule 133 of the Revised Rules of Court provides the guidelines in determining preponderance of
evidence:
SECTION 1. Preponderance of evidence, how determined.— In civil cases, the party having the burden of
proof must establish his case by a preponderance of evidence. In determining where the preponderance
or superior weight of evidence on the issues involved lies, the court may consider all the facts and
circumstances of the case, the witnesses’ manner of testifying, their intelligence, their means and
opportunity of knowing the facts to which they are testifying, the nature of the facts to which they
testify, the probability or improbability of their testimony, their interest or want of interest, and also
their personal credibility so far as the same may legitimately appear upon the trial. The court may also
consider the number of witnesses, though the preponderance is not necessarily with the greater
number.

Expounding on the concept of preponderance of evidence, this Court in Encinas v. National Bookstore,
Inc.,[65] held:

“Preponderance of evidence” is the weight, credit, and value of the aggregate evidence on either side
and is usually considered to be synonymous with the term “greater weight of the evidence” or “greater
weight of the credible evidence.” Preponderance of evidence is a phrase which, in the last analysis,
means probability of the truth. It is evidence which is more convincing to the court as worthy of belief
than that which is offered in opposition thereto.[66]

x x x."
Posted by Atty. Manuel J. Laserna Jr. at 4:18 AM

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RULE 111

Prosecution of Civil Action

Section 1. Institution of criminal and civil actions. — (a) When a criminal action is instituted, the civil
action for the recovery of civil liability arising from the offense charged shall be deemed instituted
with the criminal action unless the offended party waives the civil action, reserves the right to
institute it separately or institutes the civil action prior to the criminal action.

The reservation of the right to institute separately the civil action shall be made before the
prosecution starts presenting its evidence and under circumstances affording the offended party a
reasonable opportunity to make such reservation.

When the offended party seeks to enforce civil liability against the accused by way of moral,
nominal, temperate, or exemplary damages without specifying the amount thereof in the complaint
or information, the filing fees thereof shall constitute a first lien on the judgment awarding such
damages.

Where the amount of damages, other than actual, is specified in the complaint or information, the
corresponding filing fees shall be paid by the offended party upon the filing thereof in court.

Except as otherwise provided in these Rules, no filing fees shall be required for actual damages.

No counterclaim, cross-claim or third-party complaint may be filed by the accused in the criminal
case, but any cause of action which could have been the subject thereof may be litigated in a
separate civil action. (1a)

(b) The criminal action for violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 shall be deemed to include the
corresponding civil action. No reservation to file such civil action separately shall be allowed.

Upon filing of the aforesaid joint criminal and civil actions, the offended party shall pay in full the filing
fees based on the amount of the check involved, which shall be considered as the actual damages
claimed. Where the complaint or information also seeks to recover liquidated, moral, nominal,
temperate or exemplary damages, the offended party shall pay additional filing fees based on the
amounts alleged therein. If the amounts are not so alleged but any of these damages are
subsequently awarded by the court, the filing fees based on the amount awarded shall constitute a
first lien on the judgment.

Where the civil action has been filed separately and trial thereof has not yet commenced, it may be
consolidated with the criminal action upon application with the court trying the latter case. If the
application is granted, the trial of both actions shall proceed in accordance with section 2 of this Rule
governing consolidation of the civil and criminal actions. (cir. 57-97)
Section 2. When separate civil action is suspended. — After the criminal action has been
commenced, the separate civil action arising therefrom cannot be instituted until final judgment has
been entered in the criminal action.

If the criminal action is filed after the said civil action has already been instituted, the latter shall be
suspended in whatever stage it may be found before judgment on the merits. The suspension shall
last until final judgment is rendered in the criminal action. Nevertheless, before judgment on the
merits is rendered in the civil action, the same may, upon motion of the offended party, be
consolidated with the criminal action in the court trying the criminal action. In case of consolidation,
the evidence already adduced in the civil action shall be deemed automatically reproduced in the
criminal action without prejudice to the right of the prosecution to cross-examine the witnesses
presented by the offended party in the criminal case and of the parties to present additional
evidence. The consolidated criminal and civil actions shall be tried and decided jointly.

