Assignment 5

Theory

1. What is the range of wavelength for visible radiation, i.e. light?

A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700nm.

2. Explain what do you mean by absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity?

Everything around us constantly emits radiation, and the emissivity represents the
emission characteristics of those bodies. This means that every body, including our
own, is constantly bombarded by radiation coming from all directions over a range of
wavelengths. Recall that radiation flux incident on a surface is called irradiation and
is denoted by G.
When radiation strikes a surface, part of it is absorbed, part of it is reflected, and the
remaining part, if any, is transmitted, as illustrated in Figure 11–31. The fraction of
irradiation absorbed by the surface is called the absorptivity _, the fraction reflected
by the surface is called the reflectivity ρ, and the fraction transmitted is called the
transmissivity 𝝉. That is,
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑎𝑏𝑠
Absorptivity α = =
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓

Reflectivity ρ = =
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑡𝑟

Transmissivity τ = =
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺

where G is the radiation energy incident on the surface, and Gabs, Gref, and Gtr are
the absorbed, reflected, and transmitted portions of it, respectively. The first law of
thermodynamics requires that the sum of the absorbed, reflected, and transmitted
radiation energy be equal to the incident radiation. That is, Gabs + Gref + Gtr = G
Dividing each term of this relation by G yields α + ρ + τ = 1

3. What is an opaque body? How can its absorptivity be increased or decreased?

For opaque surfaces, τ = 0, and thus

α+ρ=1

This is an important property relation since it enables us to determine both the

absorptivity and reflectivity of an opaque surface by measuring either of these
properties.
The absorptivity of the surface can be increased by coating the surface with lamp
black or dark rough paint

The absorptivity of the surface can be decreased by increasing reflectivity

i.e. by polishing the surface .

4. Define total emissive power and monochromatic emissive power of a body.

Total Emissive Power : The total radiant energy emitted by the body in all directions
over the entire wavelengths range per unit surface per unit time at particular
temperature.

Monochromatic emissive power:

The energy emitted by body in all direction at particular wavelength of certain
temperature. It is defined by planks law,
𝒄𝟏 ∗ 𝝀−𝟓
E = 𝒄𝟐
𝒆 ⁄𝝀𝑻 − 𝟏

5. What is a gray body? How does ελ vary for a gray body and for a real surface?
Answer-A gray body is defined as one whose absorptivity of a surface does not vary
with temperature and wavelength of the incident radiation. If the radiative properties ᾳ,
ρ, Ʈ of a body are assumed to be uniform over the entire wavelength spectrum, then
such a body is called a gray body.

6. Show that Rayleigh – Jeans law and Wein’s law can be derived from Planck’s
equation.
Rayleigh–Jeans law attempts to describe the spectral radiance of electromagnetic
radiation at allwavelengths from a black body at a given temperature through classical
arguments. For wavelength λ, it is:

where c is the speed of light, kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is

the temperature in kelvins. For frequency ν, the expression is instead

The Rayleigh–Jeans law agrees with experimental results at large wavelengths

(low frequencies) but strongly disagrees at short wavelengths (high
frequencies).
In 1900 Max Planck empirically obtained an expression for black-body
radiation expressed in terms of wavelength λ = c/ν (Planck's law):

where h is the Planck constant and kB the Boltzmann constant. The Planck law does
not suffer from an ultraviolet catastrophe, and agrees well with the experimental data,
but its full significance (which ultimately led to quantum theory) was only appreciated
several years later. Since,

then in the limit of very high temperatures or long wavelengths, the term in the
exponential becomes small, and the exponential is well approximated with
the Taylor polynomial'sfirst-order term,

So,

This results in Planck's blackbody formula reducing to

which is identical to the classically derived Rayleigh–Jeans expression.

