To analyse

different samples
of Alloys

by: Mukul Solanki

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MUKUL
SOLANKI of class XII-F has completed the
chemistry project entitled “TO ANALYSE
DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF ALLOYS” under
the guidance of her chemistry teacher
Mrs. YOGITA MITTAL and lab assistant Mr.
.
The progress of the project has been
continuously reported and has been
acknowledged consistently.

Yogita Mittal
(Chemistry Teacher)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to owe the sense of

gratitude to our chemistry teacher
Mrs. YOGITA MITTAL for her consistent
guidance, support and encouragement
without which this project would not
able to exist in present shape.

I would also like to thank our Lab

assistant Mr. , my parents
for their blessings and my friends for
their help in order to complete the
project.
 INTRODUCTION

The metallic substance formed by mixing various metals in molten

State and cooling to the room temperature is known as ALLOY.
Mostly alloy formation is exhibited. Transition metals or d-block
elements which are miscible with one another in molten state and
forms alloy when mixture solution of transition metal is cooled at
room temperature.

REASONS:-

Since the atoms of transition metal have similar size, the atoms of
one of the component metal can take up position in crystal lattice of
the other. Thus solute atoms may replace some of the atoms at one
lattice point of the solvent crystal to form substantial solid Solutions
known as ALLOYS.
Alloys are usually harder, have high melting point are more resistant
to corrosion than the parent metals.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Beaker, test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, funnel,
and funnel stand.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:-

Conc. HCl, conc. HNO3, H2S, Dil. HCl, ammonium hydroxide,

potassium ferro cyanide, potassium ferri cyanide.
Procedure
BRASS
Dissolve a weighed piece of brass in concentrated nitric acid and a small amount of conc.
Hydrochloric acid.

Experiment Observation Inference

a) O.S +dil.HCl+H2S black ppt. Cu2+may be
present

b) decant black ppt.

c)divide soln. into 2 parts.

i) I part+excess of ammonium deep blue colour Cu2+ is confirmed

hydroxide

ii) II part+potassium ferro chocolate brown colour Cu2+ is confirmed

cyanide

III. Remove all the copper present in prepared soln. and then

Experiment Observation Inference

a) O.S in test tube white ppt. Zn2+ may be present

+Solid NH4Cl. Boil

And cool it then add

ammonium hydroxide

b) Filter ppt. dissolve it in dil. Bluish white or yellowish Zn2+ is confirmed

HCl and add potassium white or white ppt. in test tube

Ferro cyanide.

RESULT: Brass is found to be alloy of Cu and Zn.

 CHEMISTRY OF REACTION

1. Cu2+ + H2S  CuS + 2H

2. CuS + (HNO3)H+  Cu2+ + H2S

3. Cu2+ + 4NH4OH  [Cu(NH3)]2+ + 4H2O

4. ZnS + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2S

5. ZnCl2 + 2NaOH  Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

6. Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH  Na2Zno4 + 2H2O

(sodium zincate)
SOLDER

Dissolve a pure piece of solder in concentrated nitric acid and small amount of con.
Hydrochloric acid.

Experiment Observation Inference

a) O.S dil. HCl white ppt. Pb2+ may be present

b) boil white ppt. white ppt. soluble Pb2+ present

c) divide the soln. in 3

parts:

i) I part +KCl Yellow ppt. Pb2+ confirmed

ii) II part + KI Yellow ppt. Pb2+ confirmed

iii) III part + K2Cr2O4 Needle sharp crystals Pb2+ confirmed

RESULT: Solder is found to be alloy of Lead.

DURALIUM
Dissolve a pure piece od duralium in conc. Nitric acid and small amount of
concentrated of HCl.

Experiment Observation Inference

a) O.S + dil.HCl black ppt. Cu2+ may be present

H2S(gas)

b) divide soln. in 2 deep blue colour Cu2+ is confirmed

parts

i) I part+excess of

ammonium hydroxide

ii) II part+potassium ferro chocolate brown or Cu2+ is confirmed

cyanide reddish brown ppt.

III Remove all the copper present in the prepared solution

and then
Experiment Observations Inference
a) O.S +solid NH4Cl white ppt. Al3+ may be present

boil, cool add it.

b) filter ppt. dissolve in

dil.HCl.

CONFIRMATORY TEST

-LAKE TEST

c) extract +litmus soln. blue lake Al3+ confirmed

+NH4OH
 CHEMISTRY OF REACTION

1. Cu2+ + H2S  CuS + 2H-

2. CuS + 2H-  Cu2+ + H2S

3. 2Cu2+ + [Fe(CN)4]4-  [Cu2Fe(CN)6]

(Chocolate ppt.)

4. Al3+ + 3OH-  Al(OH)3

5. Al(OH)3 + NaOH  NaAlO2 + 2H2O

(sodium meta aluminate)

6. 2Mn(OH)2 + [O]  3(MnO2(OH)2 (s)

(white) (brown)

RESULT: Duralium is found to be alloy of aluminium, copper,

manganese, and magnesium.

In a similar way, study the constituents of alloy like bronze, bell gun
metal, German silver, pewter, type metal, Magnalium.
Uses of some important alloys along with their respective composition
are as follows:-

NAME OF ALLOY COMPOSITION USES

1. Type metal 82%lead, 15%Sb, 3%tin for making

printing type.

2. Solder 50%lead, 50%tin for soldering.

3. Pewter 20%lead, 80%tin for making

Utensils

4. Bell metal 80%copper,20%tin making bells

5. Brass 80%copper,20%zinc wires, utensils

machinery

6. German silver 60%copper, 20%nickel silver wire plating

7. Magnalium 90%Al,10%magnesium making light

Instruments

8. Duralium 95%Al, 30%Cu, 1%Mn, for making

1%Mg Aeroplanes parts
Pressure cooker,
etc.
 COMMON ERRORS

1. Starting with large quantity of substance and therefore, wasting

time later on when filtering and dissolving ppt.

2. Failure to boil of H2S completely.

3. Making main soln. with tap water.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Google

 Wikipedia

 NCERT Chemistry Book(Part- I)