During the pendency of the criminal action, the running of the period of prescription of the civil action
which cannot be instituted separately or whose proceeding has been suspended shall be tolled. (n)

The extinction of the penal action does not carry with it extinction of the civil action. However, the
civil action based on delict shall be deemed extinguished if there is a finding in a final judgment in
the criminal action that the act or omission from which the civil liability may arise did not exist. (2a)

Section 3. When civil action may proceeded independently. — In the cases provided for in Articles
32, 33, 34 and 2176 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, the independent civil action may be brought
by the offended party. It shall proceed independently of the criminal action and shall require only a
preponderance of evidence. In no case, however, may the offended party recover damages twice for
the same act or omission charged in the criminal action. (3a)

Section 4. Effect of death on civil actions. — The death of the accused after arraignment and during
the pendency of the criminal action shall extinguish the civil liability arising from the delict. However,
the independent civil action instituted under section 3 of this Rule or which thereafter is instituted to
enforce liability arising from other sources of obligation may be continued against the estate or legal
representative of the accused after proper substitution or against said estate, as the case may be.
The heirs of the accused may be substituted for the deceased without requiring the appointment of
an executor or administrator and the court may appoint a guardian ad litem for the minor heirs.

The court shall forthwith order said legal representative or representatives to appear and be
substituted within a period of thirty (30) days from notice.

A final judgment entered in favor of the offended party shall be enforced in the manner especially
provided in these rules for prosecuting claims against the estate of the deceased.

If the accused dies before arraignment, the case shall be dismissed without prejudice to any civil
action the offended party may file against the estate of the deceased. (n)

Section 5. Judgment in civil action not a bar. — A final judgment rendered in a civil action absolving
the defendant from civil liability is not a bar to a criminal action against the defendant for the same
act or omission subject of the civil action. (4a)

Section 6. Suspension by reason of prejudicial question. — A petition for suspension of the criminal
action based upon the pendency of a prejudicial question in a civil action may be filed in the office of
the prosecutor or the court conducting the preliminary investigation. When the criminal action has
been filed in court for trial, the petition to suspend shall be filed in the same criminal action at any
time before the prosecution rests. (6a)

Section 7. Elements of prejudicial question. — The elements of a prejudicial question are: (a) the
previously instituted civil action involves an issue similar or intimately related to the issue raised in
the subsequent criminal action, and (b) the resolution of such issue determines whether or not the
criminal action may proceed. (5a)

Proof beyond reasonable doubt. - In a criminal case, the accused is entitled to an

acquittal, unless his guilt is shown beyond reasonable doubt. Proof beyond
reasonable doubt does not mean such a degree of proof as, excluding possibility of
error, produces absolute certainty.Mar 8, 2017

Unless his guilt is shown beyond reasonable doubt, he must be acquitted. This
reasonable doubt standard is demanded by the due process clause of the Constitution
which protects the accused from conviction except upon proof beyond reasonable doubt
of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.

Preponderance of the Evidence vs. Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

In almost every legal proceeding, there are generally two different sets of important rules that must
be met before a judge decides who wins a case. These important rules, known as evidentiary
standards and burden of proof, determine which party is responsible for showing enough evidence to
either prove or disprove a particular claim and the amount of evidence necessary to do so.

Criminal cases and civil cases vary greatly in many respects, but evidence is generally always the
key factor in deciding a case. In both criminal law cases and civil law cases, the parties have to
convince a trier of fact (judge or jury) of their position.

Prosecutors in criminal cases must prove meet the burden of proving that the defendant is guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt, whereas plaintiffs in a civil case, such as for personal injury, must prove
their case by a preponderance of the evidence. These two standards are not exactly clear to the
average American person as to what they both mean or how they truly differ from one another, thus,
further explanation is needed.

What is the Preponderance of the Evidence Standard?

As noted above, the preponderance of the evidence evidentiary standard is the evidentiary standard
required to be proven in civil law cases. This is a lower standard than the beyond a reasonable
doubt standard, which will be discussed below.
What preponderance of the evidence means is that the burden of proof is met if there is greater than
a 50% chance that, based on all the reasonable evidence shown, plaintiff’s claims are true and
defendant did in fact do the wrong that caused the damage.

Many legal scholars define the preponderance of the evidence standard as requiring a finding that at
least 51% of the evidence shown favors the plaintiff’s story and outcome. Another way to think of the
standard is to simply ask whether the plaintiff’s proposition is more likely to be true than not true.