The same argument can be applied to the blackbody radiation expressed in terms of
frequency ν = c/λ. In the limit of small frequencies, that is ,

This last expression is the Rayleigh–Jeans law in the limit of small frequencies.
When comparing the frequency and wavelength dependent expressions of the
Rayleigh–Jeans law it is important to remember that

, and

Therefore,

even after substituting the value , because has units of

energy emitted per unit time per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid
angle, per unit wavelength, whereas has units of energy emitted
per unit time per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid angle, per unit
frequency. To be consistent, we must use the equality

where both sides now have units of power (energy emitted per unit
time) per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid angle.
Starting with the Rayleigh–Jeans law in terms of wavelength we get

where

.
This leads us to find:

b) Wein’s law can be derived from Planck’s equation.

derivation from planck’s law

Planck's law for the spectrum of black body radiation predicts the Wien displacement
law and may be used to numerically evaluate the constant relating temperature and
peak wavelength (or frequency). According to one form of that law, the black body
spectral radiance (power per emitting area per solid angle per unit wavelength) is
given by:

Differentiating u(λ,T) with respect to λ and setting the derivative equal to zero
gives

which can be simplified to give

By defining:

the equation becomes one in that single variable:

The numerical solution to this equation is[note 1] x = 4.965114231.

Solving for the wavelength λ in units of nanometers, and using
kelvin for the temperature yields:

The form of Wien's displacement law in terms of maximum

radiance per unit frequency is derived using similar methods,
but starting with the form of Planck's law expressed in those
terms rather than wavelength. The effective result is to
substitute 3 for 5 in the equation for the peak wavelength. This
is solved with x = 2.821439372.
Using the value 4 in this equation solves for the wavelength of
the peak in the spectral radiance expressed in radiance per
proportional bandwidth, perhaps a fairer way of presenting
"wavelength of peak emission." That is solved as x =
3.920690395. The important point of Wiens law, however, is
that any such wavelength marker, including the median
wavelength (or the wavelength below which a specified
 percentage of the emission occurs) is proportional to the
reciprocal of temperature.

7) Derive Wein’s displacement law 𝝀_max T = 2.898×10-3 m K

Wien's displacement law states that the black body radiation curve for different
temperatures peaks at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature. The
shift of that peak is a direct consequence of the Planck radiation law which describes
the spectral brightness of black body radiation as a function of wavelength at any
given temperature.
Formally, Wien's displacement law states that the spectral radiance of black body
radiation per unit wavelength, peaks at the wavelength λmax given by:

where T is the absolute temperature in kelvin. b is a constant of

proportionality called Wien's displacement constant, equal to2.8977729(17)×10−3 m K
b≈2900 μm·K.
so 𝜆_max T = 2.898×10-3 m K

8. Define intensity of radiation. What is a solid angle? What is its unit? What is a
Steragon?
Answer-The intensity of radiation is defined as the rate of energy leaving a surface in
a given direction per unit solid angle per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the
mean direction in space.
A solid angle is defined as a portion of the space inside a sphere enclosed by a conical
surface with the vertex of the cone at the centre of the sphere.
Its unit is steradian (sr).

9. What is shape factor? Show that

cos 1 . cos  2

1
A1 F12  dA1 dA2
 r2

Sol:
Radiation heat transfer between surfaces depends on the orientation of the surfaces
relative to each other as well as their radiation properties and temperatures, as illustrated
in Figure 1. For example, a camper will make the most use of a campfire on a cold night
by standing as close to the fire as possible and by blocking as much of the radiation
coming from the fire by turning her front to the fire instead of her side. Likewise, a
person will maximize the amount of solar radiation incident on him and take a sunbath
by lying down on his back instead of standing up on his feet.

