IMPDiagramAll Recovered

Modelling with Classes
Hari Prasad Pokhrel(hpokhrel24@gmail.com)

What constitutes a good model?
…A model should
† use a standard notation
† be understandable by clients and users
† lead software engineers to have insights about the system
† provide abstraction
…Models are used:

† to help create designs
† to permit analysis and review of those designs.
† as the core documentation describing the
. system
Hari Prasad Pokhrel (hpokhrel24@gmail.com)

Static: Class Diagram (Rumbaugh/Booch)
… Utilizedfor Static Structure of Conceptual Model
… Class Diagram Describes
† Types of Objects in Application
† Static Relationships Among Objects
† Temporal Information Not Supported
… Class Diagrams Contain
† Classes: Objects, Attributes, and Operations
† Packages: Groupings of Classes
† Subsystems: Grouping of Classes/Packages
… Main Concepts:
Class, Association, Generalization, Dependenc
Realization, Interface
… Granularity Level of -Cases
Use is Variable
Essentials of UML Class Diagrams
…The main symbols shown on class diagrams are:
† Classes
„ represent the types of data themselves
† Associations
„ represent linkages between instances of classes
† Attributes
„ are simple data found in classes and their instances
† Operations
„ represent the functions performed by the classes and their instance
† Generalizations
„ group classes into inheritance hierarchies

Classes
y A class is simply represented as a box with the name of the class inside
y The diagram may also show the attributes and operations
y The complete signature of an operation is:
operationName(parameterName: parameterType …): returnType

The Class Diagram Notation
y Identify classes, attributes of each class, and operation
each class
y Classes, their attributes and methods are specified bas
on the objects needed to realized use case and interfac
to external entities
Detailed
Attributes,
Data types,
And operations
Are defined/
refined
Hari Prasad Pokhrel During design
(hpokhrel24@gmail.com)
Associations and Multiplicity
y Anassociation
is used to show how two classes are related to each other
y Symbols indicating
multiplicity
are shown at each end of the association

Object Diagrams
… Object (Instant) Diagrams give a representation of a class diagram using actual m.
objects
For in the syste
example if this is our class diagram:
… Which of the following object diagrams are valid?
Homer
Homer
Homer
Homer Walmart
Walmart
Walmart
Walmart
Lisa
Lisa
Lisa
Lisa Sears
Sears
Sears
Sears
Bart
Bart
Bart
Bart

Labelling associations
y Each association can be labelled, to make explicit the nature of the
association

„ A Student can take many Courses and many Students
can be enrolled in one Course.
Student Course
* takes *
Alice: Student 254: Course
Jill: Student 253: Course

Analyzing and validating associations
y Many-to-one
y A company has many employees,
y An employee can only work for one company.
y This company will not store data about the moonlighting activities o
employees!
y A company can have zero employees
y E.g. a ‘shell’ company
y It is not possible to be an employee unless you work for a company
Employee * worksFor 1 Company

y Many-to-many
y A secretary can work for many managers
y A manager can have many secretaries
y Secretaries can work in pools
y Managers can have a group of secretaries
y Some managers might have zero secretaries.
y Is it possible for a secretary to have, perhaps temporarily, zero manag
Secretary * 1..** Manager

supervisor

y One-to-one
y For each company, there is exactly one board of directors
y A board is the board of only one company
y A company must always have a board
y A board must always be of some company
1 1
Company BoardOfDirectors

Multiplicity
y Multiplicity can be expressed as,
y Exactly one- 1
y Zero or one- 0..1
y Many- 0..* or *
y One or more- 1..*
y Exact Number - e.g. 3..4 or 6
y Or a complex relationship
– e.g. 0..1, 3..4,6..* would mean
any number of objects other than 2 or 5

y Avoid unnecessary-to-one
one associations
y Avoid this do this

Question
:
y Label the multiplicities for the following examples
__ rented __
Customer Video
__ currentlyRenting __
Woman __ __ Child
givesBirthToo
Brother __ Sister
__ has
__ currentlyOnIceFor __ Hockey Team

League
__ AssignedTo __
Player
Question
…In words, what do these diagrams mean?
Country City
0..1 hasCapital 1
Person Colour
* favourite 0..1
one and only one city as its capital

…A Country has _________________________
…A City ____________________
…A Colour________________________
…A Person _________________________

Another Question:
y Correctly label this diagrams multiplicity:
Car ? listeningTo ? Radio Station

? couldTuneInto ?

A more complex example
y A booking is always for exactly one passenger
y no booking with zero passengers
y a booking could
never
involve more than one passenger.
y A Passenger can have any number of Bookings
y a passenger could have no bookings at all
y a passenger could have more than one booking

Question
y Create two or three classes linked by associations to
represent the following situations:
• A landlord renting apartments to tenant
• An author writing books distributed by publishers
y Label the multiplicities (justify why you picked them)
y Give each class you choose at least 1 attribute

Your Answer

Reflexive associations/self association.
y It is possible for an association to connect a class to itself
y An association that connects a class to itself is called a self
association.
successor
isMutuallyExclusiveWith
Course
prerequisite
At TU, you can’t take
At TU, you must have Calc 1301b and
CS2210 and CS2211 to Calc1501b
take CS2212

Association - Self
„ A Company has Employees.

