saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

moambe
VLL
(50-B)

sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria

gamodis 1920 wlidan

BULLETIN

of the
Georgian National Museum
V
(50-B)

Series of Social Science

Issued since 1920

Tbilisi 2014 Tbilisi

uak(UDC)069(479.22)(051.2)
902+903+737+736.2+39+904+93/94+930.27+7
s-323
G-37

saredaqcio kolegia: daviT lorTqifaniZe, zurab TvalWreliZe,

nodar baxtaZe, Teimuraz beriZe, nana burWulaZe, iulon gagoSiZe,
darejan kaWarava, daviT lomitaSvili, giorgi marsagiSvili,
daviT mindoraSvili, eldar nadiraZe, zaza sxirtlaZe, nodar
SoSitaSvili, medea wowelia, oTar jafariZe
Editorial Board: David Lordkipanidze, Zurab Tvalchrelidze, Nodar Bakhtadze,
Teimuraz Beridze, Nana Burchuladze, Iulon Gagoshidze, Darejan Kacharava,
David Lomitashvili, Giorgi Marsagishvili, David Mindorashvili, Eldar Nadiradze,
Zaza Skhirtladze, Nodar Shoshitashvili, Medea Tsotselia, Otar Japaridze

saredaqcio kolegia: dimitri axvlediani, gulnara baraTaSvili,

marine bokuCava, nana gogelia, revaz davlianiZe, naTia demuriSvili,
Tamila kapanaZe, ekaterine kiknaZe, irina koSoriZe, izolda
meliqiSvili, mamuka qafianiZe, Temur SariqaZe, medea Serozia,
oTar Ciqovani, ciala RvaberiZe, vaxtang cincaZe
Review Committee: Dimitri Akhvlediani, Gulnara Baratashvili, Marine Bokuchava,
Nana Gogelia, Revaz Davlianidze, Natia Demurishvili, Tamila Kapanadze,
Ekaterine Kiknadze, Irina Koshoridze, Izolda Meliqishvili, Mamuka Qapianidze,
Temur Shariqadze, Medea Sherozia, Otar Chiqovani, Tsiala Ghvaberidze,
Vakhtang Cincadze

redaqtori: zurab TvalWreliZe

Editor-in-chef: Zurab Tvalchrelidze

pasuxismgebeli mdivani: medea wowelia

Executive secretary: Medea Tsotselia

ISSN 1512-1895

© saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, 2014

Georgian National Museum, 2014
 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambis winamdebare tomi war-
moadgens saqarTvelos muzeumis moambis (1920-1935 ww), saqar-Tve-
los saxelmwifo muzeumis moambis (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa
seria _ B, 1936-1944 ww) da simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo muzeumis moambis (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria _ B,
1947-2004 ww) tradiciuli, seriuli gamocemebis gagrZelebas _
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis mimarTulebiT.
tomSi warmodgenilia naSromebi istoriis, arqeologiis,
numizmatikis, gliptikis, eTnografia/eTnologiis, xelovnebis
­
istoriisa da samuzeumo saqmis Sesaxeb, romlebSic qarTuli
­kulturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia ganxiluli.
toms erTvis saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis 2014 wlis qronika.

The present volume of the Bulletin of the Georgian National Museum

is continuation of the traditional, social sciences serial, publications of the
Bulletin of the Georgian Museum (1920-1935), the Bulletin of the Georgian
State Museum (series of social sciences – B, 1936-1944) and the Bulletin of
the Simon Janashia Georgian State Museum (series of social sciences – ­B,
1947-2004).
The volume presents papers dealing with history, archaeology,
numismatics, gliptics, ethnography/ethnology, art history and about
Museum activities issues in which the main aspects of Georgian cultural
heritage are discussed.
The issue is supplied with 2014 year chronicle of the Georgian National
Museum.
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambis winamdebare tomi eZRvneba
akademikos andria afaqiZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavs

The present issue of the Bulletin of the Georgian National Museum is dedicated
to the 100 birthday of Academician Andria Apakidze

6
 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria VLL (50-B), 2014, 10-37
Bulletin of the Georgian National Museum. Series of Social Sciences VLL (50-B), 2014, 10-37

arqeologia

giorgi gogoWuri*, irma berZeniSvili**

*saqarTvelos erovnulio muzeumis

oTar lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiuri kvlevis centri
d. uznaZis 14, 0102 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
elfosta: giorgigogochuri@yahoo.com

**soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis

arqeologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti
a. politkovskaias 9, 0186 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
elfosta: irmab@mail.com

taxis/Roris kulti
qarTul arqeologiasa da eTnokulturaSi

Sesavali

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros arqeologi xSirad iseT arte-

faqtebs naxulobs, romelTa daniSnulebis axsna-gaazrebac sakma-
od problemuria. amgvari `Tavsatexi” aRmoCnda CvenTvis ramdenime
wlis win marneulis teritoriaze, mravalfenian Zeglze, gaTxrili
Sinauri cxovelebisTvis sagangebod gamarTuli samarxi. avtore-
bis mizania samecniero sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyros msgavsi
faqtebisken da qvemoT ganxiluli konkretuli movlenis sakuTari
interpretacia SesTavazon.
2011 wlis zafxulSi, sofel ilmazlos siaxloves, mdinare
­mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze, axalmSeneblobis zonaSi, gamovlinda
mravalfeniani namosaxlari.
namosaxlaris kulturuli fenebi ganekuTvneba Svid sxvadasxva
epoqas. jerjerobiT yvelaze adreulia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanis
arqeologiuri obieqtebi, romlebic warmodgenilia sakurTxevliTa
da sameurne ormoTi; Semdegia adrerkinis xanis erTi samarxi; mas ki
qronologiurad mosdevs elinisturi epoqis samarxebi da ormoebi.
qristes Sobis Semdgomi epoqis Zeglebia II-III ss-is sasaxlis naSTebi,
adreuli Sua saukuneebis (VI-VII ss.) samarxebi da gviani Sua saukunee-
bis ori samSeneblo done [gogoWuri g., kalandaZe n. 2013: 21]. namosax-
larze gamovlenili sasaxlis gegmarebisa da samSeneblo teqnikis Ses-
wavlis Sedegad gamoiTqva azri, rom, SesaZloa, aq gvianantikur xanasa
da adreul Sua saukuneebSi romelime politikuri erTeulis, kerZod
ki, gardabnis, anu xunanis erT-erTi administraciuli centri unda
yofiliyo [gogoWuri g., kalanadaZe n. 2013: 19].

10
 sainteresoa soflis dRevandeli saxelis _ ilmazlos etimolo-
gia. xom ar ukavSirdeba is aq arsebuli Zveli qarTuli dasaxlebis
saxelwodebas? ilmazlo Turqul sityva _ Ylmaz–isganaa nawarmoebi
da uSiSars, Seudrekels niSnavs. faqtobrivad, imave mniSvnelobisaa
meore sityvac _ Ylmazhk, romelic Turqulad simamacis, gmirobis
aRmniSvnelia [Turqul-qarTuli leqsikoni. 2001: 1489]. mxedvelo-
baSi Tu miviRebT im faqts, rom saqarTveloSi mosuli da dasaxle-
buli ucxo tomis xalxi adgilobriv toponimebs Tavis enaze Targm-
nida, maSin SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom saqme gvaqvs Zveli qarTuli
toponimis Turqul TargmanTan. miT umetes, rom saqarTvelos bevr
regionSi moiZebneba iseTi cixesimagre da TavdacviTi nageboba,
romelTa epiTetebad gamoiyeneba uSiSari da Seudrekeli. Tu da-
vuSvebT, rom Seudrekeli an Seupovari am dasaxlebis gvianantiku-
ri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis epiTetia, maSin aq aucileblad cix-
is, TavdacviTi nagebobis, citadelis arseboba unda vivaraudoT.
istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, Tu rogor Targmnidnen to-
ponims TavianT enaze saqarTvelos mezobeli xalxebi, magaliTad,
Turquli wyaroebi xunans Tofrax-kalad, anu mtvris cixed moix-
seniebdnen, radgan is alizis aguriT iyo nagebi [musxeliSvili d.
1977: 158]. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom namosaxlari, Tav-
dacvis TvalsazrisiT, gamarTulia arcTu mniSvnelovan strategi-
ul adgilze. mas CrdiloeTidan da Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan mtk-
vari Camoudis. momxvdurisaTvis is, cxadia, bunebrivi barieri iyo.
nasaxlari daucvelia samxreTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan. Cveni
varaudiT, mas am monakveTze galavani unda hqonoda. namosaxlarze
farTomasStabiani arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Catarebis SemTx-
vevaSi bevr saintereso kiTxvas SeiZleba gaeces pasuxi.

kvlevis sagani

namosaxlarze gamovlenil arqeologiur obeqtTagan amjerad

Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT mxolod erT samarxze, romelSic
dakrZaluli aRmoCnda ori taxi. riyis qvisgan Sedgenili samarxis
oTxkuTxa yrili miwis zedapiridan 0,40 m-is siRrmeze, aRmosavle-
Tidan dasavleTisken iyo damxrobili (sur. 1, 2). qvayrili dasav-
leT nawilSi ufro intensiuri iyo, vidre aRmosavleT mxares. qvay-
rilis zomebi 2,30X1,50 m. samarxi ormos SevsebaSi aRmoCnda rkinisa
da elinisturi xanebis Tixis WurWlis usaxuri fragmentebi. qvay-
rilis aRebis Semdeg dasavleT monakveTSi gamoikveTa ormos kon-
turi, romlis diametri aRwevda 1,40 m-s. masSi dakrZaluli iyo ori
taxi (sur. 3). isini mowesrigebulad iyvnen dasvenebulni marcxena da
marjvena gverdebze erTimeoris paralelurad, sxvadasxva ­mxares
mimarTuli TavebiT (sur. 4). ormoSi gulaRma ido kus javSanic.
taxebis samarxSi arqeologiuri masala ar dadasturebula. bune-
brivia, gaCnda logikuri kiTxva: rasTan gvaqvs saqme, ra rituali

11
Sesrulda samarxis gamarTvamde da ratom gaumarTes Ksagangebo sa-
marxi Sinaur cxovelebs? taxebis samarxi SeiZleba migveCnia raime
daavadebis Sedegad daxocili cxovelebis samarxad, rom ara ormo-
Si maTi mowesrigebuli ganlageba. absoluturad mowesrigebulia
orive cxovelis ConCxi. samarxSi aRmoCenili ConCxebi Zalian hgva-
nan Tanamedrove gareuli Rorebis (taxebis) ConCxebs, Tumca, isini
bevrad ufro patarebi arian da am mxriv ufro adgilobriv, Sinaur,
kaxuri jiSis Rorebs emsgavsebian 1.
vfiqrobT, rom saqme gvaqvs cxovelis sagangebo msxverplSewir-
vasa da maTs saritualo dakrZalvasTan. amis Tqmis safuZvels gva-
Zlevs araerTi arqeologiuri aRmoCena, sadac dadasturebulia
taxebis/Rorebis msxverplad Sewirva da maTi dakrZalva. am azrs ga-
namtkicebs taxis/Roris gamosaxulebiani didZali arqeologiuri
monapovaric, romlebic damzadebulia oqros, brinjaos, vercxli-
sa da Tixisagan; da, raRa Tqma unda, qarTul eTnokulturaSi dRem-
de SemorCenili Roris kultTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva rituali
da wes-Cveuleba.

