STABILIZATION OF SELECTED TOXIC METALS IN BUILDING

MATERIALS

Srushti Shetty, Umesh Shrungeri, Uthkarsh

Shetty.
Department of Civil Engineering, PES University,
Bangalore, India.
ARTICLEINFO ABSRACT
Keywords: Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC) and Ordinary Portland
Stabilization Cement
Toxic Metals (OPC) were used to encapsulate toxic metals (Ni, Cd, Hg and
Calcium Aluminate Cu)
Cement from industrial and environmental wastes to reduce the
Ordinary Portland amount of
Cement toxicity. The selected salts contained toxic metals and was
Strength tested
Microstructure for two different methods of inducing salts into the moulds
Leachability i.e. by
mixing of selected metals salts in water and embedding of
selected
salts in the mould. These moulds were used to encapsulate
toxic
metals into OPC/CAC mortars. Later, cured for 7, 14 and 28
days
respectively. The compressive strength of metal-doped
moulds
were compared to control group moulds, which were not
subjected
to any metal doping, and the ideal sample was selected for
further
testing. For microstructural characterization Scanning
Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were
conducted.
The selected toxic metals were tested for any leaching
using the
ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical
Emission
Spectrometry) analysis. The result obtained was successful
as the
concentration of leached metal was below detection limit.
In this
way, CAC/OPC mortars were perfectly able to encapsulate
the
selected toxic metals, allowing the use of CAC/OPC for
waste
management as proved by the leaching tests.
1 INTRODUCTION cardiovascular disease, neurological deficits,
high
blood Humans
pressure,shoulddyshidrosis,
be freeetc.
from the
1.1 exposure of
toxic metals and should not affect them in any
Purpose
The purpose of this report is to look into the
way,
selected
or at least the exposure must be reduced to a
toxic metals i.e. nickel, cadmium, mercury
great
and
extent. So several organizations, such as U.S.
copper,affect
turn, that human
will pollute
health the environment
adversely to EPA
as
and
encapsulate the selected toxic metals in (United States Environmental Protection
industrialization and urbanization increases
mortar Agency),
and in
moulds. have set up legal limit exposure of selected
1.2 toxic
Background
As the population is increasing, the demand for metals present in air, water and soil. For
their example,
livelihood goes up, and so safe limit for drinking water containing
urbanization, mercury is
industrialization and deforestation are taking 0.002mg/L, cadmium is 0.005mg/L, nickel
place. is
Industries produce toxic metals, such as 0.007mg/L. In very small amounts, these
nickel, metals
cadmium, mercury and copper. These selected may be necessary to support life. However, in
toxic larger
metals are produced from coal burning in amounts, they are toxic. They may build up
power in
plants, petroleum combustion, nuclear 1.3 Method
biological systems of and become major health
powerIf the current scenario of investigation
Cement
hazards is the most acceptable binding
stations, plastics, textiles, microelectronics, material
The prevalence of the toxic metals
industrialization,
urbanization, deforestation increases at the
wood currently
in available for this immobilization, in
same
preservation the
rate, then theand level paper processing
of toxicity would industries and the environment are high,
plants, construction
completely field. After conducting
increase
agricultural activities such environment,
as adding pesticides several
eliminating exposure to them is almost
exponentially in the
and researches,
an Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC)