„ A single manager is responsible for up to 10 workers.
1
Employee
manager
Responsible worker
for 0..10
Association - Multiplicity
„ A cricket team has 11 players. One of them is the

captain.
„ A player can play only for one Team.
„ The captain leads the team members.
Captain
Team
Mem Player 1 0..1Team
ber 10
11 member of 1
1 Captain
Leads
Association classes
y Sometimes, an attribute that concerns two associated classes cannot b
placed in either of the classes
y The following are equivalent

Question
y Add association classes to the following many to many
associations and come up with at least one attribute for the
association class:
Guest * stay in * HotelRoom
Spectator * Show
* attended
Player * * SportsGame
participated in

Class Relationships
ƒ Association
ƒAggregation
ƒComposition
ƒ Generalization
ƒ Realization
ƒ Dependency

Generalization (Inheritance)
y Child class is a special case of the parent class
SuperClass
SubClass1 SubClass2

Generalization/Specialization Relation
y Specializing a superclass into two or more subclasses

y Thediscriminator
is a label that describes the criteria used in the
specialization

„ Generalizationis shown as a solid-line

arrow from the child (the more specific
element)to the parent (the more general
element)this type of relationship is also
calledinheritance.
„ Shouldbe usedto define classhierarchiesbased
on abstraction


Avoiding unnecessary generalizations
Inappropriate hierarchy of classes, which should be instances

Ask yourself: Does this class require any operations that will be
done differently than the other classes? If answer is no, don’t make
it a class!

Avoiding unnecessary generalizations
(cont)
Improved class diagram, with its corresponding instance

diagram
Handling multiple discriminators
y Creating higher
-level generalization
y Say we had a Prey class, we would need TWO associations instead of
just one.
Prey

Handling multiple discriminators
† Using multiple inheritance
† Using the Player

-Role pattern

Avoiding having instances change class
y An instance should never need to change class
y This is a poor model:
y A bit better solution, but then we lose the polymorphism advantage for
any operations that differ between FullTimeStudent and
PartTimeStudent:
Student
attendanceStatus
Multiple inheritance

Generalization (Inheritance) e.g.
Circle
GraphicCircle

Inheritance - Implementation
public class Circle {
public class GraphicCircle extends Circle {

Abstract Class
Shape
Circle Rectangle

Abstract Methods (Operations)
Shape
draw()
Circle Rectangle
draw() draw()

Abstract class and method
Implementation
public abstract class Shape {

public abstractdraw(); //declare
without implementation
………
}
public class Circle {

public draw(){
…….
}
…..
}
Class Relationships
ƒ Association
ƒ Generalization
ƒ Realization
ƒ Dependency

Realization- Interface
y Interface is a set of operation the class carries out
Keyboard Keyboard
brandName <<interface>> brandName

numOfKeys TypeWriter numOfKeys
OR
ctl() ctl()
TypeWriter
pageDown() keyStroke() pageDown()

Realization- Implementation
public interface TypeWriter{

void keyStroke()
public class KeyBoard implements TypeWriter

{
public void keyStroke(){
………
}
}

Class Relationships
ƒ Association
ƒ Generalization
ƒ Realization
ƒ Dependency

Dependency : A Special Case of
Association
y Change in specification of one class can change the othe
This can happen when one class is using another class.
Circle
Point
Move(p:Point)

import java.awt.Graphics;
class HelloWorld extends java.applet.Applet {
public void paint (Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello, World!", 10, 10);
}
}

Dependency cont
y Dependency relationship can be used to show relationsh
between classes and objects.
circleA:Circle
Circle
circleB:Circle

Dependency
Dependency
Client
CommandManager
TimerEvent RequestHandler ResponseHandler
CommandManager (Client class) depends on services

provided by the other three server classes

This figure shows a dependency from
CourseSchedule
to
Course,becauseCourseis used in both the
addand
removeoperations ofCourseSchedule.

Class Diagram - Example
… Draw a class diagram for a information modeling syst
for a school.
† School has one or more Departments.
† Department offers one or more Subjects.
† A particular subject will be offered by only one department.
† Department has instructors and instructors can work for one
or more departments.
† Student can enrol in upto 5 subjects in a School.
† Instructors can teach upto 3 subjects.
† The same subject can be taught by different instructors.
† Students can be enrolled in more than one school.

y School
has one or more
Departments
.
School Department
1 has 1..*
„ Department offers one or more Subjects.

„ A particular subject will be offered by only one
department.
Department Subject
1 offers 1..*
y Department has Instructors and instructors can work
one or more departments.
Instructor Department
1..* assigned to 1..*
„ Student can enrol in upto 5 Subjects.
Student Subject
* takes 0..5
y Instructors can teach up to 3 subjects.
y The same subject can be taught by different instructors.
1..*
Instructor Subjects
teaches 1..3

y Students can be enrolled in more than one school.
*
Student School
member 1..*

Class Diagram Example
has
School Department
1 1..* 1..*
1…* 1
offeres
assignedTo
member
* 1..* 1..*
attends teaches Instructor
Student Subject
* 1..5 1..31..*
Object Diagram
y Object Diagram shows the relationship
between objects.
y Unlike classes objects have a state.