samarxis TariRi

taxebis samarxis gamarTvis drois gansazRvra sakmaod prob-

lemuria.zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom namosaxlari mravalfeniani
Zeglia da, aqedan gamomdinare, taxebis samarxis romelime kul-
turuli fenisaTvis mikuTvneba gagviWirdeba. rogorc ukve iTqva,
samarxis SevsebaSi aRmoCnda rkinisa da elinisturi xanebis Tixis
WurWlis ramdenime usaxuri natexi. isini namdvilad ver gamodge-
ba samarxis asakis dasadgenad. savaraudod, samarxi unda gaemarTaT
elinisturi xanis momdevno periodSi an saqarTveloSi qristiano-
bis gavrcelebis Semdeg. cnobilia, rom pirveli qristianebi didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi mimarTavdnen sisxlian msxverplSewirvas2 , rom-
lis reminiscenciebi saqarTveloSi dRemdea SemorCenili.

rogor xdeboda msxverplSewirva

namosaxlar Seupovarze aRmoCenili taxebis samarxze saubrisas,

bunebrivia, mravali kiTxva Cndeba. maT Soris, Cveni azriT, mTavari
kiTxvebia: romeli RvTaebis saxelze ganxorcielda msxverplSe-
wirva da rogor Sesrulda is, maSin, rodesac ConCxebi araa dana­
1 osteologiuri masala Seiswavla da daskvnebi mogvawoda batonma oleg ben-
duqiZem†.
2 magaliTad, SeiZleba movixmoT VI s-is kargad cnobili faqti sisxliani msxver-
plSewirvisa _ aia sofiis taZris kurTxeva konstantinopolSi 537 wlis 22 de-
kembers, rodesac uamravi cxoveli daikla: 1000 xari, 6000 cxvari, 600 iremi, 1000
Rori, 10 000 mamali da qaTami. dReoba 6 ianvramde gagrZelebula [Барабанов Н. 2004:
89-113].

12
wevrebeli? pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema gadaWriT SeuZlebelia.
meore sakiTxic araa advili gadasawyveti. Tumca, istoriul weri-
lobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, SesaZleblad migvaCnia garkveuli
varaudis gamoTqma. vgulisxmobT cxovelebis cemiT daxocvas, ro-
gorc amas akeTebdnen, magaliTad, kapadokieli mogvebi. am faqt-
Tan dakavSirebiT arsebobs strabonis cnobebi imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor swiravdnen sparselebi msxverpls taZrebSi. straboni wers,
rom kapadokiaSi, sadac mogvTa tomi uricxvia (maT aseve uwodeben
cecxlis amanTeblebs), mravali taZaria sparsTa RmerTebisa. isini
ar swiraven msxverpls danis gamoyenebiT, aramed xis napob morebs
urtyamen cxovels mokvdinebamde ise, rogorc CaquCebs [Страбон.
2004: 475. XV-III-15]. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba ar gagvax-
sendes svaneTSi arsebuli tradicia, romlis mixedviT micvale-
bulis cxeni gaxeTqvamde/sikvdilamde unda eWenebina mxedars.
svaneTSi, rodesac vinme gardaicvleboda, dasaflavebis dRes mis
cxens saukeTesod Sekazmavdnen da patronis kubosTan daayenebd-
nen, xolo gasvenebis dros am cxenze axalgazrda svani Sejdeboda
da mas samgloviaro procesiis win aqeT-iqiT daaqrolebda. mxco-
vani svanebis gadmocemiT, adre cxens WenebiT ise moqancavdnen, rom
bolos is daecemoda da kvdeboda. amgvarad, cxeni, svanebis rwmeniT,
Tavis patronTan erTad saiqioSi midioda [bardaveliZe 1953: 67].
arqeologiaSi rTuli da TiTqmis SeuZlebelia ritualis re-
konstruqcia. namosaxlarze gaTxrili taxebis samarxis saxiT saqme
gvaqvs mxolod ritualis SedegTan _ saRvTo msxverplTan. Cans, rom
taxebi, rogorc saRvTo cxovelebi, winaswar, sagangebod, iyvnen
SerCeulni an gazrdilni romelime RvTaebis saxelze.
n. barabanovi erT-erT naSromSi, romelic saRvTo msxverplSe-
wirvis arsis axsnas eZRvneba, wers, rom sisxliani msxverplSewirvis
dros ori ukiduresoba erTiandeba. erTi mxriv, gvaqvs ubiwo, usu-
suri da wminda msxverpli, meore mxriv ki – uxeSi, momakvdinebeli
Zala [Барабанов Н. 2004: 89-113]. msgavsi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli v.
burkerts. is wers, rom RmerTis arsebobas morwmune yvelaze mZaf-
rad ara locvaSi, simRerasa Tu cekvaSi, aramed culis momakvdine-
beli dartymiT, sisxlis nakadiTa da cecxlze damwvari Sewiruli
cxovelis naxviT ganicdis. msxverplis mokvdineba _ esaa ZiriTadi
gancda cxovelis `siwmindisa” [Барабанов Н. 2004: 89-113].
Rorebis/taxebis msxverplad Sewirvis saintereso faqtia da-
dasturebuli edi-qilisas (dRevandeli sof. saydrioni walkaSi)
namosaxlarze arsebul samsxverplosTan, romelic Zv. w. III-I ss-iT
TariRdeba. Roris erTi sruli ConCxi moTavsebuli iyo baqnise-
bur SemaRlebaze, xolo meore _ iqve arsebul CaRrmavebaSi (sur. 5).
orive cxovelTan gamovlinda (sur. 6) Tixis mozrdili mZiv-sakide-
bi [narimaniSvili g., davlianiZe r. ... 2011: 118, 120 ]. yelis areSi Tixis
sakidebis aRmoCena am cxovelebis sakralurobasa da sakulto mniS-
vnelobas unda usvamdes xazs. msgavsi magaliTebis dasaxeleba saqa-

13
rTvelos eTnografiuli yofidan mravlad SeiZleba. saqarTvelos
mTian regionebSi gvianobamde SemorCenili iyo Sinauri pirutyvis,
ZiriTadad, saxare xbos salocavis saxelze gazrdis _ gasaxelebis
tradicia. cxoveli winaswar daTqmul dromde (sami, xuTi, Svidi da
a.S. weli) izrdeboda da mxolod mere swiravdnen. ar SeiZleboda aseTi
pirutyvis gayidva, gaCuqeba. nadiri Tu SeWamda, patrons mis nacvlad
sxva unda daeyenebina. qurdi Tu gaigebda, rom saRvTo cxovelTan
hqonda saqme, xels ar daakarebda. aseve didi yuradRebiT zrdidnen
e.w. jvaris xarebs. maT yelze hkidebdnen mcire zomis zarebs, rac maT
danarCeni pirutyvisgan gamoarCevda. am xarebiT xdeboda jvaris ma­
mulebis moxvna da sxva sajvaro saqmeebis keTeba. pirutyvis Senaxvasa
da movla-patronobis valdebuleba morigeobiT gadadioda saloca-
vis moxele-dasturebze. analogiuri tradicia dasturdeba svaneT-
Sic. amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs saqarTvelos am regionSi erT-er-
Ti religiuri dResaswaulis– fusda fani liTual-is arseboba, rac
uflis xaris dabadebis dReobas niSnavs [soxaZe a. 1964: 15]. saRvTo
saklavs, rogorc Cans, didi pativiT epyrobodnen sparseTSic. Sesaw-
iravi zvaraki gamorCeulad Semkobili unda yofiliyo. igi gvirgviniT
Semosili mihyavdaT samsxverplosTan [Страбон. 2004: 474, XV-III-13].
qarTul eTnografiaSi erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia samsxverplo
da Sewiruli cxovelebi. Tumca, xSirad samsxverplo da Sewiruli
erTi da igive cxoveli iyo. samsxverplo cxovels msxverplad miy-
vanis dros Sesabamisi jvaris an RvTaebis saxelze locva-vedrebiT
daklavdnen, Sesawirav cxovels ki RvTaebas Seusaxelebdnen 3 Sewir-
vis Taviseburi wesiT, ris Semdgom igi wminda cxovelad iTvleboda
msxverplad Sewirvamde [bardaveliZe v. 1953: 124-125]. xars an kurats
yelze Sebmuli unda hqonoda zari. garda zarisa, rqebze axvevden
bairaRebs. msxverplis Sewirvis Semdeg nivTebi, rogorc wesi, yo­
velTvis salocavSi rCeboda. xSirad am nivTebs droSebze Sesabme-
lad iyenebdnen.
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenebis mSeneblobisas TeTriwyaros
teritoriaze, gaTxril Zv.w. IV-III ss-is sxalTis samarovanze, TiTqmis
yvela samarxTan, aRmoCenilia Roris Zvlebi, rogorc samarxTan gamar-
Tuli aRapis naSTi [nikolaiSvili v., SatberaSvili v. 2010: 432-433].
goWebis msxverplad Sewirvis faqti dadasturebulia aradeTis
orgoraze. IV-VI ss-is fenaSi gaTxrilia sagangebod dakrZaluli,
albaT, msxverplad Sewiruli, ZuZuTa goWebis ConCxebi. i. gago-
SiZis azriT, IV-VI ss-Si aq winareqristianuli kultmsaxurebis mniS-
vnelovani centri unda arsebuliyo [gagoSiZe i. 1999: 58].

3 aq avtors es termini araswor konteqstSi aqvs gamoyenebuli. Sesaxeleba (Seusaxe-

la) iTqmeba maSin, rodesac jvaris msaxuri _ xucesi saklavis dakvlisas teqsts
mokled warmoTqvams, anu srulyofilad ar atarebs rituals, an xucesis nacvlad
sxva, rigiTi, adamiani klavs saklavs. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebuli unda
iyos termini gasaxeleba, cxovelis dawindva ama Tu im RvTaebis saxelze.

14
 adamiani da pirutyvi

arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi gareuli

cxovelebis grafikuli naxatebi paleoliTuri epoqidanaa cnobi-
li, rac cxovelebis mimarT Tayvaniscemis (totemizmis) utyuari
niSani unda iyos. adamianis damokidebuleba cxovelis mimarT misi
moSinaurebis Semdegac didad ar icvleba. Sinauri cxoveli adami-
anisaTvis araa mxolod saarsebo, sakvebi saSualeba. cxoveli Suama-
valia adamiansa da uzenaess Soris. adamiani Sinauri cxovelis mM eSveo-
biT, msxverplSewirviT, axerxebs urTierTobas ufalTan. Tavis mxriv,
RvTaebebic mfarveloben Sinaur cxovelebs da maT nayofierebisa da
gamravlebis unars aniWeben [makalaTia m. 1985: 130]. saqoneli, cxadia,
adamianis sarCoa, misi cxovrebis saxsari, _ wers z. kiknaZe da dasZens,
rom is SeiZleba ufro metic iyos, vidre sazrdo. sakulto azriT,
pirveladi masSi swored isaa, rac sazrdoze metia [kiknaZe z. 2009].
z. kiknaZe erT-erT werilSi exeba samsxverplo Sinauri pirutyvisa
da misi patronis urTierTobis sazriss. igi aRniSnavs, rom adamians
Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi ori saxis pirutyvTan uxdeba urTier-
Toba: Sinaursa da gareulTan. anu, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, erTi saxis
pirutyvs aTvinierebs, iSinaurebs, xednis, sxva ki rCeba mouTviniere-
beli, veluri, ucxo. Sinauri cxoveli patronis morCilia, `patrony-
mur” urTierTobaSia Cabmuli adamianTan. pirutyvi emsaxureba Tavis
patrons, patroni ki icavs mas. patroni pasuxismgebelia pirutyvis
simrTeleze, is ki mis samsaxurSia Camdgari. adamiani da pirutyvi sxva-
dasxvagvarad emsaxurebian erTmaneTs [kiknaZe z. 2002: 215-216].
adamians cxoveli utilitaruli mizniT, mxolod Tavis gamo-
sakvebad an sameurneo saWiroebisaTvis ar mouSinaurebia. rogorc
mesaqonle tomebis praqtika mowmobs, pirutyvi mxolod religiur,
saojaxo Tu sagvareulo dResaswaulebze ikvleba, anu pirutyvs
msxverplad swiraven mfarvel RvTaebas. dauSvebelia saqonlis da-
kvla, ubralod, SesaWmelad, msxverplSewirvis ritualis gareSe.
am dros pirutyvi mxsnelad evlineba adamians. igi iwireba Tavisi
patronis sicocxlis gadasarCenad. saerTod, is msxverpli iTvle-
ba saukeTesod da amarTlebs msxverplSewirvis sazriss da CaiTv-
leba Sewirulad, romelic yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe da
morCilad uSvers qeds maxvils [kiknaZe z. 2002: 216-217]. vfiqrobT
zemoT moxmobili naazrevi yvela epoqis sazogadoebisTvis iyo
misaRebi da arqeologiur obieqtebze dadasturebeli uZvelesi
­msxverplSewirvebic msgavsi Sinaarsis unda yofiliyo.