Fig.1 Fig.2
To account for the effects of orientation on radiation heat transfer between two surfaces,
we define a new parameter called the view factor, which is a purely geometric quantity
and is independent of the surface properties and temperature. It is also called the shape
factor, configuration factor, angle factor, view factor based on the assumption that the
surfaces are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors is called the diffuse view factor, and
the view factor based on the assumption that the surfaces are diffuse emitters but
specular reflectors is called the specular view factor. In this book, we will consider
radiation exchange between diffuse surfaces only, and thus the term view factor will
simply mean diffuse view factor.
The view factor from a surface i to a surface j is denoted by Fi → j or just Fij, and is
defined as
Fij = the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that strikes surface j directly
The notation Fi →j is instructive for beginners, since it emphasizes that the view factor
is for radiation that travels from surface i to surface j. However, this notation becomes
rather awkward when it has to be used many times in a problem. In such cases, it is
convenient to replace it by its shorthand version Fij.
Therefore, the view factor F12 represents the fraction of radiation leaving surface 1 that
strikes surface 2 directly, and F21 represents the fraction of the radiation leaving surface
2 that strikes surface 1 directly. Note that the radiation that strikes a surface does not
need to be absorbed by that surface. Also, radiation that strikes a surface after being
reflected by other surfaces is not considered in the evaluation of view factors.
To develop a general expression for the view factor, consider two differential surfaces
dA1 and dA2 on two arbitrarily oriented surfaces A1 and A2, respectively, as shown in
Fig. The distance between dA1 and dA2 is r, and the angles between the normal of the
surfaces and the line that connects dA1 and dA2 are  1 and  2 , respectively. Surface 1
emits and reflects radiation diffusely in all directions with a constant intensity of I1, and
the solid angle subtended by dA2 when viewed by dA1 is d1
The portion of radiation that strikes dA2 is
dA2 cos 2
Q dA1  dA2  I 1 cos 1 dA1 d1  I 1 cos 1 dA1
r2

The total rate at which radiation leaves dA1 (via emission and reflection) in all directions
is the radiosity (which is J1=Π I1) times the surface area
QdA1  J 1dA1   I 1dA1 ,

Now, differential view factor,

Q dA1  dA2 cos  1 cos  2
dFdA1  dA2   dA2
Q dA1 r2

Therefore, the view factor

cos1 cos 2
FdA1  A2   r2
dA2

The portion of this radiation that strikes dA2,

I 1 cos1 cos 2

Q A1  A2  QdA1 dA2 
A1
 r2
dA1

Integration of this relation over A2

I 1 cos 1 cos 2
Q A1  A2  Q
A2
A1  A2  
A A2
r2
dA1 dA2

Now, view factor F12,

Q A1  A2 cos 1 cos 2

1
F12  S dA1 dA2
QA A1
A A2
r2

Shape Factor,
cos 1 cos 2
A1 F12  
A A2
r2
dA1 dA2

10. State and explain reciprocity theorem.

Sol:
We derived the equation of view factor F12
 Q A1  A2 cos1 cos 2

1
F12  S dA1dA2
QA A1
A A2
r2

(1)
Similarly, view factor F21
Q A2  A1 cos 1 cos 2

1
F21  S dA1 dA2 (2)
Q A2 A2
A A2
r2

From, Eq. No. (1) and (2), We can write:

A1 F12  A F21 ………………..which is known as Reciprocity Relation

11. Explain what you mean by radiosity and irradiation.

Sol:
Irradiation
The radiation flux incident on a surface from all directions is called irradiation G, and
is expressed as
2  / 2
G  I r  ,   cos sin dd W/m2
 
0 0

Therefore irradiation represents the rate at which radiation energy is incident on a

surface per unit area of the surface. When the incident radiation is diffuse and thus Ii =
constant,
Diffusely incident radiation: G=  Ii W/m2

Again note that irradiation is based on the actual surface area (and thus the factor cos 
), whereas the intensity of incident radiation is based on the projected area.
Radiosity
Surfaces emit radiation as well as reflecting it, and thus the radiation leaving a surface
consists of emitted and reflected components, as shown in Fig. The calculation of
radiation heat transfer between surfaces involves the total radiation energy streaming
away from a surface, with no regard for its origin. Thus, we
need to define a quantity that represents the rate at which
radiation energy leaves a unit area of a surface in all directions.
This quantity is called the radiosity J and is expressed as
2  / 2
J   I e r  ,   cos sin dd W/m2
0 0
Where Ie+r is the sum of the emitted and reflected intensities. For a surface that is both
a diffuse emitter and a diffuse reflector, Ie+r = constant, and the radiosity relation reduces
to
Diffuse emitter and reflector: J=  I e r W/m2
For a blackbody, radiosity J is equivalent to the emissive power Eb since a blackbody
absorbs the entire radiation incident on it and there is no reflected component in
radiosity

12. What do you mean by a radiation shield? Where is it used?

Sol:
Radiation heat transfer between two surfaces can be reduced greatly by inserting a thin,
high-reflectivity (low-emissivity) sheet of material between the two surfaces. Such
highly reflective thin plates or shells are called radiation shields. Multilayer radiation
shields constructed of about 20 sheets per cm thickness separated by evacuated space
are commonly used in cryogenic and space applications. Radiation shields are also used
in temperature measurements of fluids to reduce the error caused by the radiation effect
when the temperature sensor is exposed to surfaces that are much hotter or colder than
the fluid itself. The role of the radiation shield is to reduce the rate of radiation heat
transfer by placing additional resistances in the path of radiation heat flow. The lower
the emissivity of the shield, the higher the resistance.