Object Diagrams
y A linkis an instance of an association
y In the same way that we say an object is an instance of a class

Object Diagram
Track Instance Behavior
y Class
Diagram
y Instance
Diagram

Object Diagram
y Captures Instances and Links

Question:
y Draw a class diagram corresponding to the following
situation:
• A media player
Most
( software media players support an array of media formats
like Quicktime for Macs or Windows Media Player for)that
Windows
can handle
sound, images and sequences of images. Each type of medium-in” requires a “pl
(plug-in is a set of software components that adds specific capabilities to a larg
software application)
, although some plug
-ins can handle more than one type of
medium.
• An organization has three categories of employee: professional staff, technic
staff and support staff. The organization also has departments and divisions.
employee belongs to either a department or a division. Assume that people w
never need to change from one category to another.

Your Answer:

Question:
y Draw a class diagram that could generate the object diagra
shown below:
isMemberOf
United Nations: Canada:
isMemberOf
isPartOf
France:
Ontario:
isMemberOf isPartOf
isMemberOf
isMemberOf borders
borders
NATO: Quebec: borders
isMemberOf borders
Mexico:
isPartOf New York State:
borders
United States:

Your answer:
PoliticalEntity
name
borders
*
* Territory InterGovernmentalOrganization
* isMemberOf *
1 isPartOf *
Country StateOrProvince

Associations versus generalizations in
object diagrams
† Associations describe the relationships that will exist betwee
instances
at run time.
„ When you show an instance diagram generated from a class diagram
there will be an instance
both
ofclasses joined by an association
† Generalizations describe relationships classes

between
in class
diagrams.
„ They do not appear in instance diagrams at all.
„ An instance of any class should also be considered to be an instance
each of that class’s superclasses

More Advanced Features: Aggregation
y Aggregations are special associations that represent

-whole’‘part
relationships.
y The ‘whole’ side is often called
assembly
the or theaggregate
y This symbol is a shorthand notation association
isPartOf
named

When to use an aggregation
…As a general rule, you can mark an association as an aggrega
following are true:
† You can state that
„ the parts ‘are part of’ the aggregate
„ or the aggregate ‘is composed of’ the parts
† When something owns or controls the aggregate, then they also
or control the parts
NOTE: Might be able to say a person is part of a club BUT

the owner of the club does NOT own the members
Club 1 * Member

Composition: A Special case of
Aggregation
y A composition
is a strong kind of aggregation
y Composition is shown as a solid filled diamond, with the diamond attached to the class th
is the composite. Composition is a form of aggregation that requires coincident lifetime o
the part with the whole and singular ownership; i.e. the part is owned by only one whole
and is deleted when the whole is deleted
y if the aggregate is destroyed, then the parts are destroyed as well
y Two alternatives for addresses

Composition example

Aggregation vs Composition

Propagation
† A mechanism where an operation in an aggregate is implemented by having
the aggregate perform that operation on its parts
† At the same time, properties of the parts are often propagated back to the
aggregate
† Propagation is to aggregation as inheritance is to generalization.
„ The major difference is:
„ inheritance is an implicit mechanism
„ propagation has to be programmed when required
„ Eg. Deleting a polygon means deleting the line segments
† Marking a part
-whole association as an aggregation using the diamond symbol
is optional. Leaving it as an ordinary association is not an error, whereas
marking a non-aggregation with a diamond is an error, therefore,
when in
doubt, leave it out!

Question
… For each of the following associations, indicate whether
should be
anordinary association
astandard aggregation
acomposition
a) A telephone and its handset

b) A school and its teachers
c) A book and its chapters

Interfaces
y Aninterface
describes
aportionofthevisible
behaviour
of asetof objects
.
y An interface
is similar to a class, except it lacks instance variables and
implemented methods
y Although Employee and ATM share common operations they have differe
superclasses. This means they cannot be put in the same inheritance hie
therefore the interface called Cashier is used
y A key advantage of using interfaces is that they can reducecoupling
what is called
between classes.
y Inheritance indicatesisarelationship,
an interfaces indicate
can-be
a -seen
-as
relationship
«interface»
Person Cashier Machine Person Machine
withdraw
Cashier Cashier
deposit
Employee ATM Employee ATM

Interfaces
… Interface
and Stereotypes
– Operation Signatures (Abstract Class)
… Stereotype
– Extend UML with New Modeling Items Created fro
Existing Kinds (Classes)
Balloons
for Interfaces

The Process of Developing Class
Diagrams
y You cancreateUML modelsat differentstagesand with
differentpurposes
andlevelsof details
y Exploratory domain model:
y Developed
in domainanalysis
to learnaboutthedomain
y Systemdomain model:
y Modelsaspects
of thedomainrepresented
bythesystem
y Systemmodel:
y Includesalso classesusedto build the user interfaceand system
architecture