Roris kulti qarTul arqeologiaSi

saqarTveloSi gareuli taxis Zvlovani masala dadasturebulia

paleoliTuri xanis mustieruli mRvimuri sadgomebis faunistur

15
masalaSi [janeliZe W. 1991: 67-68]. musties epoqaSi gareuli taxis eS-
vebi amuletebadac gamoyieneboda. taxis moSinaureba SesaZlebeli
gaxda mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac adamiani gadavida mwarmoeblur
meurneobaze. magaliTad SeiZleba movixmoT aruxlos namosaxlarze
(Zv. w. VI-V aTaswleulebi) gamovlenili osteologiuri masala. Sinaur
cxovelTagan pirvel adgilzea (44 %) wvrilfexa saqoneli (cxvari da
Txa), meore adgili uWiravs msxvilfexa saqonels (33 %), xolo mesame
adgilzea Sinauri Rori (23.5%)4 [Векуа А. 1984: 95].
saqarTveloSi taxis/Roris kultis sawyisad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos mcire plastikuri figurebisa Tu grafikuli gamosaxule-
bebis gamoCena. Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT, Roris/goW-
is yvelaze adreuli figura aRmoCenilia wiwamuris Suabrinjaos
xanis #13 gorasamarxSi (Zv.w. XVIIIs.). igi egvipturi cisferi faian-
sisganaa damzadebuli [Садрадзе В. 1993: 56, 66. Таб. 37-5].
vanis naqalaqaris samsxverplo moedanze, romelic Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-iT
TariRdeba, Tixis WurWelTan erTad aRmoCnda sxvadasxva cxovelis
terakotuli qandakebebi. maT Sorisaa ormxrivprotomiani oTxfexa
figurebi. am figurebidan Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs Roris gamosa­
xulebiani protomebi [lorTqifaniZe oT. 1995: 6. tab. 66-2,4].
taxis/Roris gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-is brinjaos
gravirebul sartylebze warmodgenil e.w. wminda nadirobis sce­
nebSi (Tlia, samarxi #76; samTavroSi _ samarxi #276; sagarejoSi _
samarxi #5) [xidaSeli m. 1982: tab. IX, I, XVII].
taxis brinjaos mcire figura aRmoCnda Zv. w. VI-V ss-iT daTari-
Rebul narekvavis #41 samarxSi. figura Standartia, romelic xis
tarze unda yofiliyo damagrebuli. qandakeba Roris eqspresiuli
gamosaxulebaa. kudi da yurebi aprexili aqvs (sur. 8). ukana fexebi
moxrilia da TiTqos moZravia. zurgi SuaSi gaxvretilia da xvrelis
orive mxares unagiriseburi CaRrmaveba gaaCnia, rac Stan­dartze
taris myarad damagrebas uwyobda xels [afaqiZe an., nikolaiSvi-
li v....1999: 111, 115. tab. XXXIV453]. taxis gamosaxulebiani Stan­
darti, albaT, kultis msaxuris kuTvnileba iyo da misi socialuri
­mdgomareobis aRmniSvneli niSani-insignia. samarxeuli kompleqsSi
mravalricxovan inventarTan erTad aRmoCnda mcire zomis oqros
nivTebi (sakidebi, sayureebi da mZivebi).
taxis kultze metyvelebs vanis naqalaqarsa da mis nekropol-
Si aRmoCenili taxis gamosaxulebiani oqrosa da vercxlis ara
erTi brwyinvale nakeToba5 (sur. 9-13). vanis kompleqsebi, sadac es
4 aruxlos namosaxlarze 2005-2006 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeozoologiuri gamokv-
levebis Sedegad Sinauri cxovelebis osteologiuri masala Semdegi procentuli
monacemebiTaa warmodgenili: cxvari/Txa – 66%, msxvilfexa saqoneli – 20%, Rori
– 14% [hanzeni s., mircxulava g. 2013: 36].
5 vanis #11 samarxSi aRmoCenilia taxis gamosaxulebiani ramdenime nivTi: oqros
diadema taxisa da lomis brZolis sceniT; oqros samajurebi taxis gamosaxulebiT;
brinjaos sarwyulis gravirebuli saxuravi, Semkuli taxis, mamlis, niamorisa da

16
nivTebia aRmoCenili, Zv.w. V-III ss-iT TariRdeba. CvenTvis saintere-
so nivTTa Soris, mxatvrul-stilisturi TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniS-
navia oqros samajurebi taxebis gamosaxulebebiT da oqros diadema
lomebisa da taxebis brZolis sceniT (suraTi 9-12).
oT. lorTqifaniZe Tavis naSromebSi araerTgzis exeba aR-
niSnul oqros nakeTobebs da iZleva maTs stilistur analizsa da
mecnierul Sefasebas. misi azriT, vanis samajurebis taxebis gamo-
saxulebani ramdenadme uaxlovdeba iranisa da mcire aziis terito-
riebze brinjaos taxebis cnobil gamosaxulebebs, Tumca, gansxvave-
basac xedavs; konkretulad ki, zogierTi detalis (yuris, jagris)
gadmocemasa da grafikul-dekoratiuli stilis Taviseburebebs.
rac Seexeba oqros diademas (Zv.w. V s-is dasasruli – IV s-is dasaw­
yisi), romelzedac lomebisa da taxis Serkinebaa gadmocemuli,­­
oT. lorTqifaniZe ioniur-berZnuli xelovnebis gavleniT Se-
qmnilad miiCnevs [lorTqifaniZe oT. 1972:14, ix. SeniSvna 39]. igi
wers: `vanis diademebze asaxulia Zveli aRmosavleTisa da agreTve,
berZnul xelovnebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli motivi cxovelTa
brZolisa, romelsac kolxeTSic uTuod garkveuli simboluri
mniSvneloba hqonda. vanis diademis avtori, rogorc Cans, aRzrdi-
li iyo ZvelaRmosavlur mxatvrul tradiciebze, magram kargad ic-
nobda agreTve gvianarqauli xanis berZnuli xelovnebis warmosax-
viT principebs” [lorTqifaniZe oT. 1995: 12-13].
bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: diademaze asaxul siuJetSi xom araa
gadmocemuli berZnuli da iranuli kultebis dapirispireba, anu
ideologiuri brZola? oqromWedeli, romelmac es brwyinvale
nimuSebi Seqmna, ara marto didostatia Tavisi saqmisa, aramed
­brwyinvale mcodnec berZnuli da aqemeniduri religiebisa, ro-
melTa gavlenis sferoSic iyo moqceuli imdroindeli saqarTve-
los teritoria da qarTveluri tomebi. vanis diademaze lomisa
da taxis brZolis sceniT (sur. 12), Cveni azriT, dasavlur (berZu-
li) da aRmosavlur (sparsul) religiaTa Widilis amsaxveli siu-
Jetia gadmocemuli. lomi berZnul samyaros ganasaxierebs, taxi
ki – sparsuls; zoroastrizmSi taxi xom RvTaeba miTras erT-erTi
wminda ­cxovelia. berZnuli da aqemeniduri elementebis sinTez-
ze saubrobs v. liCeli, roca is ganixilavs vanis naqalaqaris ar-
qiteqturul detals _ frizs [liCeli v. 2010: 33]. Cans, es sinTezi
vlindeba, rogorc arqiteqturaSi, ise kulturis sxva sferoSic. aq
erTmaneTTan sami sxvadasxva kulturul-eTnikuri samyaros (irani,
mglis figurebiT [lorTqifaniZe oT., fuTuriZe r. ...1972: sur. 225]; # 3 samarxSi,
romelSic dakrZaluli yofila qali, aRmoCnda vercxlis fiala, romlis fskerze
warmodgenilia wreze moZravi oTxi cxoveli _ taxi, iremi, mgeli da lomi. taxisa
da irmis SuaSi mzea amotvifruli. gamTxrelis mier gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom qali,
SesaZloa, kultis msaxuri yofiliyo [xoStaria n. 1972: 89; Хоштариа Н. 1979: 125];. tax-
is gamosaxulebiani oqros firfitebi aRmoCnda #16 samarxSi [kaWarava d., mJavanaZe z.
1986: sur. 10-1]; #19 samarxSi aRmoCnda brinjaos sabeWdavi beWedi farakze taxis
gamosaxulebiT; #24 samarxis kompleqsSi napovn brinjaos sarwyuls saxeluris
qveda bolo Semkuli aqvs taxis gamosaxulebiani firfitebiT.