Numericals

1. Two parallel gray planes have emissivities of 0.8 and 0.7 and are maintained
at
800°C and 1500°C.what is the net radiant energy exchange? What would be the
Reduction in heat transfer if a radiation shield of polished aluminium (_ = 0.04)
is placed between them.

Without shield:
Q = 𝜎(𝑇24 -𝑇14 )/{(1-∈1 )/∈1 + 1 +(1-∈2 )/∈2 }
=485137.4/(0.2571+0.4286)
=289.018KW/𝑚2
With shield:
Q = 𝜎(𝑇24 -𝑇14 )/{(1-∈1 )/∈1 + 1 + (1-∈𝑠 )/∈𝑠 + 1 +(1-∈2 )/∈2 }
=485137.45/(0.25+1+24+1+0.4286)
=18.184 KW/𝑚2
%reduction:
= (289.018-18.184)*100/289.018
= 96.7%

2. Determine the heat loss by radiation per meter length of a 75 mm oxidised

steel
pipe at 327°C if (a) located in a large room with red brick walls at a
temperature of 27°C, (b) enclosed in a 150 mm × 150 mm red brick walls at a
temperature of 27°C. Emissivities of oxidised steel and red brick are 0.79 and
0.93 respectively.

3. Two parallel plates measuring 1 m×1m are spaced 2m apart. The inner surface
of each plate radiates as a black body and the outer surfaces are perfectly
insulated. A radiation shield with an emissivity of 0.05 on each side and
measuring 1 m×1 m is situated equidistant between the plates. The temperature
of one plate is maintained at 727°C, the other plate at 227°C and the
surroundings are at 27°c. Sketch the radiation network and calculate the
radiative heat transfer from the hot plate. The configuration factor for two
square parallel planes at distance apart equal to one of the sides is 0.2.
(54kW)
4. A bed of burning coal in a furnace radiates as a plane rectangular black
surface,3 m by 2m, at 1500°C, to an opaque bank of black tubes of the same
projected area. These are at a surface temperature of 300°C and at such a distance
from the fire bed that the shape factor is 0.5. Determine the net radiant heat flow
to the tube bank and show that enclosing the furnace with adiabatic vertical black
walls increases the heat flow by 50 per cent.

SOLUTION

Here,
T1=1773 k
T2=573 k
A=6 𝑚2
F12=0.5

The net radiant heat flow to the tube blank,

Q12=σ*F12*A*(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )
=5.67*10−8 *6 *0.5*(17734 − 5734 )
=1662.5 kw
 σ∗A1∗(𝑇14 −𝑇24 )
Q’12= 1 1 𝐴1 1
(𝜀1−1)+𝐹′12+𝐴2∗((𝜀2−1))

𝐴2−𝐴1∗𝐹122
F’12=
𝐴1+𝐴2−2∗𝐴1∗F12

Here, A1=A2
A∗(1−𝐹122 )
F’12=
2∗𝐴∗(1−𝐹12)

1+𝐹12
=
2

1.5
= =0.75
2

𝑄′ 12−𝑄12 0.75−0.5
∗ 100 = ∗ 100=50%
𝑄12 0.5

5. A 100 mm diameter disc (ε = 0.8) at 800 K is at a distance of 2 m from a disc

(ε= 0.7) of 2 m diameter maintained at 300 K. Find the net rate of radiant
exchange.
SOLUTION

Here,
ε1=0.8
ε2=0.7
D1=0.1 m
D2=2 m
T1=800 K
T2=300 K
𝐷22 22
F12= = =0.2
4∗𝐿2 +𝐷22 4∗22 +22

The net rate of radiant exchange,

σ∗A1∗(𝑇14 −𝑇24 )
Q12= 1 1 𝐴1 1
(𝜀1−1)+𝐹′12+𝐴2∗((𝜀2−1))

5.67∗10−8 ∗π∗(0.05)2 ∗(8004 −3004 )

= 1 1 0.05 1 =34.03 W
(0.8−1)+0.2+( 1 )2 ∗((0.7−1))

6. A pipe carrying steam, having an outside of 20cm runs in a large room and is
exposed to air at a temperature of 30°c. The pipe surface temperature is 200°c.Find
the heat loss per metre length of the pipe by convection and radiation taking the
emissivity of the pipe surface as 0.8.