The plaintiff meets this burden of proof by presenting physical and testimonial evidence to prove
their case and the proposition that it is more likely to be true than not true that defendant caused the
harm. On the other hand, the defendant does not have to do anything to prove or defend their case if
the plaintiff fails to prove their case by a preponderance of the evidence. If the plaintiff does not meet
this burden, then the defendant wins as a result.

What is the Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Standard?

In criminal law cases, the burden of proof always rests with the prosecution, as the defendant is
always presumed innocent, until proven guilty. If the prosecution fails to prove guilt by beyond a
reasonable doubt, the defendant does not need to prove anything. The beyond a reasonable doubt
standard is a much higher standard than the preponderance of the evidence standard.

Legal scholars generally describe the beyond a reasonable doubt standard as being met where the
prosecutor demonstrates that there is no plausible reason to believe otherwise. If there is any real
doubt after careful consideration of all the evidence presented, then this standard has not been met.
However, this does not mean that the beyond a reasonable doubt standard is absolute, the
prosecutor must prove the case to an extent that no reasonable person could reasonable doubt the
defendant's guilt.

Although court’s do not assign or attach numbers to the beyond a reasonable doubt standard, many
scholars believe that it means 90%, 95%, or even 99% sure. If after all the evidence has been put
forth the judge or jury has no doubt as to the defendant’s guilt, or if their only doubts are
unreasonable, then the prosecutor has met the burden and proved the defendant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt and the defendant should be pronounced guilty. On the other hand, if there is a
reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime, then the defendant should be pronounced
innocent.

An example of the difference between the two standards is the infamous O.J. Simpson case. In the
criminal trial of the case, the prosecution had enough evidence to prove the preponderance of the
evidence standard, but the defense brought forth enough evidence to raise reasonable doubts with
the jurors.

Because there were reasonable doubts left at the end of the trial, O.J. Simpson was acquitted.
However, when the case was brought in a civil law court via a wrongful death lawsuit, the
preponderance of the evidence standard was met, and O.J. was found responsible for the murders
and ordered to pay damages. It was much easier in this case to prove that O.J. was more than likely
responsible for the murders than not, rather then to prove that he was guilty beyond any reasonable
doubt.
Republic Act No. 9225 August 29, 2003

AN ACT MAKING THE CITIZENSHIP OF PHILIPPINE CITIZENS WHO ACQUIRE FOREIGN CITIZENSHIP PERMANENT.
AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE COMMONWEALTH ACT. NO. 63, AS AMENDED AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippine Congress Assembled:

Section 1. Short Title – this act shall be known as the "Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003."

Section 2. Declaration of Policy - It is hereby declared the policy of the State that all Philippine citizens of another country shall
be deemed not to have lost their Philippine citizenship under the conditions of this Act.

Section 3. Retention of Philippine Citizenship - Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, natural-born citizenship
by reason of their naturalization as citizens of a foreign country are hereby deemed to have re-acquired Philippine citizenship
upon taking the following oath of allegiance to the Republic:

"I _____________________, solemny swear (or affrim) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly constituted authorities of
the Philippines; and I hereby declare that I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the Philippines and will
maintain true faith and allegiance thereto; and that I imposed this obligation upon myself voluntarily without
mental reservation or purpose of evasion."

Natural born citizens of the Philippines who, after the effectivity of this Act, become citizens of a foreign country shall retain their
Philippine citizenship upon taking the aforesaid oath.

Section 4. Derivative Citizenship - The unmarried child, whether legitimate, illegitimate or adopted, below eighteen (18) years
of age, of those who re-acquire Philippine citizenship upon effectivity of this Act shall be deemed citizenship of the Philippines.

Section 5. Civil and Political Rights and Liabilities - Those who retain or re-acquire Philippine citizenship under this Act shall
enjoy full civil and political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the
Philippines and the following conditions:

(1) Those intending to exercise their right of surffrage must Meet the requirements under Section 1, Article V of
the Constitution, Republic Act No. 9189, otherwise known as "The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003" and
other existing laws;

(2) Those seeking elective public in the Philippines shall meet the qualification for holding such public office as
required by the Constitution and existing laws and, at the time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy, make a
personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to
administer an oath;

(3) Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and swear to an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the
Philippines and its duly constituted authorities prior to their assumption of office: Provided, That they renounce
their oath of allegiance to the country where they took that oath;

(4) Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall apply with the proper authority for a license
or permit to engage in such practice; and

(5) That right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office in the Philippines cannot be exercised by, or
extended to, those who:
 (a) are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the country of which they are naturalized
citizens; and/or

(b) are in active service as commissioned or non-commissioned officers in the armed forces of the country
which they are naturalized citizens.