17
saberZneTi, iberia-kolxeTi) tradiciebia Serwymuli. amitom Wirs
zogjer imis garCeva, Tu ra aris adgilobrivi da ra _ Semotanili.
kolxeTSi aRmoCenili oqros samajurebis kvlevas sagangebo naS-
romi miuZRvna arqeologma an. Wyoniam. igi ganixilavs taxis gamo-
saxulebian samajurebsac. misi azriT, vanSi aRmoCenil samajurebze
aqemeniduri xelovnebis gavlena ar gamoixateba mxolod formasa da
ikonografiul niSnebSi. aqemenidur samyaroSi am saxis samajurebs,
rogorc Cans, miniWebuli hqondaT insigniis funqcia [Wyonia an.
2013: 120]. veTanxmebiT ra avtoris mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, da-
vamatebT, rom msgavsi ikonografiiT (taxi, cxeni, iremi, bomoni da
a.S.) Semkuli nivTebis floba ara marto socialuri statusis mi-
maniSnebeli unda yofiliyo, aramed iseTive Sinaarsis matarebeli,
rogoricaa qristianisaTvis jvari. albaT, amis dasturi unda iyos
kolxeTisa da qarTlis didebulTa samarxebSi miTras kultTan da-
kavSirebuli simbolikiT gajerebuli nivTebis simravlec.
mcxeTaSi, armazisxevis #6 samarxSi, aRmoCenilia oqromWedlo-
bis brwyinvale nimuSi _ taxi-sakidi (sur. 19), romelic cxovelis
miniatiurul qandakebaa. is gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo avga-
rozad. am sakidis funqcia kidev erTxel usvams xazs taxis kavSirs
religiur kultTan da mis simbolur daniSnulebas [afaqiZe a., niko-
laiSvili v. ... 1955: 70. tab. VI, sur. 3; tab. LXVI, sur. 36].
saintereso masala aRmoCnda axali Jinvalisa da aragvispiris sa-
marxebSi. taxze nadirobis scenaa gamosaxuli aragvispiris gvianan-
tikuri xanis #13 samarxis vercxlis suraze (II-III ss.). niSandobliv-
ia, rom amave samarxSi aRmoCnda vercxlis pinaki, romlis fskerze
amotvifrulia zoroastruli bomoni da mis win mdgari torSemar-
Tuli cxeni [ramiSvili r. 1975: 12].
taxis ikonografiul gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT vercxlis sxva-
dasxva WurWelze. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom vanis #3 samarxis kom-
pleqsSi aRmoCnda vercxlis fiala, romlis fskerze warmod-
genilia ritualuri scena, wreze moZravi oTxi cxoveli: taxi,
iremi, mgeli da lomi (sur. 13); taxisa da irmis SuaSi mzea gamo-
saxuli [Хоштариа Н. 1979: 202]; taxis, rogorc wminda cxovelis,
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani argumentia vanis #19 samarxSi aRmoCeni-
li brinjaos sabeWdavi beWedi, romlis farakze taxis figuraa
gamosaxuli (sur. 9). am sabaWdavi beWedis patroni, albaT, xeli-
suflebis warmomadgeneli an taZris msaxuri iyo.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seswavlil samarovnebze napovnia
vercxlis pinakebi, romelTa fskerze religiur-ritualuri siu-
Jetebia mocemuli. zRuderis #2 xis sarkofagSi aRmoCenili
pinakis fskerze gamosaxulia (sur. 14) mooqruli ZaRli da taxi [nem-
saZe g. 1969: tab. III-2]. danarCen pinakebze (6 cali) bomoni da masTan
mdgari cxenebia amotvifruli (armazisxevi _ #3 samarxi; zRuderi
_ ##1, 2 sarkofagebi; aragvispiri _ #13 samarxi;). msgavsi tipis
WurWeli saritualo daniSnulebis iyo, vinaidan uqrobeli cecxli

18
_ aTaSdani da masTan mdgomi cxeni iranis saxelmwifoebriv-religi-
ur simboloebadaa miCneuli [nemsaZe g. 1979: 59].
taxis Tavis gamosaxulebaa Casmuli Weremis sasanuri vercxlis
Tasis Zirze, romlis korpusi mTlianad dafarulia reliefuri
mcenareuli ornamentiT (sur. 20).
arqeologiur masalaSi gvxvdeba taxis gamosaxulebiani Tixis
ritonebi. CvenTvis ori aseTi ritonia cnobili. erTi vanis naqa-
laqarzea aRmoCenili (sur. 15), meore ki _ qsanSi (sur. 16).
taxis/Roris mcire skulpturebi cnobilia agreTve svaneTidan
(Zv.w. I aTaswleuli – ax.w. I-IV ss.). mestiis muzeumSi daculia Ror-
is Tixis figuris Tavis fragmenti (sur. 17). is sakmaod sqematuria,
xasiaTdeba grZeli dingiTa da acqvetili didi yuriT (meore mo-
texilia). uSgulis muzeumSi ki inaxeba taxis/Roris Tavis brinjaos
sakidi (sur. 18). svaneTSi Roris kultis arseboba eTnologiuri ma-
salis mixedviTac dasturdeba.
taxis/Roris kultis arsebobas adasturebs, umTavresad, bavSve-
bis samarxebSi aRmoCenili goWis falangebi, romlebic gaxvretil-
ia da maT, rogorc Cans, avgarozebad iyenebdnen. samarxebi daTari-
Rebulia Zv. w. XI-IX ss-iT; VIII-VII ss-iTa da VII-VI ss-iT [afaqiZe a.,
nikolaiSvili v. ... 1999: 23, 40, 64-65; 93. tab. IV-68; tab. XI-142; tab.
XX-255; tab. XXVII-371; nikolaiSvili v., gavaSeli e. 2007: 38-40. tab. IX-
890]. sainteresoa, rom avgarozebad goWis falangebis gamoyenebis
faqtebi qarTul eTnografiul sinamdvileSic dasturdeba. amaze
cota qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
moxmobili masalis mixedviT, Cans, rom taxis/Roris kulti
saqarTveloSi ufro masobrivad antikuri xanidan mkvidrdeba, im
droidan, roca saqarTvelosa da aqemenidur irans Soris urTier-
Toba aqtiur fazaSi Sedis, zoroastrizmi ki qarTvelTa religiur
praqtikaSi mZlavrad ikidebs fexs.
taxis/Roris kultTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli taxebisa da Ro-
ris Tixis mcire zomis figurebi (28 cali) yobanuri kulturis Ze-
glebidan (sur. 7). isini aRmoCenilia Zv.w. X-VII ss-is namosaxlarebsa
da samarxebSi. taxebi gadmocemulia Zlieri taniT, mokle dingiTa
da reliefuri, jagaraSlili zurgiT, rac xazs usvams cxovelis
fizikur siZlieres [Козенкова В. 1982: 70. таб. XLIII_12-14].
Cveni mizani araa saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili tax-
is/Roris yvela figuris ganxilva. vfiqrobT, moxmobili masala
sakmarisad gviqmnis warmodgenas Zvel qarTul yofaSi Roris kul-
tis arsebobaze. taxis kulti gavrcelebuli iyo mTel msoflioSi.
mas vxvdebiT dasavleT evropis arqeologiur kulturebSic. taxi
Zlierebis simbolo iyo. iqauri figurebi, ZiriTadad, masiuria, rac
cxovelis fizikur siZlieres usvams xazs (sur. 21, 22).

19
 Roris kulti qarTul eTnokulturaSi

qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi farTod gavrcelebuli Ror-

is kulti, rogorc davinaxeT, saTaves preistoriuli warsulidan
iRebs da dRemdea SemorCenili. Roris kulti saqarTvelos TiTqmis
mTel teritoriaze Cans gavrcelebuli. qarTuli masalis mixed-
viT, Rori warmoCenilia mravalmxriv dadebiT cxovelad. isaa siux-
vis, bednierebis, sikeTisa da avi sulebisgan damcveli. v. bardaveliZ-
es 1927 wels Sida qarTlSi Camosaxlebuli mTiulebisgan Cauweria
saintereso masala. igi wers, rom avi sulebis sawinaaRmdego saSuale-
bad mTiulebs akvanze Camokidebuli aqvT sxvadasxva amuleti: saT-
valavi mZivi (opali, avi Tvalis winaaRmdeg), Roris kbili, yuri da
dingi. v. bardaveliZe xazs usvams Roris mimarT qarTveli mTielebis
damokidebulebas. igi SeniSnavs: „maSin, rodesac sazogadod mTieli
Rors saxlSi ar iyenebs, mis xorcs saWmelad ar ekareba, Roris kbi-
li, yuri da dingi Zlier saSualebad miaCnia avi sulebis winaaRm-
deg da amuletad xmarobs bavSvis akvanze sxva amuletebTan erTad“.
mkvlevari mTiulebis kidev erT Cveulebaze saubrobs: „mTielebi,
rodesac miwaSi Zvel fuls an sxva raime ganZs ipovnian, aucileb-
lad jer Rors daasunTqvineben – avi qari gaqrebao, da Semdeg nivTs
xelSi aiReben“ [bardaveliZe-lomia v. 1928: 273].
Roris dingis gafetiSeba-gakerpebis faqti damowmebuli aqvs
eTnograf k. kaxiansac. mas es Cveuleba daudasturebia 1969 wels
qsnis xeobaSi, sofel pavlianT karSi. Rori ikvleboda dekemberSi.
mas gafufqavdnen, meore dRes Tavs gaasufTavebdnen, gatrusavdnen
da Semdeg moWridnen dings, romelsac gasaxmobad boZze dakidebd-
nen. Tu eCqarebodaT, 15 dRemde tovebdnen, zogjer ki erT wlam-
dec rCeboda. bavSvi rom daibadeboda, dings akvnis Tavze, bavSvis
Tavis mxares, dakidebdnen. xalxis rwmeniT, Roris dingi bavSvs av
qars aacilebda da bavSvi wesieri gaizrdeboda. Roris dings kare-
bzec kidebdnen. adamiani Tu udroo dros mividoda, anu daRamebis
Semdeg, mas avi qari ar Sehyveboda Sin [kaxiani k., soxaZe a. 1972: 182].
amrigad, Roris dingi iTvleboda avi qaris damafrTxobel, gamdevn,
damTrgunav Zalad. avi qari miCneuli iyo mavne sulad.
sainteresoa, rom Roris jagarsac samkurnalo efeqts miawerdnen.
qvemo raWaSi kanis daavadebis erT saxeobas ewodeboda sabagire. saqa-
rTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi mas erqva RorTmgrovala. es daavadeba,
ZiriTadad, bavSvebs emarTebodaT. avadmyofs gamoayrida wiTlad da
icoda qavili. xalxis rwmeniT, avadmyofi Tu ar gagordeboda saRo-
ris win an saRoreSi, is ar morCeboda. bavSvi am dros wels zemoT
SiSveli unda yofiliyo. zogjer avadmyofebs Roris jagarsac us-
vamdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom raWul saboslo ritualSi Roris qons
iyenebdnen pirutyvis mimarT magiuri daniSnulebiT. sof. sor-
Si boslobis dReobis dros ojaxis ufrosi Roris qoniT upoxavda
saqonels rqebsa da kisers. es qmedeba tardeboda pirutyvis avi
sulebisagan misi dacvis mizniT [kaxiani k., soxaZe a. 1972: 187].
20
 amrigad, rogorc irkveva, Roris dings, eSvs, qonsa da jagarsac ki
magiuri mniSvneloba miewereboda. yovelive zemoTqmuli cxadyofs,
rom saqarTveloSi Roris dingis gamoyeneba ar iyo izolirebuli
movlena. igi Sedioda Roris kultTan dakavSirebul wes-Cveuleba-
Ta rTul kompleqsSi.
kaxeTSi, nekresis eklesiaSi, Roris msxverplad Sewirva
Sildelebis mier tradiciad damkvidrebuli anomalia iyo da mas
warmarTul wes-Cveulebad miiCnevdnen. aRniSnuli movlenis ufro
farTod kvlevisas irkveva, rom Roris msxverplad Sewirva zamTri-
sa da sagazafxulo ciklis dReobebs ukavSirdeboda, romlebSic
taxs, Rorsa da goWs, rogorc Sesawirav cxovelebs, mniSvnelovani
adgili eTmoboda [abakelia n. 1997: 80].
qarTul dReobaTa kalendarul ciklSi taxis/Roris simbolos
mTavari adgili ekava. rogorc cnobilia, Sobis wina saRamosa da
Sobas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc axali wlis dasawyiss da,
Sesabamisad, igi datvirTuli iyo mravalferovani magiuri xasiaTis
wes-CveulebebiT, romlebic, ZiriTadad, mimarTuli iyo nayofie-
rebis gasazrdelad, janmrTelobis gansamtkiceblad, avi sulebis
dasaZlevad da, saerTod, keTildReobiT savse momavlis uzrun-
velsayofad [abakelia n. 1997: 79].
samegreloSi samsxverplo Roris monawileobiT tardeboda xex-
unjobis rituali, romelic 31 dekembers imarTeboda da dakavSire-
buli iyo mWedlobasTan. am dRis aucilebeli Sesawiravi cxoveli
Rori iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom rituali aucileblad samWedloSi Ca-
flul RviniT savse qvevrebTan unda gamarTuliyo [abakelian.1997:81-82].
msgavsi rituali dasturdeba bzifis xeobis afxazebTan axali
wlis dResaswaulze, romelic samWedlos RvTaeba SaSvisTanaa daka-
vSirebuli. igi xeCxuamad iwodeba. am sityvis etimologia n. janaSi-
am megrulis safuZvelze aRadgina da Tvlida, rom is Rej-xvamidan
momdinareobda, rac niSnavs RoriT locvas. imave dReobas svaneTSi
(laSxeTSi) SuSxvam ewodeba. am terminSi (SuSxvam) isev meordeba me-
gruli sityva xvama (locva) [abakelia n. 1997: 85].
moxmobil masalaSi Rori ojaxSi, samWedlosa da saRoresTan
Sesrulebul ritualebSi figurirebs. zogjer is maranTanacaa da-
kavSirebuli, magaliTad, guriis soflebSi axal wels _ kalandis
saRamos Semdegi rituali sruldeboda: Sebindebisas saxlis ufro-
si ojaxis wevrebs dedabudianad marnisken gauZRveboda. anTebuli
sanTlebiT Sevidodnen maranSi, Tan miitandnen xaWapuriT, Roris
TaviTa da Rviniani doqiT gawyobil gobs. ojaxis ufrosi Sua ma-
ranSi, Wuris Tavze, dadgamda gobs da zed sanTlebs daamagrebda.
amis Semdeg gobs samjer waRma Semoatrialebda da dailoceboda,
sasmisiT Rvinos dalevda, xaWapursa da Roris xorcs daayolebda.
mere danarCenebic aseve dailocebodnen. amas mohyveboda agunas ga-
daZaxili. ritualis wamyvan-Semsrulebeli Tan am dros sawnaxels
Roris Tavs urtyamda [abakelia n. 1997: 89-90].

