2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)

Smart Grid and Power Quality (PQ) Issues

S. P.Jolhe Miss. M . D .KaraIkar Dr. G. A . Dhomane
Electrical Engineering Dept Visiting Faculty Electrical Engineering Dept
Government College of Engg Government College of Engg Government College of Engg
Chandrapur, India Chandrapur, India Chandrapur, India

Abstract- If power quality is poor, then it beeomes the major
issue due to mal-operation of the equipments, inerease in loss and
heat, over burdening of the power system. This is due to the
widespread use of sensitive mieroproeessor-based eontrols and
power eleetronies deviees for higher efficieney, pf improvements,
and adjustable speed drives ete. The proliferation of large
computer systems into many businesses and eommereial facilities.
The development of power eleetronies equipment for improving
system stability, operation, and efficieney (these devices are a
major souree of bad power quality and are themselves vulnerable
to such quality of power) Huge eeonomic losses will take plaee if
equipment fails or malfunetions.
Keywords--Smarl grid, Power Quality, user inconvenience,
peak load reduction, harmonics.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the year 2013, India became the world's third largest
producer of electricity, surpassing Japan and Russia, with 4.8%
global share in electricity generation [I]. As on Jan 2016; India
had an installed capacity of 288.005 G W [2]. Among this total
installed capacity, Renewable Power plants constituted 28%
and Non-Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining
72%. During the fmancial year 2014-15; the gross electricity
generated by utilities is 1,106 TWh (1 ,106,000 GWh) and 166
TWh by captive power plants. Auxiliary power consumption of
the power generation plants is also included in gross electricity
generation [3]. Figure 1 shows the power generation scenario
ofIndia.
these places it is not possible to give the supply from the
central grid. Many area are hilly or forest or deep forest. It is
not feasible as wen as economical to lay the lines[4]. Due to
huge, tall trees & bamboo bushes the breakdown occurs
frequently on electricallines causing interruptions in supply of
electricity. To provide the electricity to all with conventional
plant is not economical and feasible . The environment
constraint of polluted air and water are on the verge of
explosion. To avoid an the mentioned constrain the renewable
energy sources are the most appropriate. These sources are
environmental friendly as weil as easy to erect.
The peak demand of the year 2014-15 was only 148166
MW, but still cannot satisfy the demand. There is shortage of
4.7 %, this is due to many reasons; an the plants cannot be put
working all the time, some plants are under maintenance and
Renewable energy source are not available an the time. One
more reason is power quality. If power quality is poor, then it
becomes the major issue due to mal-operation of the
equipments, increase in loss and heat, over burdening of the
power system. This is due to the widespread use of sensitive
microprocessor-based controls and power electronics devices
for higher efficiency, pf improvements, and adjustable speed
drives etc. The proliferation of large computer systems into
many businesses and commercial facilities. The development
ofpower electronics equipment for improving system stability,
operation, and efficiency (these devices are a major source of
bad power quality and are themselves vulnerable to such
quality of power) Huge economic losses will take place if
equipment fails or malfunctions.

11 Coal 11. POWER Q UALITY

The Power Quality is defmed as "any power problem
manifested in voltage, current, and/or frequency deviations that
results in the failure and/or maloperation of end user' s
.. Diesel
equipment." There are three types ofpower quality distortion
11 Nuclear a. Voltage magnitude

Hydro
b. Frequency
c. Wave shape
RES

Figure I . Indian scenario ofpower g eneration
According to the ministry of new and renewable energy;
people living in India' s rural areas and some urban areas still
had no access to electricity. This count is more than 400
million people, about 47.5%. Because of the remoteness of
Voltage magnitude:
oDue to Disturbances e.g. transients (switchingi lightning),
faults etc. (resulting in voltage sag, swell, oscillatory and
impulsive waveform, interruption)
oDue to Steady State Variations e.g. nonlinear
characteristics of loads, furnace/induction heating loads,

978-1-5090-4556-3/16/$31 .00 ©2016 IEEE

 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)

switching of converters etc. (resulting in harmonics, notching - UPS

and noise).
- Compact fluorescent & other discharge lamps

TABLE I. PQ DISTURBANC ES AND THEIR CAUSES

TABLE 11. EFFECT OF HARMONICS
PQ Disturbances Main causes of poor PQ
Type of equipment Effect of harmonics
Transients Nonlinear loads
Rotating maehines Inereased losses, over heating due
Short Duration Voltage Variations Adjustable-speed drives to skin effeet, Pulsating torque

