Syn MC Phasor Diagram Part 1.ppsx

Flux and MMF Phasors
The flux produced by field winding
MMF is sinusoidal
MMF Flux is sinusoidal
1 3 3 1
No of 2 4 4 2
conductors
Therefore, Induced
armature voltage is
sinusoidal.
Flux and MMF Phasors
Consider cylindrical rotor alternator operation.
Case 1: No Load Operation
Alternator is rotated at syn speed by prime mover
Field wdg is excited
Armature voltage is induced which is given by
Va0=Vt0=Ef=4.44 f Tph Φf Kw
Ef= No load voltage, Excitation voltage or Excitation emf.
Tph= Turns per phase of arm wdg.
Φf = Flux per pole produced by field winding
Kw= Winding Factor
Generated emf lags the flux by 900.
No Load Voltage,
Ef Ef
Excitation Voltage
Φf
Axis of Field
900
Ff Φf
Alternator phasor diagram at no load

Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load
Y2 B1
Axis of Field
R1 R2
Ff N S
Φf ω
B2 Y1
N pole rotate anticlockwise
Conductor R1 moves clockwise.
Axis of armature
winding R1R2 Y2 B1
S
Fa
Axis of Field
R1 Φa
R2
Ff N S
Φf ω
B2 NY1
Emf is induced with dot polarity in R1 (RHR)
In R2 cross polarity
N pole rotate anticlockwise
Conductor R1 moves clockwise.
Axis of armature
winding R1R2 Y2 B1
S
Resultant air gap flux
Φr Fa
Axis of Field
R1 Φa
R2
Ff N S
Φf ω
B2 N Y1
Emf is induced with dot polarity in R1 (RHR)
In R2 cross polarity
Ef
ω
Axis of armature
winding R1R2 ω Ia
Resultant air gap flux
Φr Fa
Axis of Field Te Fr Φa
Time-phasor
Ff diagram of Ef
ω and Ia at upf
Electromagnetic Φf
torque Te is towards
resultant mmf or flux.
Space-phasor diagram of mmf and flux
It is a Rotor which Ef
has to move
clockwise due to Te
ω S
Attraction Ia
Φr Fa
Te Fr Φa
Ff N S
Φf
Repultion N
Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at upf

It is a Rotor which Ef Te and ω are in
has to move opposite direction
clockwise due to Te Generator Operation
ω S
Attraction Ia Field poles are
Φr Fa leading to arm
Te Fr Φa poles w r t Te.
Ff N S
Arm reaction
Φf mmf is cross-
Repultion N magnetizing at
upf.
Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at upf
Case 3: Zero Power Factor Lagging Load
Ef
Arm reaction mmf
is de-magnetizing
Ff -Fa=Fr at zero pf lagging.
ω
Φf - Φa= Φr
Te
Φr
Ff Φf Fr Φa Fa Ia
Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at

zero pf lagging
Case 4: Zero Power Factor Leading Load
Ef
Arm reaction mmf
is magnetizing at
Ff +Fa=Fr zero pf leading.
ω
Φf + Φa= Φr Ia Fa Φ
a
Te
Φr
Fr Ff Φf
Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at

zero pf leading
Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load
Load with lagging
Ef pf is common load
Ff +Fa=Fr
Φf + Φa= Φr
ω Φ
Fr Ia
Te Φr
Fa
ψ Φa
Ff Φf
Combined Space and Time Phasor Diagram