21
 samegreloSi Rori mirsobis/nirsobis dReobaze iwireboda. mir-
soba dRes, xuTSabaTs, ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci Rors ukana fexebze
mohkidebda xels, keris garSemo Semoatarebda ramdenimejer da war-
moTqvamda locvas: `dRevandeli mirsobis mobrZanebav! me da Cem cols
da Svilebs bedi mieci: bednierad amyofe, yoveli avi da borotisa-
gan gaagde; yoveli cudi gzisgan, wylisgan Sen daifare, Seni saxeli
dalocvili”. locvis dasasruls Rors daklavdnen [abakelia n. 1997:
92-93]. zedmeti ar iqneba, Tu gavixsenebT im faqts, rom odiSis gerbsa
da droSaze gamosaxulia taxi, romelsac fexebiT droSa uWiravs.
Rorisa Tu goWebis falangebisa da koWebis amuletebad gamoy-
enebis faqtebi dadasturebulia mesxeT-javaxeTSi. bavSvs avi rom
ar damarToda, akvanze kidebdnen CanCxuras, romelSic asxmuli yo-
fila: Tvalis grivi oroji (RvinWila), ayiyi (wiTeli mZivia. zed ga-
mosaxulia naxevarmTvare da varskvlavebi), Tevzis layuCi, Roris
koWebi da sxv. [makalaTia s. 1938: 98-99]. Roris koWebisa Tu falange-
bis bavSvis akvanze Camokideba da avgarozebad gamoyeneba pirdapiri
gagrZeleba unda iyos im tradiciisa, rodesac bavSvebs samarxebSi
atandnen Roris gaxvretilsa da amuletebad gamoyenebul falangebs
Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi (amis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT).
Roris kulti ukanasknel dromde evropaSic yofila SemorCeni-
li. germaniasa da inglisSi wesad hqoniaT saSobao sadilze mierT-
miaT taxis Semkuli Tavi, romelic iyo zamTris lunaruli monstri
da ikvleboda zamTris mzebudobis dros. ubralo xalxi germania-
Si Soba Rames saRoreSi iZinebda bed-iRblis ganmsazRvreli winas-
warmetyveluri sizmris sanaxavad. adgilobrivTa rwmeniT, axali
mze saRoreSi ibadeboda [abakelia n. 1997: 105-106].
amrigad, qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, taxi/Rori
moiazreba ojaxis siuxvis, simdidris, xvavisa da baraqis momtan sim-
bolod. ritualebis Catarebis dros Rori figurirebs iseT wminda
adgilebTan, rogorebicaa kera, marani da samWedlo, rac xazs usvams
am cxovelis sakralurobasa da wminda, samsxverplo xasiaTs. zogjer
Rori gvevlineba avi sulebisgan damcvelad da ama Tu im daavadebis
mSveleladac. qarTuli arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis
mixedviT, taxi/Rori ar asocirdeba boroti da uxeSi Zalis arsebas-
Tan. is warmogvidgeba ojaxis mfarvelad, RvTaebasTan wilnayar Sin-
aur cxovelad, romelsac mxolod sikeTis motana SeuZlia.

miTras kulti

taxis/Roris kultis kvlevas mivyavarT zoroastruli religiis

ganStoeba miTraizmTan. rogorc cnobilia, taxis garda, RvTaeba
miTras wminda cxovelebia: xari, cxeni, ZaRli, gveli, yorani da mama-
li. miTras wminda cxovelebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava
taxs, romelic miTras mxardamxar ebrZoda borotebas, risTvisac
warmatebiT iyenebda Tavis basr eSvebs [mSvildaZe m. 2003: 97-99].
22
 uZvelesi cnobebi miTras Sesaxeb daculia indoelTa `rig-ve-
da”-Si, sadac is moxsenebulia mTavar RvTaeba – varunasTan erTad.
miTra-varuna naTlisa da brwyinvale cis RvTaebad iyo aRiarebu-
li. is sikeTisa da sicocxlis wyarodac iTvleboda. ufro vrceli
cnobebia daculi miTras Sesaxeb `avesta”-Si, sadac miTras mihr
ewodeba, romelic naTels an sinaTles niSnavs da mudam mTavar
­RvTaeba _ ahura-mazdasTan erTad ixsenieba [makalaTia s. 1927: 179-180].
miTraizmi, rogorc Zveli zoroastrizmidan warmoSobili spar-
suli kulti, babilonuri samRvdeloebis, mcireaziuri lokaluri
kultebis, berZnuli xelovnebisa da filosofiis gavleniT modi-
ficirda. miTraizmis Rrmad gamoxatulma dualisturma principma
gavlena moaxdina saberZneTisa da romis religiur cxovrebaze, iu-
daizmsa da qristianobaze [qurcikiZe S. 1993: 161].
msoflioSi miTras kultis gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo romis im-
periam. romaul miTraizmSi ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba gamoiyofa:
samxedro miTraizmi, romelic yvaoda dunaidan adrianes kedlis
gaswvriv da urbanuli miTraizmi, romlis damadasturebeli salo-
cavebi uxvadaa SemorCenili ostiaSi, romsa da imperiis sxva qalaqeb-
Si [Laeuchli S. 1968: 74-75]. romSi, romelic miTraizmis dedaqalaqi iyo,
daaxloebiT 700-mde miTreumis arseboba ivaraudeba [Luther H. Martin.
1989: 2-3].
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovlenilia sasaxleebi da taZrebi,
romlebic aqemeniduri samSeneblo tradiciis gavleniTaa aSenebu-
li. magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT cecxlis taZari cixiagorasa
da ufliscixeSi [yifiani g. 2000: 35-40; 52-53]; sasaxle da cecxlis
taZari dedoflis mindorze [gagoSiZe i. 1978: 64, 73]; zoroastruli
koSkura _ cecxlis taZari samadlosa da vanSi [Гагошидзе Ю. 1979: 52;
yifiani g. 2000: 9]; cecxlis taZari RarTiskarSi [ximSiaSvili k. 2001];
zoroastruli samlocvelo da samsxverplo bomoni diRmisTavSi
[mircxulava g., sonRulaSvili i. 2007: 120].
cecxlis taZrebis, salocavebis, sakurTxevlebis arseboba da-
dasturebulia agreTve qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi (`SuSanikis
wameba”, `evstati mcxeTelis wameba”, `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ”, `qarT-
lis cxovreba”, `raJdenis cxovreba” da sxv.). `qarTlis cxovrebis”
mixedviT, vaxtang gorgasalma da misma meuRlem raJdenis neSti
wromidan niqozSi gadaasvenes da iq eklesia aagebines `sagzebelsa
Tana cecxlisasa” [dundua T., silagaZe n. 2010: 74].
quTaisSi, karsnisxevSi, samTavrosa da urbnisSi aRmoCenilia
Zvirfasi qvebi (gemebi), romlebzedac miTra-mxedaria gamosaxu-
li, imgvari, rogorc qalaq trapezuntis III s-is monetebze (miTra q.
trapezuntis mTavari RvTaeba iyo). specialistebi am gemebs IV s-iT
aTariReben da adgilobriv produqtad miiCneven [dundua g. 1968: 19;
dundua g. 1977: 336].
IV-VI ss-Si qarTlSi (umetesad, mcxeTaSi, Tbilissa da zogierT
sxva qalaqSi) iranuli, zoroastruli, mosaxleoba cxovrobda. amis

23
gamo Cveni qveynis ruka iranuli warmoSobis mravali toponimiT
(mag., mogvTakari, soRdebili da sxv.) gamdidrda [dundua T., sila­
gaZe n. 2010: 74].
i. gagoSiZis mosazrebiT, elinisturi xanis qarTvel didgvaro-
vanTa wre mazdeanur religias aRiarebda [Гагошидзе Ю. 1979: 52].
samefo karisa da didgvarovanTa mrwamsis damadasturebel argu-
mentad gamodgeba iranuli sakulto daniSnulebis nivTebis simrav-
le warCinebulTa samarxebSi. vercxlis pinakebi maradiuli cecx-
lis sakurTxevliTa da maT win mdgari cxenebiT (erTganaa mxolod
taxi da ZaRli); samarxebSi arsebuli brinjaos sacecxlurebi _
bomoni, aseve sacecxlurad gamoyenebuli xaris brinjaos Tavi da
a.S. [nemsaZe g. 1969: tab. III-1]. niSandoblivia, rom xSirad saritualo
daniSnulebis nivTebTan erTad (pinakebi, Tasebi, fialebi) gvxvdeba
beWdebi intalioTi, romlebzec gamosaxulia miTra Tavisi atri­
butebiT. am nivTebis koncentrireba warCinebulTa samarxebSi, sa-
varaudod, iberia-kolxeTis didgvarovanTa fenis rwmena-warmod-
genebs unda asaxavdes.

kus javSani _ SemTxveviToba Tu kultis niSani

sainteresoa samarxSi kus javSanis aRmoCenis faqti. samarxSi misi

moxvedris sakiTxi sadavoa da masze gadaWriT raimes Tqma Znelia.
kus javSani aRmoCenilia azerbaijanSi, mingeCauris #4 yorRanSi,
romlis siRrme yrilianad daaxloebiT 7-8 metrs aRwevda, yrilis
simaRle _ sam metrs, kameris siRrme ki 5 m-s udrida. dasakrZalav
kameraSi (zoma: 17x6 m) dakrZaluli iyo mamakaci marjvena gverdze,
moxrilad, samarxSi aRmoCnda eqvsi cxeni, aqlemi, ramdenime Sinau-
ri cxovelisa da kus Zvlebi [Асланов Г. М., Ваидов Р. И., ... 1959: 108-109].
garemoebaTa gamo, naklebad dasajerebelia, rom ku am siRrmemde
CamZvraliyo.
qarTul arqeologiaSi samarxebSi kus javSnis aRmoCena
SemTxveviTobadaa miCneuli, anu ku TviTon unda CamZvraliyo
samarxSi da iq CarCeniliyo. ra Tqma unda, es azri logikas mok-
lebuli araa da SeiZleba mas daeTanxmo, Tumca, erTi garemoeba
eWvs aRZravs. esaa saqarTvelos teritoriaze, kerZod ki, Sil­
dis samlocveloze aRmoCenili brinjaos e.w. kus sakidebi (sur.
24). Zeglze mopovebuli masalisa da misi analogebis mixedviT
samlocvelo Zv. w. XIV-XII ss-iTaa daTariRebuli [maisuraZe b.,
fancxava l. 1984: 3. tab. LXVII-LXVIII]. am asakiT Sildis mTeli masa-
lis daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxvavebuli az-
ric. analogiuri sakidebi cnobilia somxeTis gviani brinjaos
xanis Zeglebidan. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom msgavsi sakidebi
mxolod gviani brinjaos xanis adreuli safexuris centralura-
mierkavkasiuri kulturisTvisaa damaxasiTebeli [ficxelauri k.