Section 6. Separability Clause - If any section or provision of this Act is held unconstitutional or invalid, any other section or
provision not affected thereby shall remain valid and effective.

Section 7. Repealing Clause - All laws, decrees, orders, rules and regulations inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are
hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Section 8. Effectivity Clause – This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following its publication in theOfficial Gazette or
two (2) newspaper of general circulation.

Approved,

FRANKLIN DRILON JOSE DE VENECIA JR.

President of the Senate Speaker of the House of
Representatives

This Act, which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 2130 and House Bill No. 4720 was finally passed by the the House of
Representatives and Senate on August 25, 2003 and August 26, 2003, respectively.

OSCAR G. YABES ROBERTO P. NAZARENO

Secretary of Senate Secretary General
House of Represenatives

Approved: August 29, 2003

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
President of the Philippines

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

COMMONWEALTH ACT No. 473

AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ACQUISITION OF PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP BY NATURALIZATION, AND TO REPEAL
ACTS NUMBERED TWENTY-NINE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SEVEN AND THIRTY-FOUR HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHT.

Be it enacted by the National Assembly of the Philippines:

Section 1. Title of Act. – This Act shall be known and may be cited as the "Revised Naturalization Law."

Section 2. Qualifications. – Subject to section four of this Act, any person having the following qualifications may become a
citizen of the Philippines by naturalization:

First. He must be not less than twenty-one years of age on the day of the hearing of the petition;

Second. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than ten years;

Third. He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying the Philippine Constitution,
and must have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence
in the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with the community in which he is
living.

Fourth. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five thousand pesos, Philippine currency,
or must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation;

Fifth. He must be able to speak and write English or Spanish and any one of the principal Philippine languages;
and

Sixth. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age, in any of the public schools or private schools
recognized by the Office of Private Education1 of the Philippines, where the Philippine history, government and
civics are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in the
Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of his petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen.

Section 3. Special qualifications. The ten years of continuous residence required under the second condition of the last
preceding section shall be understood as reduced to five years for any petitioner having any of the following qualifications:

1. Having honorably held office under the Government of the Philippines or under that of any of the provinces, cities,
municipalities, or political subdivisions thereof;
2. Having established a new industry or introduced a useful invention in the Philippines;
3. Being married to a Filipino woman;
4. Having been engaged as a teacher in the Philippines in a public or recognized private school not established for
the exclusive instruction of children of persons of a particular nationality or race, in any of the branches of
education or industry for a period of not less than two years;
5. Having been born in the Philippines.

Section 4. Who are disqualified. - The following cannot be naturalized as Philippine citizens:

a. Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group of persons who uphold and
teach doctrines opposing all organized governments;
b. Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination for the
success and predominance of their ideas;
c. Polygamists or believers in the practice of polygamy;
 d. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
e. Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases;
f. Persons who, during the period of their residence in the Philippines, have not mingled socially with the Filipinos,
or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs, traditions, and ideals of the
Filipinos;
g. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the United States 2and the Philippines are at war, during the period of
such war;
h. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United States 3whose laws do not grant Filipinos the right
to become naturalized citizens or subjects thereof.

Section 5. Declaration of intention. – One year prior to the filing of his petition for admission to Philippine citizenship, the
applicant for Philippine citizenship shall file with the Bureau of Justice4 a declaration under oath that it is bona fide his intention to
become a citizen of the Philippines. Such declaration shall set forth name, age, occupation, personal description, place of birth,
last foreign residence and allegiance, the date of arrival, the name of the vessel or aircraft, if any, in which he came to the
Philippines, and the place of residence in the Philippines at the time of making the declaration. No declaration shall be valid until
lawful entry for permanent residence has been established and a certificate showing the date, place, and manner of his arrival
has been issued. The declarant must also state that he has enrolled his minor children, if any, in any of the public schools or
private schools recognized by the Office of Private Education5 of the Philippines, where Philippine history, government, and
civics are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in the Philippines
required of him prior to the hearing of his petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen. Each declarant must furnish two
photographs of himself.

