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⍵2 𝑥 2
𝑦=
2𝑔
For container of radius r, height h of paraboloid:
2 2
⍵ 𝑟
ℎ=
2𝑔
ROTATING VESSELS
RECALL:
Squared property of parabola:
𝑥 2 𝑟2
=
𝑦 ℎ
Volume of paraboloid of revolution by
PAPPUS THEOREM 2
𝑉 = 𝐴 . 2𝜋𝑧
Conversion:
𝜋
1𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
30
Sample Problem
• An open cylindrical vessel 1.2m dia and 2.1m high is 2/3 full of
water. Compute the amount of water in liters that will be spilled
out is the vessel is rotated about its vertical axis at a constant
angular speed of 90rpm
Turbulent Flow
• Paths of individual particles do not
cross Continuous Flow
• Re>2100 ; can go as high as 50,000 • (for incompressible fluids)
• Q = A₁v₁ = A₂v₂
Steady Flow
• Q at a given cross section is constant • (for compressible fluids)
with time • M= ρQ = ρ₁A₁v₁ = ρ2A₂v₂ = constant
• W= γQ= γ₁A₁v₁ = γ2A₂v₂ = constant
Sample Problem
• Water flows through a 75mm diameter pipe at a velocity of
3m/sec. Find :
a) Volume Flow rate in m^3/sec and lit/sec a. 13 liters
b) The mass flow rate in kg/sec b. 13 kg/sec
c) Weight flow rate in N/sec c. 127 N/sec
• What is the rate of flow of water passing through the pipe with
diameter of 20mm and speed of 0.5mm/sec.
Q = 1.57 m^7/sec
Sample Problem
• A 100mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank
filled with oil with sp.gr of 0.82. If the fluid is incompressible, how
many N/s of oil is being forced out at a 30mm diameter hole?
W= 3.78 N/s
• What is the rate of flow of water passing through the pipe with
diameter of 20mm and speed of 0.5mm/sec.
Q = 1.57 m^3/sec
ENERGY AND HEAD POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy: Elevation Energy
• kinetic energy • Energy possessed by virtue of its position
• potential energy or elevation with respect to a datum
Head
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧
• energy per pound (lb) or Newton (N)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
KINETIC ENERGY 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =𝑧
𝑊
• Ability of fluid mass to do work by
virtue of its velocity Pressure Energy
1 2
1𝑊 2 𝑝
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊
2 2𝑔 γ
𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑣2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑊 2𝑔 𝑊 γ
ENERGY AND HEAD POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy: Elevation Energy
• kinetic energy • Energy possessed by virtue of its position
• potential energy or elevation with respect to a datum
Head
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧
• energy per pound (lb) or Newton (N)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
KINETIC ENERGY 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =𝑧
𝑊
• Ability of fluid mass to do work by
virtue of its velocity Pressure Energy
1 2
1𝑊 2 𝑝
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊
2 2𝑔 γ
𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑣2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚= 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑊 2𝑔 𝑊 γ
TOTAL FLOW ENERGY
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
= 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑠
(1738-Daniel Bernoulli)
• Total energy in a steady flowing fluid
𝑣2 𝑝 system is constant along the flow
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝐸 = + +𝑧
2𝑔 γ path. The INCREASE in the fluids
SPEED must therefore be matched by
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
a DECREASE in its PRESSURE.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄γ𝐸
𝐸1 + 𝐸+ − 𝐸− = 𝐸2
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, η = 𝑥100%
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
To be memorized:
1hp= 746 watts = 550ft-lb/sec
1 watt = 1 N.m/s = 1 J/s
ENERGY EQUATION W/O HEAD LOSS ENERGY EQUATION W/ HEAD LOSS
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2 𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ
Note: Values are ideal or theoretical values Note: Values are actual values
ENERGY EQUATION W/ PUMP ENERGY EQUATION W/ TURBINE/MOTOR
𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2 𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = + + 𝑧2 𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ + + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄. γ. 𝐻𝐴 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄. γ. 𝐻𝐸
Note: Values are ACTUAL values Note: Values are ACTUAL values
ENERGY GRADE LINE (EGL)
Characteristics of EGL
• slopes downward in the direction of flow and
will only rise with the presence of pump.
• vertical drop of EGL between two points is
the head lost between those points.
• EGL is parallel to HGL for uniform pipe cross
section.
• EGL is always above the HGL by v2/2g.
• Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL)
• pressure gradient
• graphical representation of potential head
• liquid rises in successive piezometer tubes
Characteristics of HGL
• slopes downward in the direction of flow but
it may rise or fall due to change in pressure.
• HGL is parallel to EGL for uniform pipe cross
section.
• For horizontal pipes with constant cross
section, the drop in pressure gradient
between two points is equivalent to the head
lost between these points.
Sample Problem
• Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2m and a velocity
of 3m/s. It flows down a chute into another channel where the depth
is 1m and the velocity is 10m/s. Neglecting friction, determine the
difference in elevation of the channel floors.
z= 3.64m
• A 300-mm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 100-mm pipe. Points 1
and 2 are at the same elevation, the pressure at 1 is 200 kPa. The
discharge Q is 30 liters per second flowing from 1 to 2 and the energy
lost from 1 to 2 is equivalent to 20 kPa.
• Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is water.
• Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is oil (sp gr = 0.80).
Sample Problem
• The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 150
mm at A to 450 mm at B. A is 4.5 m lower than B. If the pressure at A
is 70 kPa and that B is 50 kPa, when 140 L/s is flowing.
(a) Determine the direction of flow.
(b) Find the frictional loss between the two points