causing
fertilizers, was
detrimental technological
effects on theapplication,
same. Due to impossible task. But there are steps we can
natural known
take to to showcase certain advantages when
this
phenomena likehuman
weathering used
situation, the healthand volcanic
would get reduce
CAC andand OPCcounteract
were chosen ourforexposure risk
the research.
eruptions, towards
towards encapsulating certain toxic and
adversely After
anthropogenic
affected throughactivities such asdirect
inhalation, mining, etc. radioactive
contactthem.
the With
So, we
preparationthe above
choose mentioned
a method
of quick
the selected totoxicreasons,
reducemetal
Most of these toxic metals are waste, due to its strength gaining
and both
exposure of
are several diseases that are caused mortars
There carcinogenic. by
capacity
ingestion. In other words, the exposure ofthese
these and themetals
metal in
freethe environment
mortars, they needby to be
even at low
encapsulating temperatures and its resistance
toxic
toxic metals, where mercury causes tested for
towards
these metals in building materials.
metals on human takes place when nature their mechanical
minamata, properties, such as
chemical attack. We know that Ordinary
does not
insomnia, neuromuscular effects, weak Portland compressive
know
immune how to putrify an element that hasstrength. The effectiveness of CAC and OPC,
Cement (OPC) is widely used because of its
been
system, effects on kidney, lungs, eyes, skin, when low
brought to it in andermatitis,
memoryallergy
nickel unusual manner.
lung cancer, selected toxic availability.
metals are induced by the
cost and easy
loss, motor dysfunction etc., cadmium causes following
itai- two methods, i.e. by mixing salts in water
itai disease, food poisoning, bronchitis, and
abdominal embedding of salts in the centre of moulds, is
pain, effects on memory, whereas nickel to be
causes ascertained. The effect of nickel, cadmium,
mercury
and copper sulphates on the fresh and hardened state seconds. Selected metal salts were
dissolved in
properties
also of the CACinand
discussed thisOPC mortar moulds are several watermetal
or embedded as per
doped mortar requirements
moulds. Five to
preparereport.
For micro structural characterization of batches samplesof(control group, Ni-doped, Cd-doped,
Hg-
3
selected toxic metal
Electron Microscopy doped
(SEM) mortars,
and X-Ray Scanning of size
Diffraction doped and Cu-doped)
7.5x7.5x7.5 wereused
cm were prepared.
for Plastic
moulds
preparation
(XRD)ofwere conducted. Leaching test is to be mortar moulds.
conducted to measure the quantity of the leached
metals from the metal doped mortars by Inductively 2.3 Selection of salt
content
Coupled Plasma Optical Emission The quantity of toxic metals present in air,
spectrometry water
(ICP-OES). and soil in the environment as well as the
1.4 maximum
Scope selected toxic metals present in the
To encapsulate permissible limit
Industrial of the metal
Hygienists), PELcontent
(Permissible
Exposure according to
environment
humanand to reduce their exposure towards ACGIH
Safety (American
Limit),
and NIOSH
Health) Conference
(National of
Institute
standards were for
noted
Occupational
beings. Governmental
down.
1.5 Objectives of the present study Hence, the quantity which was maximum
To determine the compressive strength of Ni-amongst
doped; them was taken into consideration
3
Cd-doped; Hg-doped; Cu-doped mortar mould for
Table 2.1 Concentration of toxic metals
of mortars (control group) of same size.
free experimentation.
present in
the environment and their limiting
size 7.5x7.5x7.5 cm and compare
To study microstructural them with
characterization values.
metal of
selected toxic metal doped mortars by