Section 6. Persons exempt from requirement to make a declaration of intention. – Persons born in the Philippines and have
received their primary and secondary education in public schools or those recognized by the Government and not
limited to any race or nationality, and those who have resided continuously in the Philippines for a period of thirty years
or more before filing their application, may be naturalized without having to make a declaration of intention upon complying
with the other requirements of this Act. To such requirements shall be added that which establishes that the applicant has
given primary and secondary education to all his children in the public schools or in private schools recognized by the
Government and not limited to any race or nationality. The same shall be understood applicable with respect to the
widow and minor children of an alien who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the Philippines, and dies before he is
actually naturalized.6

Section 7. Petition for citizenship. – Any person desiring to acquire Philippine citizenship shall file with the competent court, a
petition in triplicate, accompanied by two photographs of the petitioner, setting forth his name and surname; his present and
former places of residence; his occupation; the place and date of his birth; whether single or married and the father of children,
the name, age, birthplace and residence of the wife and of each of the children; the approximate date of his or her arrival in the
Philippines, the name of the port of debarkation, and, if he remembers it, the name of the ship on which he came; a declaration
that he has the qualifications required by this Act, specifying the same, and that he is not disqualified for naturalization under the
provisions of this Act; that he has complied with the requirements of section five of this Act; and that he will reside continuously in
the Philippines from the date of the filing of the petition up to the time of his admission to Philippine citizenship. The petition must
be signed by the applicant in his own handwriting and be supported by the affidavit of at least two credible persons, stating that
they are citizens of the Philippines and personally know the petitioner to be a resident of the Philippines for the period of time
required by this Act and a person of good repute and morally irreproachable, and that said petitioner has in their opinion all the
qualifications necessary to become a citizen of the Philippines and is not in any way disqualified under the provisions of this Act.
The petition shall also set forth the names and post-office addresses of such witnesses as the petitioner may desire to introduce
at the hearing of the case. The certificate of arrival, and the declaration of intention must be made part of the petition.

Section 8. Competent court.—The Court of First Instance of the province in which the petitioner has resided at least one year
immediately preceding the filing of the petition shall have exclusive original jurisdiction to hear the petition.

Section 9. Notification and appearance.—Immediately upon the filing of a petition, it shall be the duty of the clerk of the court to
publish the same at petitioner's expense, once a week for three consecutive weeks, in the Official Gazette, and in one of the
newspapers of general circulation in the province where the petitioner resides, and to have copies of said petition and a general
notice of the hearing posted in a public and conspicuous place in his office or in the building where said office is located, setting
forth in such notice the name, birthplace and residence of the petitioner, the date and place of his arrival in the Philippines, the
names of the witnesses whom the petitioner proposes to introduce in support of his petition, and the date of the hearing of the
petition, which hearing shall not be held within ninety days from the date of the last publication of the notice. The clerk shall, as
soon as possible, forward copies of the petition, the sentence, the naturalization certificate, and other pertinent data to the
Department of the Interior, 7 the Bureau of Justice,8 the Provincial Inspector9 of the Philippine Constabulary of the province and
the justice of the peace10 of the municipality wherein the petitioner resides.

Section 10. Hearing of the petition.—No petition shall be heard within the thirty days preceding any election. The hearing shall
be public, and the Solicitor-General, either himself or through his delegate or the provincial fiscal concerned, shall appear on
behalf of the Commonwealth11 of the Philippines at all the proceedings and at the hearing. If, after the hearing, the court
believes, in view of the evidence taken, that the petitioner has all the qualifications required by, and none of the disqualifications
specified in this Act and has complied with all requisites herein established, it shall order the proper naturalization certificate to be
issued and the registration of the said naturalization certificate in the proper civil registry as required in section ten of Act
Numbered Three thousand seven hundred and fifty-three.12

Section 11. Appeal.—The final sentence may, at the instance of either of the parties, be appealed to the Supreme Court.13

Section 12. Issuance of the Certificate of Naturalization.—If, after the lapse of thirty days from and after the date on which the
parties were notified of the Court, no appeal has been filed, or if, upon appeal, the decision of the court has been confirmed by
the Supreme Court,14 and the said decision has become final, the clerk of the court which heard the petition shall issue to the
petitioner a naturalization certificate which shall, among other things, state the following: The file number of the petition, the
number of the naturalization certificate, the signature of the person naturalized affixed in the presence of the clerk of the court,
the personal circumstances of the person naturalized, the dates on which his declaration of intention and petition were filed, the
date of the decision granting the petition, and the name of the judge who rendered the decision. A photograph of the petitioner
with the dry seal affixed thereto of the court which granted the petition, must be affixed to the certificate.