System domain model vs System
model
y The system
domainmodelomits manyclasses
that are neededto build a
completesystem
y Cancontainlessthanhalftheclasses
of thesystem
.
y Should be developed to be used independently of particular sets of
y user interface classes
y architectural classes
y Thecomplete
system
model
includes
y Thesystem
domainmodel
y Userinterface
classes
y Architectural
classes
suchasthedatabase,
files,servers,
clients
y Utility classes

Suggestedsequenceof activities
† Identifyafirstsetof candidate
classes
† Addassociationsandattributes
† Findgeneralizations
† Listthemainresponsibilities of eachclass
† Decideonspecificoperations
† Iterate overtheentireprocessuntilthemodelissatisfactory
„ Add or delete classes, associations, attributes, generalizations,
responsibilities or operations
„ Identify interfaces
„ Apply design patterns
… Don’tbetoodisorganized
. Don’tbetoorigideither
.

Identifyingclasses
y Whendeveloping
adomainmodelyoutendto discover
classes
y When you work on the user interfaceor the system
architecture,
youtendto inventclasses
y Needed
to solveaparticulardesignproblem
y (Inventing
mayalsooccurwhencreatingadomainmodel)
y Reuseshouldalwaysbeaconcern
y Frameworks
y System extensions
y Similarsystems

A simple technique for discovering
domain classes
y Lookatasourcematerialsuchasadescription
of requirements
y Extractthenouns
andnounphrases
y Eliminate
nounsthat:
y areredundant
y represent
instances
y arevague
or highlygeneral
y not neededin the application
. For examplein a domainmodel,you
wouldeliminateclasses thatrepresent command or menusin theUI. As
aruleof thumb,a classisonlyneeded in adomainmodelif youhaveto
storeor manipulateinstancesof it in orderto implementarequirement
y Payattentionto classes
in a domainmodelthatrepresenttypesofusers or
otheractors

Identifyingassociationsand attributes
y Startwithclasses
youthinkaremostcentral andimportant
y Decideon the clearandobviousdatait mustcontainandits
relationships
to otherclasses
.
y Workoutwards towardstheclasses
thatarelessimportant.
y Avoidaddingmanyassociationsandattributesto aclass
y A system
issimplerif it manipulates
lessinformation

Tips about identifying and specifying
valid associations
† Anassociation shouldexistif aclass
„ possesses
„ controls
„ isconnectedto
„ isrelated
to
„ isapartof
„ hasasparts
„ isamember of, or
„ hasasmembers
someotherclassin yourmodel
† Specifythemultiplicityatbothends
† Labelit clearly
.

Actions versus associations
y A commonmistake
isto represent
actions
asif theywereassociations
Better: Theborrow operation creates a

Loan object and the return operation set
Bad, due to the use of
the returnedDate attribute
associations that are actions

Identifyingattributes
y Lookfor information
thatmustbemaintained
abouteachclass
y Severalnounsrejectedasclasses,
maynowbecome
attributes
y Anattributeshouldgenerally
containasimplevalue
y E.g. string,number

Tips about identifying and specifying
valid attributes
y It isnotgoodto havemanyduplicate
attributes
y If a subsetof a class’sattributesform a coherentgroup,then
createadistinctclasscontaining
theseattributes
Person Person Address
1*
Person *
name name street
addresses
street1 municipality
name municipality1 provOrState
addresses provOrState1 country
country1 postalcode
Bad due to a plural postalCode1 type
attribute street2
municipality2 Good solution. The
provOrState2 type indicates whether
country2
postalCode2
it is a home address,
business address etc.
Bad due to too many
attributes, and inability
to add more addresses
An example (attributes and
associations)

Identifying generalizations and
interfaces
† Therearetwowaysto identifygeneralizations :
„ bottom-up
„ Grouptogethersimilarclassescreatinganewsuperclass
„ top-down
„ Lookfor moregeneralclassesfirst,specialize
themif needed
† Createaninterface , insteadof asuperclass if
„ Theclasses areverydissimilarexceptfor havinga few operations
in
common
„ Oneor moreof the classesalreadyhavetheirownsuperclasses
„ Differentimplementations
of thesameclassmightbeavailable

Anexample(generalization)

Case Study
… Implement the game
Boogle
of
… http://www.hasbro.com/scrabble/en_US/boggleGame.cfm
… Some Specs:
• There is an admin mode, tournament mode, fun play mode
† To get into admin mode type:
javaUWOBoggle
-admin
† To get into tournament mode or fun play mode
javatype:
UWOBoggle
„ Then select Tournament or Fun Play
• In Admin Mode Must Be able to
† Manage players:
• Add, delete and modify players. Players have a first name, userid
lastand
name,
password.
• Sort players by first and last name Player C
• Reset password Player A
Player B
† Manage puzzles (puzzles are made up of 16 puzzleid letters )and Winner
• Add, delete, bulkload, solve (using a stored dictionary of valid words) and
puzzleid
list by Player B Player B
† Manage tournaments -8 (2
players per tournament, tournament has a unique tournament id and a name. A tournament
-
3 battles of 2 per round, winning player moves to the next round)
• Add tournaments
• Add players to a tournament, add puzzles (all players play the same puzzle on each s, higher
round scorer
but in pair
for
each pair moves to the next round, in odd numbers, the highest scorer get a buy toothea tournament
next round) t
(must keep track of the score for each player for each round and the winner of each pairing)
• Delete tournaments
• List tournaments by tournament id or by tournament name
• Print tournaments