24
 2005:89. tab. XXII, XXXI, XXXII, LXVIII, CLXXXII]. cnobilia brinjaosgan
Camosxmuli kus sakmaod realisturi figura brilidan6 (sur. 23).
mas arqeologiuri konteqsti ar axlavs da misi TariRi (Zv.w. VIII_
VI ss.) pirobiTia. bolos ki,saiuveliro oqromWedlobis ubrw­
yinvalesi nimuSi - kus sakidebiani yelsabami vanis #11 samarxidan
(sur. 25). Znelad dasajerebelia, rom oqromWedels kus sakidebis
damzadebis idea spontanurad gasCenoda.
yelsabamis Semkulobis xasiaTi da gamoyenebuli teqnikuri xe-
rxebi damaxasiaTebelia kolxuri oqromWedlobisaTvis. uCveuloa
mxolod kus inkrustirebuli Tvalebi, rac aqemeniduri iranis
saiuveliro xelovnebis gavlenas miewereba. yelsabamis sakidebis
gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobac, _ wers an. Wyonia _ adgilobrivi
warmomavlobisaa da, rogorc Cans, Zveli kolxeTis rwmena-warmod-
genebs ukavSirdeba. jerjerobiT Zneli gasarkvevia, ra funqcia eki-
sreboda kus gamosaxulebas Zveli kolxebis religiur azrovnebaSi
[Wyonia a. 1981. 36-37]. kus gamosaxulebiani artefaqtebis gamoCena,
Cveni azriT, kus kultis arsebobaze unda mianiSnebdes.
kavkasiisaTvis kus kulti Zalze uCveulo Cans, Tumca, is sakma-
od gavrcelebulia aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. ku uZvelesi simbo-
loa. igi ganasaxierebs wesrigs, sibrZnes, samyaros, simtkices,
stabilurobas, nayofierebas, ubiwobas, icavs avi Tvalisgan da
moaqvs bedniereba. CineTSi ku drakonTan, feniqssa da martorqa-
sTan erTad wminda cxovelad iTvleba. is ganasaxierebs wylis
stiqias, yin-is princips, CrdiloeT regionsa da Sav fers, anu Ta-
vdapirveli qaosis fers. ku aseve cnobilia rogorc Savi mebrZo-
li, anu siZlieris, gamZleobisa da ukvdavebis simbolo. drakoni
da kus javSani iyo daumarcxebeli siZlieris simbolo imperiis
jarSi, radgan drakoni kus javSans ver texs, ku ki drakons ver miw-
vdeba. xSirad ku werosTan erTad gamoisaxeba, rogorc xangrZlivi
­cxovrebis simbolo. igi zurgiT atarebs samyaros, misi oTxi fexi ki
dedamiwis oTx mxares aRniSnavs [Cooper J. 1986: 159].
hinduizmSi ku CrdiloeTis varskvlavia, kasiapa; pirveli coc­
xali arseba; samyaros dasawyisi; yovlisSemZle RmerT viSnus inkar-
nacia; wylis Zala. mdedri ku, romlis zurgzec mamri spiloa gamo-
saxuli, ganasaxierebs Semoqmedis Zalas. berZnebsa da romaelebTan
ku qaluri sawyisia, wylis nayofiereba, afrodites/veneras atribu-
ti, agreTve hermes/merkuris aRmniSvneli, romelic kus javSnis-
gan liras amzadebda. qristianul religiaSi ku ganasaxierebs si-
sadaves qorwinebaSi. Tumca, adreul qristianul xelovnebaSi ku
borotebis simbolo iyo [Cooper J. 1986: 159]. kus kulti amierkavkasi-
aSi aRmosavleTidan unda gavrcelebuliyo.

6 es figura samuzeumo davTarSi, ratomRac, moxseniebulia gombeSos figurad,

rasac kategoriulad ar veTanxmebiT.

25
 daskvna

arqeologiuri da eTnografuli masalis mimoxilvis Sedegad Sei-

Zleba iTqvas, rom namosaxlar Seupovarze gaTxrili taxebisa da kus
samarxi saritualo miznebisTvis gamarTuli samarxi unda iyos da im-
droindeli sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebs asaxavs. taxis/Roris
kulti, rogorc Cans, ufro aqtualuri xdeba saqarTveloSi Zveli da
axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze, maSin, rodesac aq mZlavrad ikidebs
fexs zoroastrizmis erT-erTi mimdinareoba _ miTraizmi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sazogadoebis religiurma mexsierebam Ror-
is kulti da masTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi dRemde Semoinaxa.
Cven Sors varT im azrisgan, rom saqarTveloSi taxis/Roris kul-
tis gavrceleba mxolod zoroastrizmsa da miTras kults davukav-
SiroT. Cans, Roris kulti manamdec arsebobda saqarTveloSi, razec
metyvelebs aqemeniduri xanis winmswrebi arqeologiuri masala, ma-
gram aqemenidur samyarosTan iberiisa da kolxeTis mWidro politi-
kur-ekonomikursa da kulturul-religiur urTierTobebs gansa-
kuTrebiT unda Seewyo xeli taxis/Roris kultis gaZlierebisTvis.

ARCHAEOLOGY

George Gogochuri*, Irma Berdzenishvili**

*Otar Lordkipanidze Archaeological Center of the Georgian National Museum

D. Uznadze str. 14, 0102 Tbilisi, Georgia
Email: giorgigogochuri@yahoo.com

** Archaeological Research Institute at Sokhumi State University

Ana Politkovskaia 9, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
Email: irmab@mail.com

Boar/Pig Cult in Georgian Archaeology and Ethnic Culture

Summary

During 2011, archaeologists discovered a multilayered settlement with features be-

longing to seven different archaeological periods, in village Ilmazlo (Maurneuli municipal-
ity), in an area affected by construction on the right embankment of the river Mtkvari,

26
 According to recent data the oldest features, which comprised an altar and a stor-
age pit, date back to the 3rd millennium BC. The second layer is represented by a single
grave of the early Iron Age period. Layers three to five comprised graves and pits of
the Hellenistic period, palace remains from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD, and graves of the
Early Middle Ages (6th-7th centuries). Layers six and seven contained the remains of a
building construction dated back to the Late Middle Ages. During the Late Roman
and Early Middle Ages this region belonged to Gardabani province, to the so-called
Khunani principality (Saeristavo).
This report aims to discuss only one grave containing remains of two boars which
were discovered between the 3rd and 5th layers. Both boars were buried in an or-
derly manner, parallel to each other, on the right and left sides of the grave (Fig. 3-4).
A tortoise was buried alongside one of the boars. Due to the careful and deliberate
positioning of these animals within the burial pit we should consider this to be an act
of ritual animal sacrifice. This viewpoint can be justified by archaeological finds such
as sacrificed boar/pig graves and archaeological artifacts depicting boar/pig made of
gold, bronze, silver and clay (Fig. 7-22). The most significant aspect is that rituals and
practices related to boar/pig cult are still performed in Georgian ethno culture to the
present day.
It is difficult to determine the age of the boar and tortoise graves. Presumably it
should be dated back to the time after the Hellenistic period, or after spreading Chris-
tianity throughout Georgia.
The ritual sacrifice of pigs/boars is known from Edi-kilisa (viliage Sakdrioni, Tsalka
municipality) settlement and it dates back to the 3rd-1st centuries BC. Large clay bead
pendants were discovered (Fig. 5-6) nearby the animal remains.
Pig bones were discovered in large quantities in Skhalta (Tetritskaro municipality)
cemetery and they date back to the 4th-3rd centuries BC. These finds indicate to the
fact that by almost every grave, a funeral repast meal was consumed. Pig ritual sac-
rifice is known from Aradeti Orgora (Kareli municipality). In layers dating back to the
4th-6th centuries AD buried suckling pigs were discovered. These pigs were presum-
ably sacrificed.
The oldest known example of a pig figure was found in Tsitsamuri (Mtskheta mu-
nicipality) in burial mound 13 and it dates back to the Middle Bronze Age (the 18th
c. BC). Pig figure is made of blue Egyptian faience. Another pig figure found in Vani
settlement (Vani municipality in west Georgia) altar square dates back to the 8th-7th
centuries BC.
A boar/pig is depicted on bronze engraved belts, in the scenes of “holy hunting”
(Tlia _ grave 76-[350]; Samtavro _ grave 276 and Sagarejo _ grave 5). These belts to
the 8th-7th centuries BC.
A small bronze figure of a boar was discovered in Narekvavi (Mtskheta municipal-
ity) grave 41 and it dates back to the 6th-5th centuries BC (Fig. 8). The figure would
originally have been fixed on a wooden handle and used as a standard. The standard
belonged to a ‘Cult Servant’ and would have defined the owner’s social status.
Existence of a boar cult is well justified by splendid gold and silver jewelry depicting
boars from Vani settlement and cemetery, dated to the 5th-3th centuries BC (Fig. 19).