Scanning
Electron Microscopy
To determine the and X-Ray
concentration of
Diffraction
selected
analysis.
toxic
mortarsmetals
ina leaching out from by
water medium the ICP-
metal
doped
(Inductively OES
Coupled Plasma Optical
Emission
Spectrometry) analysis.
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1
Materials
Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC) and
Ordinary
Portland cement(OPC) were used for the
preparation
analysis were nickel sulfate 4(NiSO2 .7H O),cadmium 2.4 Calculation of number of
of mortars.
sulfate(
moulds 4 CdSO The
.8/3H
2 salts
O ), required
mercury for conducting
sulfate4 ( HgSO )
Two types of cement chosen were CAC and
the
and
copper sulfate (CuSO
4 2 .5H OPC
O). and the selected toxic metals were nickel,
2.2 Sample cadmium,
Cement and fine
preparation aggregate of ratio 1:3 by weightmercury andout
carried forth the
copper. th
The 7 two th
, 14typesandof 28
testing,
day
curing i.e.
were blended for 4-5 minutes using trowel. Sooncompressive period, for strength and ways
two different the leaching was
of inducing
the toxic to be
afterwards, the quantity of water(0.4ratio metals into the moulds, i.e. by mixing of
selected
water/cement) was added and then mixed for 80-90 toxic metal sulphates into the water
and by
embedding the metal sulphates in the centre of the 2.5 Calculation of salt
mould.
content Another set of metal free moulds was According to the above calculations, six of
also each
prepared. Two of each specimen that wasspecimen to were considered. But taking
be into
tested was considered for the preparationconsideration
of of any accidents or
the emergency, an
Table 2.2
moulds. TheNumber of CAC
following moulds
tabular for the
column shows
extra mould of each specimen were
testing
the for Compressive strength and leaching prepared. In
splittest.
up of the calculation of number of moulds
total 7 moulds were considered to calculate
the salt
content. All mathematical evaluations were
done so For 7 moulds, where each mould
that maximum
capacityhaving a quantity
of 200gms andofa metal
total is
of 1400gms
considered
of to
check combined
cement the feasibility of ofthe
and a ratio 1:3 to that of
experiment.
that of
Encapsulation
the quantity ofof maximumwhich
aggregate quantity
addsofupmetal,
to
will
4200gm
give aFor
better
of aggregate. theidea
The and understanding
water/cement
calculation ratio of
of quantity being
of
stabilization
0.4, the
considersaltnickel sulphate. The molecular
of metals
total
weight of at lower
quantity of 4levels
water ofrequired
toxicity. for curing
2
the
nickel suphate (NiSO .7H O) 58.69
this atomic weight stands at g/mol.
is 280.75 g/mol
Therefore,
mixture
and would be 560 mL.
the percentage of nickel present in nickel
Table 2.3 Number of OPC moulds for the suphate
for Compressive strength and leaching can be calculated which is nothing but
testing
test 20.905%.
The maximum content of nickel
currently
present in the environment is known to be
at 80
mg/L. This value is then increased 5 times just
to be
on the safe side, in case of any further
increase in
toxicity levels in the future and also to simplify
the
process of mixing small quantities of salts in
water.The quantity of the salt calculated in
Table
In 560 mL of water i.e. the quantity
2.4 for mixing method was considered for
required
all 7
for mixing the cement aggregate, the value is
mortar
found moulds, whereas for embedding
method
to be 224 the
mg. Hence, the quantity of salt to be
calculated
added quantity of salt was for per mould.
was determined as 1066.65mg. Similarly,
other
quantity of salts, such as cadmium, mercury
and
copper sulphates were determined in the
same
manner.
 Table 2.4 Calculation of salt
content