at Lagging Power Factor load
Two mmfs are sinusoidaly distributed along
the air gap periphery.
The relative velocity between the two mmfs
is zero.
Ψ=90+Φ
Due to uniform air gap
Φ
Ia
Φr
Fa Φf Φa
ψ Φa
Ff Φf Φr
ψ
Er= Air gap voltage
Ef
Er
Ψ=90+Φ
Φ
900 Ia
Φr
Fa Er
ψ Φa
Ff Φf Φr
jIaXm Er= Air gap voltage
jIaxl
From air gap voltage,
Ef
subtract leakage
Er
Ψ=90+Φ impedance drop
Φ jIaxl and Iara
Ia Iara
Φr Terminal voltage
Fa
ψ Φa or bus voltage is
Ff Φf Vt obtained
In air gap voltage, add
Mutual Inductance
drop, jIaXm
No load voltage Ef is obtained
jIaXm
jIaxl
Ef
Er
Vt Iara Ef
Φr
Φf
Φa Vt
Φf
Φa
Φr Er
jIaXs Xm+xl =Xs
jIaXm jI x
a l
Ef
Er
Ψ=90+Φ
Φ Iara
Ia
Vt
jIaXs Xm+xl =Xs
Thus voltage equation of
Ef cyl. rotor generator is
Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ δ
For generator Ef leads Vt
Φ θ Iara
Ψ=90+ δ+θ Ia
for generator
The angle between Vt
and Ia is θ, power factor
Vt
The angle between Ef angle
and Ia is Φ=δ+θ, internal The angle between Vt
displacement angle or and Ef is δ, power angle,
internal power factor torque angle or load
angle angle
¯f
E
Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
¯t
V Actualy variables are
Ψ=90+ δ+θ δ phasors
for generator E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X s
θ
Ef leads to Vt Ia
for Generator
Ef Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
Vt If resistance is
Ψ=(90+ δ+θ) <180 δ neglected
for generator
θ Ef=Vt+jIaXs
Ia
Ef cosδ > Vt Over-excited

P=+ ve Supplying
Q=+ ve Supplying
Unity Power Factor
jIaXs Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
Ef Vt If resistance is
Ψ=90+ δ+θ δ neglected
for generator
Ef=Vt+jIaXs
Ia
Ef cosδ = Vt Nominal-excited
P=+ ve Supplying
Q=0
Leading Power Factor
q-axis
Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
Vt If resistance is
Ef δ neglected
Ia Ef=Vt+jIaXs
θ
Ef cosδ < Vt Under-excited
P=+ ve Supplying
d-axis Q= - ve Absorbing
Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor
For motor arm current is
opposite wrt generator
Ia= -Ia
Axis of armature Consider
winding R1R2 Y2 B1
N lagging
current
Axis of Field I for Gen
R1 Φf a
R2
N S
Φr -Ia
B2 S Y1
Voltage applied with cross polarity to R1 (RHR) and
to R2 with dot polarity
It is a Rotor which
has to move
anticlockwise
Axis of armature
winding R1R2 N
Repultion
Axis of Field Ia
ω Φf
N S
Φr -Ia
Attraction S
It is a Rotor which Te and ω are in
has to move same direction
anticlockwise
Electromagnetic
Axis of armature torque Te is towards
winding R1R2 N resultant mmf or flux.
Repultion Te is from N of
Axis of Field Ia field pole to S
ω Φf
N S of arm pole
Te Φr -Ia Field poles are
Attraction S DRAGGED behind
Field poles are the resultant air gap
lagging to arm poles. flux or by arm poles.
This is a motor operation
Vt Thus voltage equation of

cyl. rotor motor is
Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs
Ψ=90+Φ
Ef For motor Vt
Ψ=90+ θ-δ δ leads to Ef
for motor
The angle between Vt
θ and Ia is θ, power factor
Ia
The angle between Ef angle
and Ia is Φ=θ-δ, internal The angle between Vt
displacement angle or and Ef is δ, power angle,
internal power factor torque angle or load
angle angle
P=+ ve Absorbing
Ef cosδ < Vt
Q=+ ve Absorbing
Under-excited
Vt Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs
Vt Ef If resistance is
δ neglected
δ Ef Vt=Ef+jIaXs
θ
Ia
θ Ψ=(90+ θ – δ) <180
Ia for motor
Phasor Diagram at Lagging Power Factor

Unity Power Factor
jIaXs Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs
Vt If resistance is
Ef
δ neglected
Vt=Ef+jIaXs
Ia
Ef cosδ = Vt Nominal-excited Ψ=(90+ θ – δ) <180

for motor
P=+ ve Absorbing
Q=0
Leading Power Factor

Ef
Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs
Vt
If resistance is
δ neglected
Vt=Ef+jIaXs
Ia θ
Ef cosδ > Vt Over-excited