Before the naturalization certificate is issued, the petitioner shall, in open court, take the following oath:

"I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , solemnly swear that I renounce absolutely and forever all allegiance and fidelity
to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, and particularly to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of which at this time I am a
subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution of the Philippines and that I will obey the laws, legal orders and
decrees promulgated by the duly constituted authorities of the Commonwealth15of the Philippines; [and I hereby declare that I
recognize and accept the supreme authority of the United States of America in the Philippines and will maintain true faith and
allegiance thereto;16 and that I impose this obligation upon myself voluntarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion.

"So help me God."

Section 13. Record books.—The clerk of the court shall keep two books; one in which the petition and declarations of intention
shall be recorded in chronological order, noting all proceedings thereof from the filing of the petition to the final issuance of the
naturalization certificate; and another, which shall be a record of naturalization certificates each page of which shall have a
duplicate which shall be duly attested by the clerk of the court and delivered to the petitioner.

Section 14. Fees.—The clerk of the Court of First Instance shall charge as fees for recording a petition for naturalization and for
the proceedings in connection therewith, including the issuance of the certificate, the sum of thirty pesos.

The Clerk of the Supreme Court17 shall collect for each appeal and for the services rendered by him in connection therewith, the
sum of twenty-four pesos.

Section 15. Effect of the naturalization on wife and children.—Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married to a citizen of
the Philippines, and who might herself be lawfully naturalized shall be deemed a citizen of the Philippines.
Minor children of persons naturalized under this law who have been born in the Philippines shall be considered citizens thereof.

A foreign-born minor child, if dwelling in the Philippines at the time of the naturalization of the parent, shall automatically become
a Philippine citizen, and a foreign-born minor child, who is not in the Philippines at the time the parent is naturalized, shall be
deemed a Philippine citizen only during his minority, unless he begins to reside permanently in the Philippines when still a minor,
in which case, he will continue to be a Philippine citizen even after becoming of age.

A child born outside of the Philippines after the naturalization of his parent, shall be considered a Philippine citizen, unless one
year after reaching the age of majority, he fails to register himself as a Philippine citizen at the

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the fault of their parents either by neglecting to support them or by transferring them to another school or
schools. A certified copy of the decree canceling the naturalization certificate shall be forwarded by the
clerk of the Court to the Department of the Interior20 and the Bureau of Justice.21

(e) If it is shown that the naturalized citizen has allowed himself to be used as a dummy in violation of the
Constitutional or legal provision requiring Philippine citizenship as a requisite for the exercise, use or
enjoyment of a right, franchise or privilege.

Section 19. Penalties for violation of this Act.—Any person who shall fraudulently make, falsify, forge, change, alter, or cause or
aid any person to do the same, or who shall purposely aid and assist in falsely making, forging, falsifying, changing or altering a
naturalization certificate for the purpose of making use thereof, or in order that the same may be used by another person or
persons, and any person who shall purposely aid and assist another in obtaining a naturalization certificate in violation of the
provisions of this Act, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five thousand pesos or by imprisonment for not more than five
years, or both, and in the case that the person convicted is a naturalized citizen his certificate of naturalization and the
registration of the same in the proper civil registry shall be ordered cancelled.

Section 20. Prescription.—No person shall be prosecuted, charged, or punished for an offense implying a violation of the
provisions of this Act, unless the information or complaint is filed within five years from the detection or discovery of the
commission of said offense.

Section 21. Regulation and blanks.—The Secretary of Justice shall issue the necessary regulations for the proper enforcement
of this Act. Naturalization certificate blanks and other blanks required for carrying out the provisions of this Act shall be prepared
and furnished by the Solicitor-General, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Justice.

Section 22. Repealing clause.—Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and twenty-seven as amended by Act Numbered Thirty-
four hundred and forty-eight, entitled "The Naturalization Law", is repealed: Provided, That nothing in this Act shall be construed
to affect any prosecution, suit, action, or proceedings brought, or any act, thing, or matter, civil or criminal, done or existing before
the taking effect of this Act, but as to all such prosecutions, suits, actions, proceedings, acts, things, or matters, the laws, or parts
of laws repealed or amended by this Act are continued in force and effect.

Section 23. Date when this Act shall take effect.—This Act shall take effect on its approval.
Approved, June 17, 1939.

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