Figure 2.1 Mixing of copper salt in

water.
2.6.2 Embedding of salts in the
mould
For the calculation of salts in embedding
method,
the quantity of salt determined in Table 2.4
is for
The selected
per mortar toxic inmetal
mould, unlike mixing was
method
where calculated
accordingly
the calculated andamount
weighedof accurately.
salt was forFor
all 7
example,
mortar
the preparation of nickel doped CAC
moulds.
mortar.
According to the calculations carried out in
Table
2.6 Encapsulation of typical 2.4, the quantity of nickel salt to be added
salts
The selected toxic salts can be induced into was
the 1066.65mg to 560mL of water. The
mortar moulds can be done in two ways. preparation of
One of mortar mould is carried out as usual, and then
them is by mixing
The selected of saltwas
toxic metal intocarefully
the water, while
half In this method, the metal does not get
the
calculated ad the mould is filled with the mortar. The
other one is by embedding the salt into the mixed,
weighed. For example, for the preparation ofcalculated
rather it will be concentrated at the centre.
2.6.1
copper Mixing of salts in
mould. nickel salt is then embedded at the centre
The
water
dopedtwoOPCmethods are explained
mortar, 560mL in detail of
was required. in the
the
According mortar while it is still fresh, as shown in the
following section.
to the calculations carried out in Table 2.4, Figure
the 2.2. Immediately, the rest of the prepared
quantity of copper salt to be added was mortar is
1782.315mg filled on top 2.2
Figure of the embedded
Embedding salt and
of nickel
to 560mL of water. The salt was thoroughly quicklysalt.
mixed compacted.
2.7 Curing
in specified quantity of water and was then All the samples were cured for 7, 14 and 28
added to days
the cement and fine aggregate mix. This respectively using gunny bags and drip
ensures the irrigation
proper mixing of toxic salt in the mould. method for better water supply during curing
In this method, the metal will be cycle.
thoroughly
mixed in the mould. Figure 2.1 captures the
process
of mixing of copper salt in water that is to be
added
to the cement aggregate mix.
 uncoated (which are directly immersed) and
coated
(Polyurethane, Varnish, Shellac etc.
coated
samples). Specimens were immersed in 1L of
liquid
medium i.e. demineralized neutral pH water
for 3
Figure 2.3 Set up of curing days. The water samples containing metal
system. doped
2.8 Experimental mortar were sent to lab for Inductively
tests Coupled
2.8.1 Compressive Plasma Optical emission spectrometry to
Theoretical value of load is calculated using measure
strengths
known the concentration (a)of leached(b)metals.
data (area, load and using reference code IS: Figure 2.4 (a) Applying polyurethane; (b)
4031- Mould immersed in
Part 7-1988, IS: 7246-1974, IS: 269-1967, IS: water.
650-
1966)Compressive load of the metal doped 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
mortars
and control groups were calculated 3.1 Effects of selected metal on
using mortar
Compressive Testing Machine.
2.8.2 X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning 3.1.1 Compressive strength of
Compressive
specimens
stresses are calculated using the above loads
Electronand Microscopy (in MPa)
During tabulated.
the hydration
Comparisons between different a Table 3.1 and 3.2 shows the compressive
process there is change in
strengths
batches
SEM
were and
mineralogical XRD.
composition
done of metal doped mortarmortar
graphically. as welltoxic
of selected as the
saltsmetal free CAC
i.e. nickel, and
cadmium,
mercuryUsing the powdered form of the metal doped OPC mortar moulds by inducing salt into the
mortarof its compounds were determined by and copper sulphates mixed in CAC
and phases
mortars,
and OPCXRD analysis was conducted. Based on the moulds by mixing and embedding
process,
diffraction peak
to 50° intensities,
with 2θ. the mineralogical phases respectively, along the curing period of 7,
14 and 28 SEM was used for microscopic Table 3.1 Compressive strength- Mixing