P=+ ve Absorbing
Q= - ve Supplying
Salient Pole Synchronous Generator
In cyl rotor, air gap is uniform.
The arm flux is independent of spatial orientation
wrt field poles.
In salient pole, air gap is not uniform.
The reluctance along d axis is much smaller than
q axis.
The arm flux is greater along d axis than along q
axis.
Resolve arm mmf along d axis and along q axis.
D - Axis
Arm wdg along D-axis ARMATURE MMF
ARMATURE
Q - Axis
Arm wdg along Q-axis
FIELD
In cyl rotor, air gap is uniform.
The arm flux is independent of spatial orientation
wrt field poles.
In salient pole, air gap is not uniform.
The reluctance along d axis is much smaller than
q axis.
The arm flux is greater along d axis than along q
axis.
Resolve arm mmf along d axis and along q axis.
So two mmf along d axis and one mmf along q
axis
Consider arm current Ia lagging to Ef by 900.
Ef D Q D
Ff -Fa=Fr
Φf - Φa= Φr ω Φf
Φa
Te Φr
Φr
Ff Φ F Φa Fa
f r Ia
N S
Combined Space and
Time phasor diagram Demagnetizing action
Resultant flux decreases.
Consider arm current Ia leading to Ef by 900.
Ef D Q D
Ff +Fa=Fr
Φf + Φa= Φr ω Φr
Φf
Te F Φa
Φr Ia a Φa
Ff Φ
Fr f
N S
Combined Space and
Time phasor diagram Magnetizing action
Resultant flux increases.
Consider arm current Ia is in phase with Ef.
Ef D Q D
Ff +Fa=Fr ω
Φf +Φa= Φr Φf Φa
Ia
Fa Saddle shape
Te Φa
Ff Φ Fa
f
N S
Combined Space and Along q axis, air gap is max.
Time phasor diagram
More reluctance, less flux
Ef D Q D
ω
Ia
Fa Saddle shape
Te Φa
Ff Φ Fa
f
N S
Combined Space and Saddle flux consists of
Time phasor diagram Fundamental
& 3rd harmonic component
Thus distorted resultant flux is obtained
Ef D Q D
ω
Ia
Fa Saddle shape
Te Φa
Ff Φ Fa
f
N S
Combined Space and So emf consists of
Time phasor diagram fundamental & 3rd
harmonic component
Thus it can be concluded that
If Ia lags Ef by 900, then there is demagnetizing
action
If Ia leads Ef by 900, then there is magnetizing
action
If Ia is in phase with Ef, then resultant flux is
distorted containing 3rd harmonic flux.
In actual practice, Ia lags Ef due to industrial and
domestic load.
Arm mmf Fa produces effect on both axes d and q.
Id=IasinΦ Iq=IacosΦ Fd=FasinΦ Fq=FacosΦ
Two MMFs along d axis
Ef One MMFs along q axis
Iq The voltage drop due to
Ia
Id =jIdXd
Fq Φ
Fa jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
ψ Φa
Ff Φ The voltage drop due to
f Fd Id Iq =jIqXq
jIqXq= jIqXmq+ jIqxql
Id=IasinΦ Iq=IacosΦ Fd=FasinΦ Fq=FacosΦ
Two MMFs along d axis
Ef Er jIaxl One MMFs along q axis
Iq Iara The voltage drop due to
Vt Ia
Fr Id =jIdXd
Fq Φ
Fa jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
ψ Φa
Ff Φ The voltage drop due to
f Fd Id Iq =jIqXq
jIqXmq
Ef jIdXmd
jIdXd jIaXm jIqxql
q Er jIdxdl
jIaxl
Id IdXd Iara
Vt
Iq
Ia jIqXq
ψ
d Id IqXq
Iq
jIqXmq jIqxql
Ef
jIdXmd
q jIdxdl
Iara
Vt
Iq
Ia
ψ Id
d
jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
jIqjIXX
mq jIqxql
q q
Voltage equation of Ef jIdXd
salient pole Syn Gen. jIdXmd
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq q jIdxdl
δ Iara
Vt
Iq θ
Ia Ψ=(90+δ+θ) <180
ψ Id
d
jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
Simplified Phasor Diagram
for Lagging Power Factor jIqXq= jIqXmq+ jIqxql
Phasor Diagram for Unity Power Factor
Voltage equation of jIqXq