Long Duration Voltage Variations Traetion drives Transforrner, switehgear, power Overheating, inereased power
eables eonsumption
Interruptions Start oflarge motor loads
Proteetive Relays Mal-operation, nuisanee tripping
Waveform Distortion Are furnaees
Power electronics Mal-operation, failure
Voltage Fluetuation (flieker) Interrnittent loads transients
Control & automation Erratic operation
Frequeney Variation Lightning
Power capacitors High eurrent, failure due to over
Harmonies Switehing, transients load
Faults

Effect on Power Factor

Harmonics
Harmonics provides a mathematical analysis of distortions
to a current or voltage waveform. Based on Fourier series,
harmonics can describe any periodic wave as a summation of
simple sinusoidal waves wh ich are integer multiples of the
fundamental frequency. Harmonics are steady-state distortions
to current and voltage waves and repeat every cycle. They are
different from transient distortions to power systems such as
spikes, dips and impulses. [5]
The original wave is also called 1st harmonic, the following
harmonics are known as higher harmonics. As all harmonics
are periodic at the fundamental frequency, the sum of
harmonics is also periodic at that frequency.
Nonsinusoidal wave can be mathematically resolved in to
combination of sine waves with different frequency and
amplitude. Those sinusoidal component of nonsinusoidal
wave/distorted sine wave is called harmonics. Distorted
current wave cause current harmonics. Distorted voltage wave
cause voltage harmonics. Fourier expansion result in integral
multiples of fundamental frequency components. Nth order
harmonics is of fundamental frequency. Amplitude of
harmonics reduce with higher orders Generally odd harmonics
are prevalent because of half wave symmetry.
The harmonics are not only generated from the power
system components but from some ofthe loads also as follows
Equipment using switched mode power supply
- Television
- Computers, other IT loads
Equipment using power electronic devices
- AC & DC drives
- Frequency converters
- Rectifiers
• The concept of power factor originated from the need to
quantify how efficiently a load utilizes the current that it draws
from an AC power system.
• The true power factor at the load is defined as the ratio of
average power to apparent power, In a sinusoidal supply with
linear load This is called displacement power factor.
• With a nonsinusoidal supply, the true PF is influenced by
current harmonics and a distortion PF is included apart from
displacement PF.
• PF improvement in a harmonic environment needs filter
associated capacitor
Solution
To eliminate the effect of the harmonics on the system filter
is the solution. Thete are two tyes of filter
a. Active Fi lter
b. Passive Filter
Active Filter
Active filters are implemented using a combination of
passive and active (amplifying) components, and require an
outside power source. Operational amplifiers are frequently
used in active filter designs. These can have high Q factor, and
can achieve resonance without the use of inductors. However,
their upper frequency limit is limited by the bandwidth of the
amplifiers.
Passive Filter
Passive implementations of linear filters are based on
combinations ofresistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C).
These types are collectively known as passive filters, because
they do not depend upon an extemal power supply and/or they
do not contain active components such as transistors.

- Arc & induction fumaces

 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)

-Detuned filters -7%, 14%, tuned filters, - it reduee the [3] "Growth of Eleetrieity Seetor in India from 1947-2015". CEA, India.
Harmonie & eompensate the Reaetive power but limitation are http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/growth _2015 .pdf
Resonanee with line impedanee & Heavy and bulky. [4] Ministry of new and renewable energy
http://mnre.gov .in/sehemes/deeentral ized-systems/
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonies_ %28eleetrieal_power%29

Power Quality Parameters to be monitored

oYoltage sags and swells
oY oltage unbalanee
oFrequeney deviations
oYoltage harmonics and sub-harmonies
oCurrent harmonies
oFliekers and tluetuations
oPower faetor

REFERENCES
[I] BP Statistieal Review ofWorld Energy, June 2015
[2] "Power seetor at glanee", Ministry of power
http://powermin .n ie. in/power-seetor-glanee-all-ind ia