were determined with
observations the scanning ranging from 0° days.
system.
to understand the composition and mapping of
the
metal distribution, where the microstructures
of the
metal doped samples were inspected. And for
further analysis the necessary photographs
2.8.3 Leaching
were
Test
Leaching is the loss or extraction of
taken.
certain
materials from a solid/semi-solid medium
into a
liquid medium. Specimens which were needed
for
testing, were categorized into two different
types,
 Table 3.2 Compressive strength- 10 (EMBEDDED
Embedding system. )
8
Control group
6
Ni
4
Cd
2
Hg
0
7 days 14 days 28 Cu
days
Curing
time
3.1.2 Graphs of compressive
Figure 3.2 Compressive strength
strengths (embedding
a) CAC3.1 shows the compressive
Figure method) for Control group; Ni-doped; Cd-
strengths of doped;
nickel, cadmium, mercury and copper b) OPC Hg-doped; Cu-doped CAC samples.
sulphates Figure 3.3 shows the compressive
mixed in CAC as well as the metal free strengths of
CAC nickel, cadmium, mercury and copper
moulds by inducing salt into the mould by sulphates
mixing 4 (MIXING) mixed in OPC as well as the metal free OPC
process, along the curing period of 7, 14 moulds 6
and 28 3 Control group by inducing salt into the mould by(MIXING)
mixing
days. 5
2 Ni process,
4 Control group
along the curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days.
1 Cd 3 Ni
Hg 2
0 Cd
1
7 days 14 days28 Cu Hg
0
days
Curing 7 days 14 days 28 Cu
time days
Curing
Figure 3.1 Compressive strength (Mixing time
method)
for control group; Ni-doped; Cd-doped; Hg- Figure 3.3 Compressive strength (Mixing
doped; Method)
Cu-doped CAC samples. for Control group; Ni-doped; Cd-doped; Hg-
doped;
Figure 3.2 indicates the compressive Cu-doped OPC samples.
strengths of
nickel, cadmium, mercury and copper Figure 3.4 indicates the compressive
sulphates strengths of
mixed in CAC as well as the metal free nickel, cadmium, mercury and copper
CAC sulphates
moulds by inducing salt into the mould mixed in OPC as well as the metal free OPC
by moulds
embedding process, along the curing period by
of inducing salt into the mould by
7, 14 embedding
and 28 days. process, along the curing period of 7, 14
and 28
days.
 5 51.20% and 15.67% on th the th7 , 14thand 28
(EMBEDDED
)
day
4
respectively, with respect to the metal free
Control group
3 mould.
compressive strength for ththe th7 , 14th and 28
2
Ni day For cadmium doped CAC mortar, all
Cd the
were reduced by 13.71%, 50.00% and
1 55.82%
Hg
0 on the th7 andthWhereas
respectively. 14 day and for acadmium
increaseth
doped
on 28
7 days 14 days 28 Cu OPC
day by
days mortar,
19.65%, there was a decrease
with respect to controlof 19.09% and
group.
Curing 6.46%CAC doped with mercury, with respect
th
time th
to
Figure 3.4 Compressive strength the control group, on the 7 th day shows an
(embedding increase
method) for Control group; Ni-doped; Cd- of 93.54%, dropped by 50% on the 14 day and
doped; then
3.1.3Variation Compressive
Hg-doped; Cu-doped again Lastly,
strength
OPC samples. hiked by 15.28%
copper on the
doped CAC28mortar day. While
of for moulds,
OPC doped mercury, thevalue
values th
specimens in percentage showed a growth in the on ofthe 7
compressive
day by to the control group and on
respect th
the 28
With reference to the control group, Table 3.3 strength exhibitedth a drop on all 3 days by
and 29.03%.
day, a drop
massive The of
1467.44%
day had
showed
takennoplace.variation
For
3.18%,
with
copper
Table 3.4 exhibits the variation in 42.58% and 1.99%. th
percentage of doped OPC mortar, an increase in the 7
th
toxic metals doped mortar in terms of day
for the 14 andth28 day a dip of 33.97% and
Table 3.3 Percentage variation of compressive
9.71% strength took place by 9.09%,
compressive
compressive
strength whereas
was observed, respectively, with respect to
strength of metal doped mortars with control
respect to group.
Table 3.4 Percentage variation of
control group by mixing. compressive
strength of metal doped mortars with
respect to
control group by embedding.