salient pole Syn Gen. Ef jIdXd
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq
q
Ef leads to Vt δ Vt Iara
for generator
Iq Ia
θ=0 Ψ=(90+δ+θ) <180
ψ
d Id
Phasor Diagram for Leading Power Factor
Voltage equation of jIqXq

salient pole Syn Gen. Ef jIdXd
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq Iara
Vt
q
δ
Ia
Iq θ
Ψ=(90+[δ-θ]) <180
ψ
d
Id
Phasor Diagram for Leading Power Factor
Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Gen.
Iara
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq jIdXd
Ef jIqXq Vt
q
δ
Ia Iq
θ
Ψ=(90-[θ- δ]) <180
ψ
d
Id
Salient Pole Synchronous Motor
Iara jIqXq
Voltage equation of Vt jIdXd
salient pole Syn Motor
Ia=-Ia, wrt Gen
Ef
Vt=Ef +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq δ q
Vt leads to Ef by δ,for motor Iq θ
ψ Ia
Consider Lagging Power
d Id
Factor operation
Phasor Diagram for
Lagging Power Factor
Ψ=90+(θ-δ)<180
Voltage equation of Iara jIqXq E

f
salient pole Syn Motor jIdXd
Ia=-Ia, wrt Gen Vt
Vt=Ef +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq δ