SOLUTION

Here,
T1=473 k

T2=303 k

ε=0.8

d=0.2 m

Heat lost by radiation per unit length of pipe,

Q1 = σ* ε *A1*(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )

=5.67 ∗ 10−8 ∗ π ∗ 0.2 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.8 ∗(4734 − 3034 )

=1185 W/m
T1+T2 473+303
Tf = = =388 k
2 2

At 388 k, the properties of air are:

1 1
β= = 𝑘 −1
Tf 388

k=33.06*10−3
ν=24.93*10−6 𝑚2 /s
Pr =0.687
𝑔∗𝛽∗𝜃∗𝑑 3
Gr*Pr = *Pr
ν2
9.81∗(200−30)∗(0.2)3
= *0.687
(24.93∗10−6 )2
8
=0.38*10
1
Nu=0.53*(Gr ∗ Pr)4
1 ℎ∗𝑑
=0.53*(0.38 ∗ 108 )4 =41.61=
𝑘
0.03306∗41.61
h= =6.878 W/mk
0.2
Heat lost by convection,
Q2 =h*A*θ=6.878*π*0.2*170=734.3 W/m
Total heat loss per metre length=Q1+Q2=1185+734.3
=1919.3 W/m

7. The overall heat transfer coefficient due to convection radiation for a steam
maintained at 200°C running in a large room at 30°cis 17.95 W/m2K. Calculate the
heat transfer coefficients due to convection and radiation taking the emissivity of
the pipe surface as 0.8.
Sol:
Overall heat transfer co-efficient h = 17.95 W/m2K
Steam maintained at temperature T = 200 C
Room temperature T0 = 30 C
Now,
Overall heat transfer co-efficient due to convection
Q = б*ɛ*A*(T4 – T04) = 1886.94 *A W/m2K
hc*A*(T-T0) = 1886.94 *A W/m2K
hc = 6.84 W/m2K
Overall heat transfer co-efficient due to radiation
hr = h - hc = 17.95 – 6.84 = 11.11 W/m2K

8. Two large parallel plates are at temperatures of 427 C and 27 C respectively.

The emissivity of hot plate is 0.9 and that of cold plate is 0.6. Calculate the net
radiant heat exchange per m2 area for the plates. If a polished aluminium shield
with emissivity 0.04 is placed between them, find the percentage reduction in the
net heat transfer.
Sol:
Temperature of hot plate T1 = 427 C = 700 K
Temperature of cold plate T2 = 27 C = 300 K
Emmisivity of hot plate ɛ = 0.9
Emmisivity of cold plate ɛ = 0.6
Emmisivity of aluminium plate ɛ = 0.04
Net radiant heat transfer per m2 is given as:

Q12 =

A * * T14  T24  = 7399.35 W/m2
1 1
 1
1 2

Now, when we add aluminium shield in between two large plates, the heat transfer is
given by:
Q13 = Q32

A * * T14  T34 = 
A * * T34  T24 
1 1 1 1
 1  1
1 3 2 3

T3 = 594.95 K
 Q13 =

A *  * T14  T34  = 259.23 W/m2
1 1
 1
1 3

Percentage reduction in heat transfer,

7399.35  259.23
= = 96.5 %
7399.35

9. A solar collector consists of a horizontal aluminium tube having an outer

diameter of 5 cm enclosed in a concentric thin glass tube of 10 cm diameter, as
shown in Fig. Water is heated as it flows through the tube, and the space between
the aluminum and the glass tubes is filled with air at 1 atm pressure. The pump
circulating the water fails during a clear day, and the water temperature in the
tube starts rising. The aluminium tube absorbs solar radiation at a rate of 30 W
per meter length, and the temperature of the ambient air outside is 20°C. The
emissivities of the tube and the glass cover are 0.95 and 0.9, respectively. Taking
the effective sky temperature to be 10°C, determine the temperature of the
aluminium tube when steady operating conditions are established.
Sol:

Given data:
 0=0.9
 i=0.95
We assume the glass temperature to be 40 C, and use properties at an anticipated average
temperature of
(20+40)/2=30 C.
k=0.02588 w/m C v=1.608*10-5 m2/s
Pr=0.7282 β=1/Tavg=1/303k
Qtube-glass=Qglass-ambient=Qsolargain=30 W (per meter of tube)
The heat transfer surface area of the glass cover is,
Ao=Aglass=( π DoL)
=π(0.1)(0.1)
=0.3142 m2 (per meter of tube)
Assuming the glass cover temperature to be 40 C, Rayleigh number, the Nusselt
number, the convection
Heat transfer coefficient, and the rate of natural convection heat transfer from the glass
cover to the ambient air are determined to be,
RaDo= [gβ(To-T∞) Do3* Pr]/v2
=
[9.81*303*(40-20)*0.1*0.7282]/(1.608*10-5)2
=
1.824*106
Nu={0.6+[0.387RaD1/6]/[1+(0.559/Pr)9/16]8/27}2
=17.29
ho=(k*Nu)/Do
=4.475 W/m2 C
Qo,conv=ho*Ao*(To-T∞)
=28.1 W
Qo,rad=  0*  *Ao(To4-Tsky4)
=51.0 W
Total rate of heat loss from the glass cover becomes
Qo,total= Qo,conv+ Qo,rad
=28.1+51.0
=79.1 W
The characteristic length in this case is the distance between the two cylinders, which
is
Lc= (Do-Di)/2
=(10-5)/2
=2.5 cm
Also,
Ai=Atube=(π DiL)= π*0.05*1=0.1571 m2
Assume the tube temperature to be 54 C, and thus an average temperature of
(26+54)/2=40 C=313 K
Using properties of 40 C,
RaL= [gβ(To-T∞) Lc3* Pr]/v2
=3.434*104
The effective thermal conductivity is
Fcyl = [ln(Do/Di)]4/[Lc3(Di-3/5+Do-3/5)5]
=0.1466
keff = 0.386k (Pr/0.861+Pr)1/4*( Fcyl* RaL)1/4
=0.07118 W/m C
Then the rate of heat transfer between the cylinders by convection becomes
Qi,conv = 2π keff*(Ti-To)/ln(Do/Di)
=18.1 W
Also,
Qi,rad=[  *Ai(Ti4-To4) ] / [(1/  i)+((1-  0)/  0)*(Di/Do)]
=27.7 W
Then total rate of heat loss from the glass cover becomes
Qi,total = Qi,conv+ Qi,rad
=18.1+27.7
=45.8 W
Which is larger then 30 W. Therefore, the assumed temperature of 54 C for the tube is
high.
By trying other values, the tube temperature corresponding to 30 W is determined to be
45 C.

10. A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed between
two very large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temperatures T1 =
800 K and T2 = 500 K and have emissivities Ɛ1 = 0.2 and Ɛ2 = 0.7, respectively, as
shown in Fig. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
plates per unit surface area of the plates and compare the result to that without
the shield.
Sol:
Temperature of left plate T1 = 800 K
Temperature of right plate T2 = 500 K
Emmisivity of left plate ɛ = 0.2
Emmisivity of right plate ɛ = 0.7
Emmisivity of aluminium plate ɛ = 0.1

i) Without Shield
Net radiant heat transfer per m2 is given as:

Q12 =

A * * T14  T24  = 3625.37 W/m2
1 1
 1
1 2

ii) With Aluminium Shield

Now, when we add aluminium shield in between two large plates, the heat transfer is
given by:
Q13 = Q32

A * * T14  T34 = 
A * * T34  T24 
1 1 1 1
 1  1
1 3 2 3

T3 = 677.04 K

Q13 =

A *  * T14  T34  = 807.91 W/m2
1 1
 1
1 3