The following explanation stands for

percentage
variationwith
mortars of compressive strength
respect to control ofby
group metal
dopedNickel doped CAC mortar onThe following explanation stands for
mixing.
percentage
showedthe th day
an 7increase in the compressive
variation of compressive strength of metal
th
strength while
14.52%, by on the 14 and ththe 28 day, th th
doped
there
mortars with respect to control group by
was a drop of 5.63% and 73.42% respectively,
embedding.
with
Nickel doped CAC mortar on the 7 , 14
respect to the control group. Nickel doped in th
OPC and the 28 day showed an increase in
the
mortar only resulted in a decrease of
10.91%, compressive strength by 29.03%, 22.50%
and
23.92% respectively, with respect to the control 3.3 Micro structural
group.thFor copper doped
characterization of OPC mortar, an the Cd-doped samples (By
the 7
increase in day compressive strength took
place Mixing
9.09%,by whereas for the th
14 and th
28 day a
dip of method)
During the time of hydration process,
cadmium
10.76% and 64.68% was observed,
doped CAC mortar and cadmium doped
respectively,
For cadmium doped CAC mortar, all OPC
with respect
the
compressive tostrength for ththe th7 , 14th and mortar,
control group. 28 developed the different phases
day of
were increased by 64.51%, 94.38% and cementitious particles, along with their
160.13% particular
respectively. Whereas for cadmium dopedshapes and sizes. Chemical compounds were
th
OPC th
14 and 28 day a dip of 10.76% th and 64.68% formed
mortar an increase in the 7 day Once the compressive test was carried
was due samples
to the addition of cadmium sulfate
compressive the out, of Cadmium doped CAC and into
seen, with respect to control group, the
strength Cadmium
the controltook
respectively. group,place by th
on ththe 79.09%, whereas
, 14 thand 28 day for
mortar
the doped andOPC the concentrations
were of Fe, drop
collected. Using Ca, Al, Si,
showsCAC doped with mercury, with respect Ti,
weight
to
an increase of 136.29%, 27.50% and Cd, rich-silicon areas and many other
impact testing
analysis to knowmachine
thesamples
micro were
structural
9.30% metals as
converted into
respectively. While for OPC doped mercury characterization well, were varied
of the Cd-doped
powdered
samples. form inalong
orderthe
to curing
conductperiod.
SEM and
there Lastly, copper doped CAC mortar
thobserved for all 3 XRD
3.3.1 SEM images of CAC
was only
showed a agrowth
moulds, drop that
on the 7 day by 176.83%.,
days
th
the and
14 of the 28 day showed an increase of a) Below picture shows the microstructural
th
th
3.18%, 44.73% and 17.66%.
66.88% image of
and 3.32%
mortar, onththeFor
respectively.
a decrease th
7 ,copper
14 and th
the cadmium
doped 28 doped CAC sample on the 7 day
OPC
day of
compressive strength took place by 10.91%, curing period.
55.26%
and 50.99%,
From therespectively,
above results, with
we respect
can concludeto
controlthat
group.the addition of cadmium sulphate in the
upon
CAC (a) (b) (c)
th
and OPC
values mortars,
obtained thethe
from compressive
control group strength
for
turned
the
day 28
out to be either higher or relatively closer to
strength.
the
3.2 Selection of
sample
In majority of the cases mentioned in the
th
(d) (e)
above Figure 3.5 Microstructural image of
table,strength,
day the compressive strength
is highest values for
for cadmium. cadmiumdoped CAC on theth
7
the 28
Hence, day.
cadmium doped moulds became the ideal
choice for
further testing. This included the samples
containing
cadmium to be used for the SEM, XRD analysis.
For the above mentioned reasons,
cadmium
doped samples i.e. cadmium salt embedded in
CAC
mould and cadmium salt water mixed in OPC
mould
were utilized for further analysis.
b) Below picture shows the microstructural image of The above Figure 3.5 (e) and Figure 4.6
th th th
(e) shows
curing period. day cement particles are loosely thbound, has
cadmium doped CAC sample on the 28 day of space the particle sizes of the 7 day and
th 28 day.
The 7 between them and is finer compared to the 28
day.
3.3.3 SEM images of OPC
a) The below picture show the
(a) (b) (c) of cadmium doped OPC samplethon the 7
microstructural
image
day
of curing period.

(d) (e)
Figure 3.6 Microstructural images of
cadmiumdoped CAC on theth28 (a) (b) (c)
day.
3.3.2 Explanation on SEM images of
th
CAC
On comparing the SEM images of the 7th and 28
day
cadmium-doped CAC sample (mixing
method).
(d) (e)
Figure 3.7 Microstructural image of cadmium
doped OPC on theth7
day.

Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 b) The below picture shows the

th
(a) (a) microstructural
The above Figure 3.5 (a) and Figure day image of cadmium doped OPC sample on the
of curing
3.6 (a) 28
period
indicate the variation in the concentration of
Fe, Ca,
Al, Si, Ti, Cd, rich-silicon areas and many
other
metals as well. In the figures, we can observe
that (a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.6 (a) is denser compared to Figure
3.5 (a),
which indicates that the metal concentration
has
developed during the hydration process.
(d) (e)
Figure 3.8 Microstructural image of cadmium
Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 doped OPC on the th
28
(e) (e) day.
3.3.4 Explanation on SEM images of
On comparing the SEM images ofth the 7th and
OPC
28
day cadmium-doped OPC sample from Figure
3.7
(a) and Figure 3.8 (a), it indicates the
variation in
the concentration of Fe, Ca, Al, Si, Ti, Cd,
rich-
silicon areas and many other metals as
well. In Figure 3.9 Solid phases of Cd-doped CAC sample
Figure 3.8 (a), the metal concentration are on 7th day.
heavily
compacted when compared to Figure 3.7 (a) b) Figure 3.10 which contains a graph,
during indicates the
hydration process. diffraction peak intensities of solid phases
th
Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8 of cadmium on the 28 day of curing
(a) (a) cadmium doped CAC and the chemical
period.
compounds
The Figure 3.7 (e) and Figure 3.8 (e)
th th
shows the
particle sizes of 7 day and 28 day curing.
th
Cement are denser and well developed
particles in 28
th
day
when compared to 7 day.