q
Vt leads to Ef by δ,for motor Ia Iq
ψ θ=0
Consider Unity Power
Factor operation d Id
Phasor Diagram for Ψ=(90-δ) <180
Unity Power Factor
jIqXq
Ef
Voltage equation of Iara
jIdXd
salient pole Syn Motor Vt
Ia=-Ia, wrt Gen δ
q
Vt=Ef +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq
Iq
Vt leads to Ef by δ,for motor Ia θ
Consider Leading Power ψ
Factor operation d Id
Phasor Diagram for
Leading Power Factor Ψ=(90-θ-δ) <180
Salient Pole Synchronous Machines
Phasor Diagram of Saturated Machines
Ef
Saturation means more flux.
More flux is along d axis.
Iara
Under saturation
reactance is negligible. q Vt
So under saturation Xd is δ
Iq θ
negligible. Ia
Value of Xq is fixed ψ
d Id
Voltage eqn for Generator
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIaXq Phasor Diagram is Similar
to Cyl. Rotor Generator
Salient Pole Synchronous Machines
Phasor Diagram of Saturated Machines
Vt
Saturation means more flux.
More flux is along d axis. Iara
Under saturation Ef
reactance is negligible. q
δ
So under saturation Xd is
negligible. Iq θ Ia
Value of Xq is fixed ψ
d Id
Voltage eqn for Motor
Vt=Ef +Iara +jIaXq Phasor Diagram is Similar
to Cyl. Rotor Motor
Analysis of Phasor Diagram
In the problem, generally Vt or Vb or Va, Ia, power
factor angle θ, Xd, Xq are given.
But for calculating Id and Iq, the power angle δ must
be known.
For this purpose, analysis of phasor diagram is
required.
First consider the phasor diagram of salient pole syn
generator at lagging power factor.
Analysis of Phasor Diagram
First draw a perpendicular line from tip of Iara for
GEN.
Since it is perpendicular to Iara, it is a reactance drop
jIaX
jIqXq From tip of Iara,draw perpendicular
Ef jIdXd line on ob
b
Ef Extend Ia line
’
a Consider triangle oa’b and acb
c
Vt Iara Therefore bac= δ+θ
δ a’
Iq x ab=IaX ac=ab cos(δ+θ)
θ
Ia ab=IaXq IqXq=IaX cos(δ+θ)
o Id IqXq=IqX
Xq=X (1)
Ef ’=ob=Vt +Iara +jIaXq =[Mag] δ
Thus δ is calculated
jIqXq The δ can also be calculated from Δoa’b
Ef jIdXd a ' b a ' a  ab
tan     
b
Ef 
’ oa' ox  xa'
a Vt sin   I a X q
c
Vt Iara  ...........(2)
δ a’ Vt cos  I a ra
Iq x
θ
Ia
o Id
Now obtain Ef - Ef’
bd  cd  cb
jIqXq  I d X d  I a X q sin(    )
Ef d
b jIdXd  Id X d  Id X q
Ef
’  ( X d  X q )Id
a
c =+ve So Ef >Ef ’
Vt Iara
δ a’
x Phasor diagram is correct.
Iq θ
Ia Ef =Ef ’+bd
o Id  E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  ( X d  X q ) I d ... (3)
Consider Syn Gen with Leading Power Factor
First draw a perpendicular line from tip
of Iara for (GEN)
a Iara Since it is perpendicular to
d Iara, it is a reactance drop jIaX
a’
jIdXd Vt ab=jIaX
c
Efb jIqXq From tip of Iara,draw
Ef perpendicular line on ob
e
’ δ
e’ Iq Extend Ia line
Ia θ Draw line parallel to ae
Id o
Consider Syn Gen with Leading Power Factor
Consider triangles abd and obe
θ- δ Angle dab=θ- δ
d a Iara ad=ab cos(θ-δ)
a’
jIdXd Vt IqXq=IaX cos(θ-δ)
c IqXq=IqX
Efb jIqXq
Ef Xq=X ……(1)
e
’ δ
e’ Iq Ef ’=Vt+Iara+jIaXq=[Mag] δ
Ia θ
Thus δ is calculated
Id o
The δ can also be calculated from Δoeb
eb ea  ab
tan     
θ- δ oe oe'e' e
d a Iara Vt sin   I a X q
a’  ...........(2)
jIdXd Vt Vt cos  I a ra
c
Now obtain Ef - Ef’
Efb jIqXq
Ef bc  bd  dc
e
’ δ  I a X q sin(    )  I d X d
e’ Iq
 Id X q  Id X d
Ia θ
 I d ( X q  X d ) =Negative
Id o So Ef ’ >Ef Phasor diagram is not correct.
Ef =Ef ’- bc  E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  I d ( X d  X q ) ... (3)
Now consider the phasor diagram of salient
pole syn MOTOR at lagging power factor.
θ-δ
Iara jIqXq d
First draw a perpendicular line c
from base of Iara for MOTOR. Vt jIdXd
Extend Ia line
b Ef
bc is perpendicular to Ia, so Ef ’e
must be reactive drop IaX δ
I a
Consider Δ oab and bcd q θ
Ia
bcd =θ-δ
Id
bc=IaX cd=bc cos(θ-δ) =IaX cos(θ-δ) o
IqXq =IqX
Xq =X…………(1)
θ-δ
Iara jIqXq d
Ef ’= Vt- Iara- jIaXq c
V jIdXd
=[Mag] δ t
Thus δ is calculated b Ef
The δ can also be calculated from Δoab Ef ’e
ab ac  bc δ a’
tan      Iq a
oa oa ' aa ' θ
Ia
Vt sin   I a X q
 ...........(2) Id
Vt cos  I a ra o
θ-δ
Now obtain Ef ’- Ef Iara jIqXq d
be  de  db c jIdXd
 I d X d  I a X q sin(    ) Vt
 Id X d  Id X q b Ef
 I d ( X d  X q ) =Positive Ef ’e
δ a’
Ef’ >Ef Phasor diagram is correct. Iq a
θ
Ef =Ef ’- be Ia
Id
 E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  I d ( X d  X q ) ... (3) o
pole syn MOTOR at leading power factor.
First draw a perpendicular line
jIqXq d
from base of Iara for MOTOR.
jI X c Ef
and extend Ia line d d
Iara Ef
bc is perpendicular to Ia, so
θ+δ ’
must be reactive drop IaX a’ Vt b e
From base of Iara,draw a δ
perpendicular line on od Iq
Ia θ
Consider Δ bce and oac
cbe =θ+δ
Id o
bc=IaX, be=bc cos(θ+δ) =IaX cos(θ+δ)
IqXq=IqX
 Xq =X…………(1)
jIqXq d
Ef ’= Vt- Iara- jIaXq jIdXd c Ef
=[Mag] δ Iara Ef
Thus δ is calculated θ+δ ’
a’ Vt b e
The δ can also be calculated from Δoac
a δ
ac ab  bc
tan      I Iq
oa oa ' aa ' a θ
Vt sin   I a X q
 ...........(2)
Vt cos  I a ra Id o
Now obtain Ef - Ef ’ jIqXq d