More Specs
•In Tournament or Fun Play Mode a user must be able to:
•Log on (gets 3 attempts and then kicked out)
•Play puzzles as follows
•Start the puzzle
•Given 3 minutes to find words
•Given a score at the end
•If the puzzle is not a tournament puzzle, the player can see the solution for the puzzle.
•In just Tournament Mode
•Player sees a list of tournaments that he/she is participating in
•Picks an ongoing tournament
•Plays the puzzles
•Sees if he/she moves to the next round
•In just Fun Mode

•Pick a puzzle from the list of puzzles
•Play the puzzle
•View the top 3 scores for that puzzle
•See the top 3 players (who have the highest scores for any games)
Working in pairs, determine the nouns and noun phrases that

might, in the end, become potential classes. Add the attributes an
associations. While making your list, choose good names for eac
of the potential classes
REMEMBER you only need classes in the domain model for
things that need to have data stored about them!
Your Answer

Laura’s Use Case
Diagram for the
ProjectÆ

Laura’s Class
Diagram for the
ProjectÆ

One group’s class diagram for the project. This one has
problems…Can you see them?

Question
y Identify any generalizations or interfaces. This may lead yo
add or delete classes, associations and attributes. Modify yo
class diagrams accordingly.

Allocating responsibilities to
classes
y A responsibility
issomething
thatthesystemisrequiredto do.
y Eachfunctional
requirement mustbeattributedto oneof theclasses
y All theresponsibilities
of agivenclassshouldbeclearly
related
.
y If aclasshastoomanyresponsibilities,
considersplittingit intodistinctclasses
y If aclasshasnoresponsibilities
attached
to it, thenit isprobablyuseless
y Whenaresponsibilitycannotbeattributedto anyof theexistingclasses,then
anewclass
shouldbecreated
y Todetermine
responsibilities
y Performusecaseanalysis
y Lookfor verbsandnounsdescribing
actions
in thesystemdescription

Categoriesof responsibilities
† Settingandgettingthevaluesof attributes
† Creatingandinitializingnewinstances
† Loadingto andsavingfrompersistent storage
† Destroyinginstances
† Addinganddeletinglinksof associations
† Copying, converting, transforming, transmitting or outputting
† Computing numerical results
† Navigatingandsearching
† Otherspecializedwork

An example (responsibilities)
• Creating a new regular flight
• Searching for a flight
• Modifying attributes of a
flight
• Creating a specific flight
• Booking a passenger
• Canceling a booking

Prototyping a class diagram on paper
y As you identify classes, you write their names on small cards
y As you identify attributes and responsibilities, you list them o
the cards
y If you cannot fit all the responsibilities on one card:
y this suggests you should split the class into two related classes.
y Movethecardsaroundonawhiteboard
to arrangetheminto a
classdiagram
.
y Draw lines amongthe cardsto representassociations
and
generalizations
.

Identifyingoperations
y Operations
areneededto realizethe responsibilities
of each
class
y Theremaybeseveral
operations
perresponsibility
y The main operationsthat implementa responsibilityare
normallydeclared
public
y Othermethodsthat collaborate
to performthe responsibility
mustbeasprivateaspossible

Anexample(classcollaboration)

SpecificFlight * 0..1 Airplane
Classcollaboration‘a’
… Making a bi-directional
linkbetween
twoexisting
objects
;
… e.g. addinga link betweenan instanceof SpecificFlight
andaninstance
of Airplane .
…
… 1. (public)Theinstance
of SpecificFlight
„ makesa one-directional link to the instanceof Airplane
„ then calls operation 2.
… 2. (non-public)Theinstance
of Airplane
„ makes a one-directional link back to the instance of
SpecificFlight

SpecificFlight 1 0..1
0..1 FlightLog
Classcollaboration‘b’ + createFlightLog [b1] FlightLog [b2]
… Creating
anobject
andlinkingit toanexisting
object
… e.g. creating a FlightLog , and linking it to a
SpecificFlight .
…
of SpecificFlight
„ calls the constructor of FlightLog (operation 2)
„ then makesa one-directional link to the new instance of
FlightLog .
… 2. (non-public)ClassFlightLog ’s constructor
„ makes a one-directional link back to the instance of
SpecificFlight .

PassengerRole Booking SpecificFlight
+ makeBooking [c1] 1 * * 1
Booking [c2] addLinkToBooking [c3]
addLinkToBooking [c4]
Classcollaboration‘c’
… Creating
anassociation
class,
giventwoexisting
objects
… e.g. creating an instanceof Booking, which will link a
SpecificFlight to aPassengerRole.
… 1. (public)Theinstanceof PassengerRole
„ callstheconstructor
of Booking(operation2).
… 2. (non-public)ClassBooking’sconstructor, amongitsotheractions
„ makesa one-directionallink backto theinstance
of PassengerRole
„ makesa one-directionallink to theinstance
of SpecificFlight
„ callsoperations
3 and4.
… 3. (non-public)Theinstance of SpecificFlight
of Booking.
… 4. (non-public)Theinstance of PassengerRole
of Booking.