Figure 3.10 Solid phases of Cd-doped CAC

sample on 28th day.

3.3.6 XRD images of Cadmium-

Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8
(e) (e) doped
OPC sample
a) Figure 3.11 contains a graph, that
indicates the
3.3.5 XRD images of Cadmium- diffraction peak intensities of solid phases
doped th
of cadmium on the 7 day of curing
CAC
a) sample
Figure 3.9 which contains a graph, cadmium doped OPC and the chemical
period.
indicates the compounds
diffraction peak intensities of solid phases
of
compounds of cadmium on ththe 7 day of
cadmium doped CAC sample and the
curing
period.
chemical

Figure 3.11 Solid phases of Cd-doped OPC

sample on 7th day.
b) Figure 3.12 which contains a graph,
indicates the
diffraction peak intensities of solid phases
th
of cadmium on the 7 day of curing
cadmium doped CAC and the chemical
period.
compounds

Figure 3.12 Solid phases of Cd-doped OPC

sample on 28th day.

3.4 Leaching
tests
CAC mould embedded with cadmium salt and
OPC
mould mixed with cadmium salt in water Figure 3.13
were (a)
selected. Each mould was now categorized into
two
more moulds, consisting of coated
(with
Polyurethane on all surfaces) and uncoated.
These
Four
moulds water
weresamples
immersedthatinwere to be tested
a container with 1
are
liter as
follows-
water for a period of 3 days. After this, the
SAMPLE
water – 01asCAC mould embedded
with
samples of 500mL each were collected and
cadmium
given for salt, without any coat.
SAMPLE – 02 as CAC mould embedded
ICP-OES testing.
with
cadmium salt, coated with polyurethane on all
the
SAMPLE
surfaces of – mortar
03 as OPC mould mixed with
mould.
cadmium
salt in water, without any coat.
SAMPLE – 04 as OPC mould mixed with
cadmium
salt in water, coated with polyurethane on all Figure 3.13
the (b)
The obtained
surfaces result
of mortar was known to be less
mould.
than
0.003mg/L of cadmium, which is below
detection
limit (BDL).
 4 CONCLUSION
The compressive strengths of cadmium
sulfate
mixed in CAC mortar and the cadmium
sulfate
embedded in OPC mortar has decreased,
while
compressive strengths of cadmium sulfate
mixed in
OPC mortar and cadmium sulfate embedded in
CAC
mortar has increased with respect to the
compressive
Embedded system has performed better
strength
thanof the control group, due to variation
of
thethe
mixing system in CAC and mixing system
diameter
has of the hydrated compound in
cement. The
performed better than embedded system in
variation
OPC. in strength also occurs due to
presence
In SEMof studies, we concluded that, upon
concentration
the of cadmium, calcium, silica,
titanium,
addition of cadmium sulfate, the
Figure 3.13 aluminum,
cementitious iron and rich silicon areas.
(c) particles in CAC was finer when compared to
OPC.
Thereby the images of SEM are quite
satisfaction in
OPC than CAC, i.e. in terms of size of particle
or Hence, we can conclude that use of OPC
the diameter
is of the hydrated particle.
better than CAC obtained
The result of leaching test
for the encapsulation of by
cadmiumICP-
OES analysis
by mixing method,obtained aswasit known to be less
will become
than
more
0.003mg/L
economical.ofBut cadmium
CAC is in waterthan
better sample,
OPC for
which
the is
Below Detection
encapsulation Limit (BDL).This
of cadmium indicates
by embedding
that
method.
cadmium was successfully
To summarize, OPC andencapsulated
CAC mortars in
the can
mould.
be used to encapsulate cadmium doped
samples by
mixing and embedding method,
respectively.
Figure 3.13 Thereby, enabling us to utilize CAC as well as
(d) OPC
Figure 3.13 (a), (b), (c) and (d) are
reports of the test by ICP-OES
leaching for waste management.
analysis.
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