cd  de  ce jIdXd c Ef
 I d X d  I a X q sin(    ) Iara Ef
 Id X d  Id X q θ+δ ’
a’ Vt b e
 I d ( X d  X q ) =Positive
a δ
Ef >Ef ’ Phasor diagram is correct. Ia θ Iq
Ef =Ef ’+cd
 E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  I d ( X d  X q ) ... (3) Id o
Example
A salient pole synchronous generator has

the following per unit parameters:
Xd=1.2, Xq=0.8, ra=0.025
Compute the excitation voltage Ef on a per unit basis,
when the generator is delivering rated kVA at rated
voltage and
at power factor of (a) 0.8 lagging and (b) 0.8 leading
Solution
The voltage equation for salient pole syn
generator is:
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq Ef is always
jIqXq along q axis
Ef First calculate δ
jIdXd
Ef ’=Vt +Iara +jIaXq
(a) With Vt as a reference phasor,
Vt =Rated voltage Vt =1.00+j0.00
Vt Iara
δ θ For rated kVA, Ia= Rated value
Iq Ia Ia =1.00 -36.9 For 0.8 pf lagging
=0.8 - j0.6
Id Iara =(0.8 - j0.6)(0.25)
=(0.02 - j0.015)
Solution
jIaXq = j(0.8 - j0.6)(0.8)
= (0.48 +j0.64)
Ef ’=Vt +Iara +jIaXq
jIqXq
=(1.00+j0.00)+ (0.02 - j0.015)+
Ef jIdXd (0.48 +j0.64)
= 1. 5 +j0.625
= 1. 625 22.62
Vt Iara δ=22.620 and δ+θ=22.62+36.9=59.52
Iq δ θ
Ia Id = Iasin(δ+θ) = 1.00 sin(59.52)
=0.862
Id Iq = Iacos(δ+θ) =0.507
Ef= Ef ’+Id (Xd-Xq)
= 1.9698 22.62
(b) Phasor diagram for leading pf
θ=+36.9
Ia=0.8 + j0.6 Iara=0.02 + j0.015
jIqXq jIaXq=-0.48+ j0.64
Ef jIdXd Ef ’=Vt +Iara +jIaXq
50.50 0
=0.549+j0.655=0.849
Ef
δ Vt Iara δ= 50.500
’
Ia δ-θ=13.6
Iq θ
Id=0.235
Ef= Ef ’+Id (Xd-Xq)
Id 0
= 0.943 50.50
W I S H
Y O U
A L L
T H E
B E S T

Syn MC Phasor Diagram Part 1.ppsx

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Syn MC Phasor Diagram Part 1.ppsx

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Flux and MMF Phasors

The flux produced by field winding

Alternator phasor diagram at no load

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at upf

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at

Combined Space and Time Phasor Diagram

Ef cosδ > Vt Over-excited

Vt Thus voltage equation of

Phasor Diagram at Lagging Power Factor

Unity Power Factor

Ef cosδ = Vt Nominal-excited Ψ=(90+ θ – δ) <180

Leading Power Factor

Ef cosδ > Vt Over-excited

Arm wdg along D-axis ARMATURE MMF

Voltage equation of jIqXq

Voltage equation of jIqXq

Voltage equation of Iara jIqXq E

Vt=Ef +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq δ

Now obtain Ef - Ef ’ jIqXq d

A salient pole synchronous generator has

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