Airplane
SpecificFlight * 0..1
Classcollaboration‘d’ + changeAirplane [d1]

addLinkToSpecificFlight [a2, d3]
deleteLinkToSpecificFlight [d2]
… Changingthedestination
ofalink
… e.g. changing
theAirplane of to a SpecificFlight , from
airplane 1 to airplane 2
of SpecificFlight
„ deletesthelink to airplane 1
„ makesa one-directionallink to airplane 2
„ callsoperation2
„ thencallsoperation3.
… 2. (non-public)airplane 1
„ deletes itsone-directionallink to theinstance
of SpecificFlight .
… 3. (non-public)airplane 2
„ makes a one-directionallink to theinstance
of SpecificFlight .

EmployeeRole SpecificFlight
* *
+ getName [e2] crewMember + findCrewMember [e1]
Classcollaboration‘e’
… Searching
foranassociated
instance
… e.g. searchingfor a crew memberassociated
with a
SpecificFlight thathasacertainname
.
…
of SpecificFligh t
„ createsan Iterator over all the crewMemberlinks of the
SpecificFlight \
„ for eachof themcalloperation2, untilit findsamatch
.
… 2. (may be public) The instanceof EmployeeRole
returnsitsname
.

Packages in Class Diagrams
… Complex Class Diagrams are Abstracted
… Packages Contain Multiple Classes and are Associated a
Linked to One Another
† Dependency Arrow is Dashed
† Indicates that One Package Depends on Another
† Means that Changes in Destination (Dependee
- Arrow Head)
Can Possible Force Changes in the Source (Dependent
–Arrow
Tail)\
… Supports Rudimentary SW Architecture Concepts
… However, no Checking/Enforcement of Dependencies in
Subsequent Diagrams

Package
… A package
is a general purpose mechanism for organizing
elements into groups.
… Packages help you organize the elements in your models s
you can more easily understand them.
… Packages also let you control access to their contents so th
can control the seams in your system's architecture.

Simple and Extended Package

Package
… A package may own other elements, including classes, interface
components, nodes, collaborations, use cases, diagrams, and ev
other packages.
… A package forms a namespace, which means that elements of th
same kind must be named uniquely within the context of its encl
package.
† For example, you can't have two classes
Queue
named
owned by the
same package, but you can have a class
Queue
named
in packageand P1
another (and different) class named
Queue in package. P2
† The classes
P1::Queue and P2::Queue are, in fact, different
classes and
can be distinguished by their path names.
† Different kinds of elements may have the same name.
… Packages may own other packages
Packages may own other packages

Importing and Exporting
The public parts of a package
are called itsexports.
The package
GUI exports two classes,
Window and Form.
EventHandleris not exported by
GUI;
EventHandleris a protected part
of the package.
In this example,Policiesexplicitly importsthe package GUI.GUI::Window and

GUI::Form are therefore made visible to the contents of the package Policies.
However,GUI::EventHandleris not visible because it is protected.
Because the package Serverdoesn't import GUI, the contents Serverdon't
of have
permission to access any of the contents of GUI.
Similarly, the contents of GUI don't have permission to access any of the contents o
Server.
Generalization Among Packages

Modeling Groups of Elements

Modeling Architectural Views

Example Package

Static: Component Diagram
… Component Diagram:
High-Level Interaction and
Dependencies Among Software Components
… Captures the Physical Structure of the Implementation
… Built As Part of Architectural Specification
… Purposes:
† Organize Source Code
† Construct an Executable Release
† Specify a Physical Database
… Main Concepts:
Component, Interface, Dependency,
Realization
… Developed by Architects and Programmers

Component
y A component
is a physical and replaceable part of a system th
conforms to and provides
realization
the of a set of interfaces.
y Graphically, a component is rendered as a rectangle with
tabs.

Components and Classes
… In many ways, components are like classes: Both have names; b
may realize a set of interfaces; both may participate in dependen
generalization, and association relationships; both may be neste
both may have instances; both may be participants in interaction
However, there are some significant differences between compo
and classes.
† Classes represent logical abstractions; components represent
physical things that live in the world of bits. In short, componen
may live on nodes, classes may not.
† Components represent the physical packaging of other logica
components and are at a different level of abstraction.
† Classes may have attributes and operations directly. In genera
components only have operations that are reachable only thro
their interfaces.
Components and Classes
… A component is the physical implementation of a set of other logical elements
as classes and collaborations
… shows, the relationship between a component and the classes it implements
shown explicitly by using a dependency relationship.