27
 A brilliant example of the goldsmith’s craftsmanship is known from Mtskheta - Arma-
ziskhevi grave 6,a boar-pendant which might have been used as a talisman (Fig. 19).
Possessions decorated with similar iconography (such as a boar, horse, deer, altar,
etc.) pointed not only to social status, but also to their owners’ beliefs. Graves of nobles
located in Kartli and Colchis contained plenty of grave goods related to Mithra and
decorated with symbols of this cult.
Pig cult was spread all over Georgia. According to the ethnographical data, a pig
was a positive animal and a symbol of abundance and wealth. Pigs were used in rit-
uals and ceremonies in holy places including a fire-place, wine cellar and forge. This
emphasizes holy and sacrificial character of this animal. In some cases, a pig is be-
lieved to have power for protecting from evil spirits and cure some diseases.
Boar/pig cult research has brought us to branch of Zoroastrian religion _ Mithra-
ism. The list of holy/sacrificial animals of God Mithra is not limited to a boar, but also
includes an ox, horse, dog, snake, crow and rooster.
Zoroastrianism was spread throughout the territory of Georgia during the Achae-
menidian period of time (6th- 4th centuries BC). This fact is evident by discovery of fire
temples and altars in Tsikhiagora, Uplistsikhe, Dedoplis Mindori, Samadlo, Vani, Gar-
tiskari, and Digmistavi. Nobles from Iberia-Colchis time, presumably, were practicing
Zoroastrian religion. A large number of cult objects originating from Iran have been
found in graves of the royal family and nobles. They indicate to their faith and beliefs.
Such objects include: silver ceremonial bowls - in the center of one bowl an eternal
fire altar with horse(s) in front of it is depicted and in the other one a boar and dog,
bronze censers - among them an ox bronze head was used as a Censer; Finger rings
with intaglio - depicting Mithras and his attributes.
The presence of a tortoise shell in the burial pit can be explained either by an ac-
cidental case or as a specifically performed ritual. Some small artifacts with tortoise
depictions have been discovered during a number of archaeological excavations,
which give credence to the idea of ritual. For example, bronze tortoise pendants from
Shilda sanctuary dated back to the 14th-12th centuries BC (Fig. 24). Similar pendants
are known from the Late Bronze Age Armenian archaeological sites. A very realistical-
ly depicted tortoise figure is known from Brili (8th-6th centuries BC) (Fig. 23). Finally,
a brilliant example of the goldsmith’s craftsmanship is a fine necklace with tortoise
pendants from Vani grave 11 (Fig. 25). Existence of these objects could be explained
by the existence of a tortoise cult, which came to the Caucasion region from the East.
According to the archaeological and ethnographical data, with this animal burial
pit we should consider animal ritual sacrifice, which demonstrates beliefs of the so-
ciety living there. Boar/pig cult became more active on the eve of BC and AD, when
Mithraism was widely spread throughout Georgia.
It is worth noting that a pig cult related rituals are still carried out in Georgia to
the present day. Pig cult should have existed in Georgia before Zoroastrianism and
Mithraism was spread there.It is proved by archaeological data proceeding the Ach-
aemenid period of time. After tight political, economic, cultural and religious commu-
nications with the Achaemenid world a bore/pig cult was spread widely throughout
Iberia-Colchis.

28
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31
 ilustraciebis aRweriloba

sur. 1. ilmazlos taxebiani samarxi. gaTxrebis procesi

sur. 2. ilmazlos taxebiani samarxi. gaTxrebis procesi
sur. 3. ilmazlos taxebiani samarxi
sur. 4. ilmazlos taxebiani samarxi
sur. 5. Sewiruli goWebis naSTebi ediqilisas namosaxlaridan
sur. 6. ediqilisas namosaxlarze Sewiruli goWebis Tixis mZiv-sakidebi
sur. 7. Roris skulpturebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan (m. kozenkovas
mixedviT)
sur. 8. taxis mcire figura narekvavis samarovnidan
sur. 9. vercxlis beWedi-sabeWdavi taxis gamosaxulebiT. vani. sa­­
marxi 19
sur.10. oqros samajurebi taxis gamosaxulebiT. vani. samarxi #11
sur.11. oqros firfitebi taxis gamosaxulebiT. vani. samarxi #16
sur.12. oqros diadema taxisa da lomebis Serkinebis sceniT. vani.
samarxi #11
sur.13. vercxlis pinaki. vani. samarxi #3
sur.14. vercxlis pinaki. zRuderi. sarkofagi #2
sur.15. Tixis ritoni taxis gamosaxulebiT. vani
sur.16. ritonis fragmenti taxis gamosaxulebiT qsanis arqelogi-
uri bazidan
sur.17. Roris skulpturis fragmenti mestiis muzeumidan
sur.18. Roris Tavis gamosaxulebiani sakidi uSgulis muzeumidan
sur. 19. oqros sakidi taxis gamosaxulebiT armazisxevidan. samarxi #6
sur. 20. sasanuri Tasi Weremidan
sur. 21. taxi skulptura linkolnSiridan (britaneTi)
sur. 22. oqros taxis skulptura xomila mohiladan (ukraina). skvi-
Turi xelovnebis nimuSi
sur. 23. sakidi kus gamosaxulebiT brilidan
sur. 24. sakidebi kus gamosaxulebiT Sildis samlocvelodan
sur. 25. oqros yelsabami vanidan. samarxi #11

32
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1. Boar grave from Ilmazlo (Georgia), excavation process

Fig. 2. Boar grave from Ilmazlo (Georgia), excavation process
Fig. 3. Boar grave from Ilmazlo (Georgia)
Fig. 4. Boar grave from Ilmazlo (Georgia)
Fig. 5. Sacrificed pigs from Edi-kilisa settlement (Georgia)
Fig. 6. Sacrificed pigs clay pendants from Edi-kilisa settlement (Georgia)
Fig. 7. Boar sculptures from North Caucasus, according to M. Kozenkova
Fig. 8. Boar bronze sculpture from Narekvavi cemetery (Georgia)
Fig. 9. Silver seal with boar depiction from Vani (Georgia), grave 19
Fig. 10. Gold bracelets with boar depiction from Vani (Georgia), grave 11
Fig. 11. Gold folium with boar depiction from Vani (Georgia), grave 16
Fig. 12. Gold diadem depicting lion and boar fight from Vani (Georgia), grave 11
Fig. 13. Silver plate from Vani (Georgia), grave 3
Fig. 14. Silver plate from Zguderi (Georgia), sarcophagus 2
Fig. 15. Boar shape clay vessel from Vani (Georgia)
Fig. 16. Fragment of boar shape clay vessel from Ksani (Georgia)
Fig. 17. Pig sculpture fragment from Mestia museum (Georgia)
Fig. 18. Pig head pendant from Ushguli museum (Georgia)
Fig. 19. Gold boar pendant from Armaziskhevi (Georgia), grave 6
Fig. 20. Sassanian vessel from Cheremi (Georgia)
Fig. 21. Boar sculpture from Lincolnshire (Great Britain)
Fig. 22. Gold boar sculpture from Khomila Mohila (Ukraine), Scythian art
Fig. 23. Tortoise pendant from Brili (Georgia)
Fig. 24. Tortoise pendants from Shilda sanctuary (Georgia)
Fig. 25. Tortoise gold necklace from Vani (Georgia), grave 11

33
 sur. 1 Fig. sur. 2 Fig.

sur. 3 Fig. sur. 4 Fig.

sur. 5 Fig. sur. 6 Fig.

sur. 7 Fig.

34
sur. 8 Fig. sur. 9 Fig.

sur. 10 Fig. sur.11 Fig.

sur. 12 Fig.

35
 sur.13 Fig. sur. 14 Fig.

sur.15 Fig. sur. 16 Fig.

sur. 17 Fig.
sur. 18 Fig.

sur. 19 Fig. sur. 20 Fig.

36
sur. 21 Fig. sur. 22 Fig.

sur. 23 Fig. sur. 24 Fig.

sur. 25 Fig.

37
 sarCevi
CONTENTS
andria afaqiZe _ 100................................................................................... 7

arqeologia
ARCHAEOLOGY

giorgi gogoWuri, irma berZeniSvili

taxis/Roris kulti qarTul arqeologiasa da eTnokulturaSi. 10
George Gogochuri, Irma Berdzenishvili
Boar/Pig Cult in Georgian Archaeology and Ethnic Culture

nino CxartiSvili
brinjaos mrgvali balTebi...................................................................... 38
Nino Chkhartishvili
Round Bronze Buckles

daviT lomitaSvili, nino qebulaZe, nikoloz murRulia, ana TvaraZe

axali aRmoCena noqalaqevidan................................................................. 52
David Lomitashvili, Nino Kebuladze, Nikoloz Murgulia, Ana Tvaradze
New Discovery from Nokalakevi

nana maTiaSvili
kolxuri TeTris elinistur xanaSi mimoqcevis sakiTxisaTvis..... 67
Nana Matiashvili
FFor Circulation of Colchian Tetri in the Hellenistic Period

nazi xundaZe, lali axalaia

ufliscixis sarkiseburzedapiriani WurWeli................................... 77
Nazi Khundadze, Lali Akhalaia
Smooth Surfaced Vessels from Uplistsikhe

besik lorTqifaniZe, nikoloz murRulia

svaneTi bizantia-sasanianTa sparseTis urTierTobaSi V-VI
saukuneebSi................................................................................................... 95
Besik Lortkifanidze, Nikoloz Murgulia
Svaneti in Relationship with Byzantium and Sassanian Iran in the 5th-6th cс

giorgi maxaraZe, daviT berikaSvili

Aarqeologiuri gaTxrebi TxoTis mTaze............................................. 117
George Makharadze, David Berikashvili
Archaeolgoical Excavations Conducted on Tkhoti Mountain St. Nino’s Church

zurab TvalWreliZe, nodar baxtaZe, jimSer Cxvimiani, Tengiz meSveliani

qvemo qarTlSi mikvleuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sacxovreblis
534
ucnobi saxeoba........................................................................................... 128
Zurab Tvalchrelidze, Nodar bakhtadze, Jimsher Chkhvimiani, Tengiz Meshveliani
An Unknown Type of Georgian Middle Ages Dwelling Found in Kvemo Kartli

margalita Cemia†, ia axvlediani, izolda kaxniaSvili,

zurab oqroscvariZe, givi inaniSvili
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili Sua saukuneebis iranis mxatvruli
keramikis warmomavlobis sakiTxisaTvis............................................ 159
Margalita Chemia †, Ia Akhvlediani, Izolda kakhniashvili,
Zurab Oqroscvaridze, Givi Inanishvili
The Origin of Medieval Iranian Ornamental Ceramics Found in Georgia

numizmatika
NUMISMATICS

medea Serozia
aleqsandre makedonelis stateris minabaZi sofel patara
mejvrisxevidan........................................................................................... 172
Medea Sherozia
Imitation of Alexander of Macedon’s Stater from Village Patara Mejvriskhevi

medea wowelia
dedofal buranis draqma........................................................................ 183
Medea Tsotselia
Queen Buran’s Drachm

medea wowelia, mariam qoriZe

kondoulis ganZi........................................................................................ 195
Medea Tsotselia, Mariam Qoridze
The Kondouli Hoard

TinaTin quTelia, ciala RvaberiZe

inCxuris ganZi............................................................................................. 212
Tinatin Kutelia, Tsiala Ghvaberidze
The Inchkhuri Hoard

maia patariZe
berlinis muzeumSi daculi iSviaTi qarTuli monetis
atribuciisaTvis....................................................................................... 219
Maia Pataridze
For the Attribution of the Rare Georgian Coin Preserved in the Berlin Museum

TinaTin quTelia
XVIII saukunis spilenZis fulis ganZebi.............................................. 228
Tinatin Kutelia
The 18th Century Copper Coin Hoards

535
 gliptika
GLYPTICS
qeTevan javaxiSvili
arqeologiuri kompleqsi sofel Tokidan........................................ 235
Qetevan Javakhishvili
Archaeological Complex from Village Toki

eTnografia/eTnologia
ETHNOGRAPHY/ETHNOLOGY
irakli baqraZe
sabrZolo laxtebi xmlisebur-Wviruli dekoriT.......................... 239
Irakli Bakradze
Fighting Maces with Saber-Openwork Decoration

marine bokuCava
aramarkirebuli rusuli WurWeli....................................................... 259
Marine Bokuchava
Unmarked Russian Dishes (Based on materials of fund)