Components and Interfaces
An interfaceis a collection of operationsthat are usedto specify a
service of a class or a component . The relationship between
componentandinterfaceis important.
All themost
common component -based
operating system facilities
(such as COM+, CORBA,
andEnterprise JavaBeans)
use interfaces as the glue
that binds components
together.
Kinds of Components
… Deployment components.
† These are the components necessary and sufficient to form an executa
system, such as dynamic libraries (DLLs) and executables (EXEs).
… Work product components.
† These components are essentially the residue of the development proce
consisting of things such as source code files and data files from which
deployment components are created. These components do not directly
participate in an executable system but are the work products of
development that are used to create the executable system.
… Execution components.
† These components are created as a consequence of an executing syste
such as a COM+ object, which is instantiated from a DLL.

Modeling Executables and Libraries
… To model executables and libraries,
… Identify the partitioning of your physical system.
… Model any executables and libraries as components, usin
the appropriate standard elements
… If it's important for you to manage the seams in your syste
model the significant interfaces that some components us
and others realize.
… As necessary to communicate your intent, model the
relationships among these executables, libraries, and
interfaces.

Modeling Tables, Files, and Documents

Modeling an API
y An API is essentially an interface that is realized by one or more
components. As a developer, you'll really care only about the inte
itself; which component realizes an interface's operations is not
relevant as longsome
as component realizes it.

Modeling Source Code

Component Diagram
y Captures the Physical Structure of the Implementation

Static: Deployment Diagram
… Deployment Diagram:
Focus on the Placement and Configuration of
Components at Runtime
… Captures the Topology of a System’s Hardware
… Built As Part of Architectural Specification
… Purposes:
† Specify the Distribution of Components
† Identify Performance Bottlenecks
… Main Concepts:
Node, Component, Dependency, Location
… Developed by Architects, Networking Engineers, and
Engineers
System
… Focus is on physical aspects of a system.

Node
y A node is a physical element that exists at run time and
represents a computational resource, generally having at
some memory and, often processing capability.
y A node typically represents
processor
a or a device
on which
components may be deployed

Deployment Diagram
y Captures the Topology of a System’s Hardware

Deployment Diagram
… Deploy Components onto Nodes
HospitalServer:Host
BloodAnalyzer
(COTS) PatientRec
Analyzer update DBMS
TechnicianPC:PC
LabAnalyzer
results
Nodes and Components
… Components
are things
that participate in the
execution of a system;
nodesare things that
execute components.
… Components
represent the
physical packaging of
otherwise logical
elements;
nodesrepresent
the physical deployment of
components.
Connections
… The most common kind of
relationship you'll use among
nodes is an association.
… In this context, an association
represents a physical connection
among nodes, such as an Ethernet
connection, a serial line, or a
shared bus, as Figure shows
y You can even use associations to model indirect

connections, such as a satellite link between
distant processors.
Combining
Component and Deployment Diagrams

Modeling Processors and Devices
… Because all of the UML's extensibility mechanisms apply
nodes, you will often stereotypes
use to specify new kinds of
nodes that you can use to represent specific kinds of
processors and devices.
… A processor
is a node that has processing capability, meaning
can execute component.
a
… A device
is a node that has no processing capability (at leas
that are modeled
at this level of abstraction) and, in general,
represents something that interfaces to the real world.

Modeling the Distribution of
Components.

Dynamic: Interaction Diagrams
y A series of diagrams describing
dynamic
the behavior
of an
object-oriented system.
y A set of messages exchanged among a set of objects within
context to accomplish a purpose.
y Often used to model the way a use case is realized throug
sequence of messages between objects.
y Interaction diagrams are used for capturing dynamic natu
of a system

Dynamic: InteractionDiagrams (Cont.)
y The purpose of Interaction diagrams is to:
y Model interactions between objects
y Assist in understanding how a system (a use case) actually w
y Verify that a use case description can be supported by the
existing classes
y Identify responsibilities/operations and assign them to classe

Interaction Diagrams (Cont.)
y UML
y Collaboration Diagrams
y Emphasizes structural relations between objects
y Sequence Diagram
y Sequence diagrams are used to capture time ordering of message flo
Generally a set of sequence and collaboration diagrams are u

to model an entire system

Two kinds of UML Interaction Diagrams
y SequenceDiagrams: show object interactions arranged in

time sequence,
vertically
y Communication Diagrams: show object interactions
arranged as a flow of objects and their links to each other,
numerically
y Semantically equivalent, structurally different
y Sequence diagram emphasize time ordering
y Communication diagrams make object linkages explicit

Interaction and Message
An interactionis a behavior that comprises a set of messages, excha
among a set of objects, to accomplish a specific purpose.
A messageis the specification of a communication between objects th

conveys information, with the expectation that some kind of activity
ensue (follow).
From the name

Interaction
it is clear that the diagram is used to describe
some type of interactions among the different elements in the mod

Interaction..
y This interactive behavior is represented in UML by two diagram
known as
Sequence diagram
andCollaboration diagram.
y Sequence diagram emphasizes on time sequence of message

collaboration diagram emphasizes on the structural organizatio
the objects that send and receive messages
y The purposes of interaction diagrams are to visualize the

interactive behavior of the system

Interaction..
y So the purposes of interaction diagram can be describes
y To capture dynamic behavior of a system.
y To describe the message flow in the system.
y To describe structural organization of the objects.
y To describe interaction among objects.