Tamar gelaZe
qiziyis sameurneo yofis istoriidan................................................. 269
Tamar Geladze
From History of Economic Life of Kiziki

cisana kakabaZe
dasavleT saqarTvelos xelosanTa rwmena-warmodgenebi ............ 282
Tsisana kakabadze
Belief-Ideas of West Georgian Handicraftsmen

istoria
HYSTORY

marine buleiSvili
osi xalxi da saqarTvelo........................................................................ 291
Marine Buleishvili
Ossetian People and Georgia
oTar janeliZe
kaxeTis 1802 wlis protesti da politikuri Sefasebebi .............. 300
Otar Janelidze
The 1802 Year Political Protest in Kakheti

qeTevan muSkudiani, manana xizaniSvili

kavkasiis flora – faunis mkvlevari poloneli naturalisti
ludvig mlokoseviCi................................................................................ 313
Ketevan Mushkudiani, Manana Khizanishvili
Ludwig Mlokosevich – Pole naturalist, Researcher of Caucasian Flora and Fauna

536
 xelovnebaTmcodneoba
ART CRITICISM

ermile maRraZe
vanis naqalaqarSi gamovlenili saoqromWedlo xelsawyo _
kolxuri xufi............................................................................................. 323
Ermile Magradze
Manifesting of the Early Antique Goldsmith Workshop in Site of Ancient Vani on
the Example of “Colchian Cover”

iulon gagoSiZe, giorgi gagoSiZe

vercxlis Tasi Wermisxevidan................................................................ 341
Iulon Gagoshidze, George Gagoshidze
Silver Bowl from Chermiskhevi

irma mamasaxlisi
erTawmindis eklesiis siZveleebi (Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis
xelovnebis muzeumis saganZuridan).................................................... 351
Irma Mamasakhlisi
Antiquities of Ertatsminda Сhurch (From the Treasury of the Shalva Amiranashvili
Museum of the Fine Arts)

irina gugunava
derviSis atributi – qaSquli (saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumis koleqciidan)........................................................................ 366
Irina Gugunava
Dervish Attribute- Kashkul (From the Collection of the Georgian National
Museum)

naTia Zigua, irina gugunava

Sua saukuneebis islamuri liTonmqandakeblobis kvleva
(teqnologiuri da mxatvrul-stilisturi Taviseburebani) ...... 373
Natia Dzigua, Irina Gugunava
Research of Medieval Islamic Metalwork (Technological and Stylistic Peculiarities)

naTia demuriSvili
ardebilis Cinaxanes faifuri saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi
(damatebiTi cnobebi)................................................................................. 399
Natia Demurishvili
Chīnī-khāneh porcelain of Ardabil in the Georgian
National Museum (Revisited)

nino giorgobiani
dadianiseuli kretsabmeli.................................................................... 412
Nino Giorgobiani

537
Dadiani’s Veil of the Royal Door
eka berelaSviliE
axali masala XVII saukunis naqargobis istoriidan......................... 431
Eka Berelashvili
New Materials Сoncerning the History of the 17th Сentury Georgian Embroidery

lili giorgobiani
abstraqtuli azrovneba Tanamedrove qarTul plastikur
xelovnebaSi................................................................................................. 447
Lili Giorgobiani
Abstract Thinking in Modern Georgian Art

samuzeumo saqme
MUSEOLOGY

manana alfeniZe
zogierTi cnoba Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis
muzeumis biblioTekis Seqmnis Sesaxeb................................................ 464
Manana Alfenidze
Some References Concerning the Foundation of the Shalva Amiranashvili
­Museum of Fine Arts Library

Temur SariqaZe
memorialuri eqsponatebis kvlevisaTvis (meore nawili)............. 469
Temur Sharikadze
For Studyng of Memoriable Exhibits (Part Two)

qronika........................................................................................................ 494

mogonebebi
MEMORIES

parmen (napo) zaqaraia -100...................................................................... 513

abesalom vekua........................................................................................... 517
TinaTin kereseliZe ................................................................................. 519
izolda (zoto) CxartiSvili.................................................................. 521
noe (baCana) afxazava................................................................................. 524
mariam (mari) loria................................................................................... 526
cicino CxeiZe.............................................................................................. 527
vaJa varazaSvili........................................................................................ 528
guram nemsaZe............................................................................................... 530
lamara JorJikaSvili............................................................................... 532

538
 SemoklebaTa ganmarteba

an. – anaweri `moambe~ – saqarTvelos mec­

aJ – arqeologiuri Jurnali nierebaTa akademiis Jurnali
(akademikos Salva amiranaSvi- mska – masalebi saqarTvelosa
lis saxelobis saqarTvelos xe- da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis
lovnebis muzeumi) mski – masalebi saqarTvelosa
aR. – aRweriloba da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis
bamS – baTumis arqeologiis msmki – masalebi saqarTvelos
muzeumis Sromebi materialuri kulturis isto-
georgika – bizantieli mwerlebis riisaTvis
cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mcxeTa – mcxeTa. arqeologiuri
giem – goris istoriul-­ kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi
eTnografiuli muzeumi nakv. – nakveTi
gf – ganZebis fondi narkvevebi – Salva amiranaSvi-
gf – gliptikis fondi lis saxelobis saqarTvelos xe-
enimkis `moambe” – enis, istori- lovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis
isa da materialuri kulturis narkvevebi
krebuli sainv. – sainventaro
es. – winaswarmetyveleba esaiasi sdsZ – samxreT-dasavleT saqa-
TsuS – Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni­ rTvelos Zeglebi
versitetis Sromebi seb – saqarTvelos erovnuli
iberia-kolxeTi – Jurnali sa­ biblioTeka
qa­r­T­velos klasikuri da adre­ sem – saqarTvelos erovnuli
medievuri periodebis arqeolo- muzeumi
giur-istoriuli kvlevani semm – saqarTvelos erovnuli
kaef –kavkasiis arqeologia, eT- muzeumis „moambe”
nologia, folkloristika secsa – saqarTvelos erovnuli
kaeS – kaxeTis arqeologiuri centraluri saistorio arqivi
eqspediciis Sromebi
siem – svaneTis istoriisa da eT-
kaZ – kavTisxevis arqeologiu- nografiis muzeumi
ri Ziebani
sm – saistorio moambe
mae – mcxeTis arqeologiuri
sma – saqarTvelos mecniereba-
eqspedicia
Ta akademia
`macne~ – saqarTvelos
smam – saqarTvelos mecniereba-
mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurna- Ta akademiis „moambe“
li. istoriis, arqeologiis, eT-
ssm – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
nografiisa da xelovnebis isto-
riis seria muzeumi
mmm – givi eliavas saxelobis ssma – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis arqivi
muzeumi

539
ssmbpf – simon janaSias saxelo-
bis saqarTvelos muzeumis bur-
Juaziuli periodis dokumentu-
ri fondi
ssmm – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumis `moambe~
ssu – soxumis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti
suia – saqarTvelos uaxlesi is-
toriis arqivi
sjim – samcxe-javaxeTis isto-
riuli muzeumi
sxsma – saqarTvelos xelovnebis
saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivi
sxsm – saqarTvelos xelovnebis
saxelmwifo muzeumi
sxmss (mT) – S.amiranaSvilis
saxelobis saqarTvelos xe-
lovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis
samecniero sesia. moxsenebaTa
Tezisebi
f. – fondi
fsaZ – feodaluri saqarTvelos
arqeologiuri Zeglebi
Ziebani saqarTvelos
arqeologiaSi – saqarTvelos
erovnuli muzeumis oT.lorTqi-
faniZis saxelobis
arqeologiis centris Jurnali
Zm – „Zeglis megobari“
qsim – quTaisis saxelmwifo is-
toriul muzeumi
qse – qarTuli sabWoTaA encik-
lopedia
qZ – qarTuli monetebis ZiriTa-
di fondi
qc – qarTlis cxovreba
cim – varlam maxarobliZis
saxelobis cageris istoriuli
muzeumi
Sesaqm. – Sesaqme
xec _ xelnawerTa erovnuli
540
centri
АГСП – Античные государства
Северного Причерноморья
АКАК – Акты, собранные Кавказской
археографической комиссией
АН – Академия наук
ВДИ – Вестник древней истории
ГИМ– Государственный Исторический
Музей г. Москва
Д. – Дело
ИАНАССР – Известия Академии наук
Азербайджанской ССР
ЗКОРГО – Записки казказского отдела
русского географического общества
КК – Кавказский календарь
КОИРГО – Кавказскии отдел
и м п е р а то р с к о го русского
географичесского общества
КСИА – Краткие сообщения институ-
та археологии СССР
КСИИМК – Краткие сообщения о
докладах и полевых исследованиях
Института истории материальной
культуры АН СССР
КСХ – Кавказское сельское хозяй-
ство
МАК – Материалы по археологии
Кавказа
МАР – Материалы по археологии
России
МИА – Материалы и исследова-
ния по археологии СССР. Институт
археологии АН СССР
МИЭБГКЗК – Материалы по
изучению экономического быта
государственных крестьян
Закавказского края
МСЭ – Малая советская энциклопедия
НЭ - Нумизматика и эпиграфика
ОП – Опись
ПАИ – Полевые археологические
иследования (Краткие сообшения) JGM – Simon Janashia Georgian Museum
ПАК – Проблемы античной культуры JNSI – The Journal of the Numismatic
РГАСПИ – Российский государствен- Society of India
ный архив социально-политической KlPaul – Der Kleine Pauly – Lexikon der
истории Antike
СА – Советская археология KSHM – Kutaisi State History Museum
САИ – Свод археологических MLM – Martvili Local Museum
источников. LIMC – Lexicon Iconographicum
САНГ – Сообщения Академии Наук Mythologiae Classicae
Грузии NC – The Numismatic Chronicle
СМОМПК - Сборник материалов NCM – National Center of Manuscripts
для описания местностей и племён S-JHM – Samtskhe-Javakheti History
Кавказа Museum
СЭ – Советская этнография SMHE – Svaneti Museum Of History
ТАИЯЛИ – Труды Абхазского института and Ethnography
языка, литературы и истории ST.IR – Studia Iranica
ТОНГЭ – Труди отдела нумизматики THESCRA – Thesaurus Cultus et Ritu-
государственного Эрмитажа um Antiquorum
Ф. – Фонд TSHM – Tsageri History Museum
ЦГАА – Центральный государствен- REGC – Revue des etudes Georgiennes
ный архив Абхазии et Caucasiennes
ЦГИАР – Центральный PBF – Prehistorische Bronze Funde
государственный исторический
архив России
ANS _ The American Numismatic So-
ciety
ANS, MN _ The American Numismatic
Society, museum notes
AMITEM – Ancient Mining in Turkey
and the Eastern Mediteranean
AJA – American Journal of Archaeology
AS – Anatolian studies. Journal of the
British Institute of Archaeology at An-
kara
BSA – The annual of the British School
of Athens
BCH – Bulletin de Correspondance
Hellenique
EAA – Enciclopedia dell’Arte Antica
GNM – Georgian National Museum

541
koordinatori nino daTunaSvili
Coordinater Nino Datunashvili

stilist-redaqtori nino nadaraia

Editor Nino Nadaraia

mTargmneli medea wowelia

Translator Medea Tsotselia

kompiuteruli grafika da dizaini: irakli devdariani,

irakli xuciSvili.
Computer and graphic design: Irakli Devdariani, Irakli Khutsishvili.

teqnikuri jgufi: cisnami gaboZe, qeTevan saxvaZe,

salome svanaZe
Technical stuff: Tsisnami Gabodze, Ketevan Sakhvadze, Salome Svanadze

542