Dynamic: Sequence Diagram
… Sequence Diagram:
For a Task, Indicates the Object Interactions
Over Time that are Needed
… Captures Dynamic Behavior -oriented)
(Time
… Purposes:
† Model Flow Of Control
† Illustrate Typical Scenarios
† Provide Perspective on Usage an Flow
… Main Concepts:
Interaction, Object, Message, Activation
… Notes:
† Dynamic Diagrams are Complementary
† Provide Contrasting Perspectives of “Similar” Information and
Behavior

Sequence Diagram
A sequencediagramis an interaction diagram that emphasizes
the time ordering of messages.
A lifelineis a vertical dashed line that represents the lifetime

an object.
A focus of control is
tall,
a thin rectangle
that shows the period
of time during which an object is performing an action.

Sequence Diagram Notation
c: Client : Ticket Agent
«create»
setItinerary(i)
calculateRoute()
route

Types of Messages
y Synchronous (flow interrupt until the message has
completed.
y Asynchronous (don’t wait for response)
y Flat– no distinction between sysn/async
y Return– control flow has returned to the caller.

y Create message
y A create message represents the creation of an instance in an interaction. The create message is
represented by the keyword
«create».
The target lifeline begins at the point of the create message.
y Destroy message
y A destroy message represents the destruction of an instance in an interaction. The
s destroy messa
represented by the keyword
«destroy».
The target lifeline ends at the point of the destroy message, and i
denoted by an X.
y Synchronous call message
y Synchronous calls, which are associated with an operation, have a send and receive
e ismessage. A
sent from the source lifeline to the target lifeline. The source lifeline is blocked ations
from other oper
until it receives a response from the target lifeline.
y Asynchronous call message
y Asynchronous calls, which are associated with an operation, typically have only a can
send message,
also have a reply message. In contrast to a synchronous message, the source lifeline
from is not block
receiving or sending other messages. You can also move the send and receive points elay individually
the time between the send and receive events. You might choose to do this if a response
- is not tim
sensitive or order
- sensitive.
y Asynchronous signal message
y Asynchronous signal messages, are associated with a signal. A signal differs from
there
a message in t
is no operation associated with the signal. A signal can represent an interrupt orToerror condition.
specify a signal, you create an asynchronous call message and change the type inies the message
view.
Synchronous and Asynchronous Calls
¾If a caller sends saynchronous message, it must wait

until the message is done, such as invoking a subroutine.
¾If a caller sends an
asynchronous message, it can
continue processing and doesn’t have to wait for a respon
¾You see asynchronous calls in multithreaded application
and in message
-oriented middleware.
¾Asynchrony gives better responsiveness and reduces th
temporal coupling but is harder to debug.
Sequence diagrams
y Some control information can also be included.
y Two types of control information are particularly valuable:
y A condition(e.g. [invalid] or [OK] ) indicates that a message is
only if the condition is true.
y An iteration (*) marker shows the message is sent many time
multiple receiver objects as would happen when a collection
elements of an array are being iterated. The basis of the itera
also be indicated e.g. [for every book object].

Sequence diagrams

Lifeline box

Messages
The first message doesn’t have a participant that sent it, as it comes f
an undetermined source. It’s called
found
a message.
Reply or Returns
•Using the messagesyntax returnVar = message(parameter) .

•Using a reply (or return) messageline at the end of an activation bar.
Messages to "self" or "this"

Creation of Instances

Object Lifelines and Object Destruction

Diagram Frames

Conditional Messages

Mutually Exclusive Conditional
Messages

Nesting of frames.

The first message doesn’t have a participant that sent it, as
it comes from an undetermined source. It’s called
found
a
message
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Sequence diagram for book renew use
case.

Sequence diagram for car parking

Sequence diagram ofmakePayment
use case
The sequence diagram shown in Figure makePaymentis read as follows:

1. The messagemakePaymentis sent to an instance of aRegister. The sender is not identified.
2. The Registerinstance sends themakePaymentmessage to aSaleinstance.
3. The Saleinstance creates an instance of Payment
a .

Sequence

Sequence Diagram
y Captures Dynamic Behavior -Oriented)
(Time

Sequence Diagram

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Modelling with Classes

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…Models are used:

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… Which of the following object diagrams are valid?

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Alice: Student 254: Course

Jill: Student 253: Course

Employee * worksFor 1 Company

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Secretary * 1..** Manager

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__ currentlyOnIceFor __ Hockey Team

one and only one city as its capital

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Car ? listeningTo ? Radio Station

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„ A Company has Employees.

„ A cricket team has 11 players. One of them is the

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Guest * stay in * HotelRoom

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y Specializing a superclass into two or more subclasses

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„ Generalizationis shown as a solid-line

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Inappropriate hierarchy of classes, which should be instances

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Improved class diagram, with its corresponding instance

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† Using the Player

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public class Circle {

public class GraphicCircle extends Circle {

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public abstract class Shape {

public class Circle {

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brandName <<interface>> brandName

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public interface TypeWriter{

public class KeyBoard implements TypeWriter

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currentlyOnIceFor Hockey Team