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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Teaching Reading
Teaching is not an easy job, but it is a necessary one, and can be very
rewarding when the teacher see our students progress and know that we have
helped to make it happen (Jaremy Harmer, 2008). Some student may have
difficulty and stressful at same times, but teaching can be enjoyable.
In the classroom, reading is one of ways to make the students understand
in teaching – learning process. Every student has different character and skill,
so the teacher is expected to present some ways to make the student
interesting to conduct their lesson.
The strategy of teaching reading which the teacher is present one of ways
in the classroom. The first is summarizing. Summarizing is how we take
larger selections of text and reduce them to their bare essentials: the gist, the
key ideas, the main points that are worth noting and remembering. The
second is questioning. It gives tutors the chance to find out what students
know and understand, and it allows students to seek clarification and help.
The third is skimming. Skimming is aimed at getting quickly the main ideas
and the purposes of reading selection (Cahyono et al, 2011). The fourth is
scanning. Scanning is quick reading to find the general idea, scanning is
quick reading to locate specific information.
From the statement above, it is clear that the strategies influence for the
students’ learning in reading comprehension. So, it can be concluded that
strategies is important for students to learn reading.
B. Reading comprehension
1. Meaning
Reading comprehension is the linguistic process of reconstructing
the intended message of a text by translating its lexical and grammatical
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information into meaningful units that can be integrated with the reader's
knowledge and cognitive structures (Harris and Hodges, 1982:266).
McNeil, 1992 stated that comprehension is making sense out of the
text. Reading comprehension is acquiring information from context and
combining disparate elements into a new whole. According to Cahyono,
2011 reading is means of transferring information between the writer and
the reader. Therefore reading comprehension understands a written text
means extracting the required information from it as efficiently as
possible. Reading with comprehension means understanding what has
been read. It is an active, thinking process that depends not only on
comprehension skills but also on the student’s experiences and prior
knowledge. Comprehension involves understanding the vocabulary
seeing the relationship among word and concepts, organizing ideas,
recognizing the author’s purpose, making judgments, and evaluating.
Reading comprehension depends on many factors;
a. the reader’s ability to attend the printed idea
b. the reader’s background knowledge to which new information must
be added
c. the quality of writing itself
d. the reader’s purpose or goal in reading material.
In this research the reading comprehension understands of the text
idea where in reading there are some interaction between teacher and
students in classroom activity.
2. Strategy in reading comprehension
Adler C.R, (2001) stated that reading comprehension strategies are
conscious plans-sets of steps that good readers use to make sense of text.
Comprehension strategy instruction helps students become purposeful,
active readers who are in control of their own reading comprehension.
There are four kinds of strategies in teaching reading comprehension
according to Vacca & Vacca (1999:53) :
a. Scaffolding
A key change in the delivery of instruction that would make a
difference in the content literacy of all learners, especially students
from diverse backgrounds, is to scaffold the strategies for text.
Gasong, 2007 stated that scaffolding is a lesson in which students are
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given some assistance during the early stages of learning and then
reducing the aid and providing opportunities for students.
Scaffolding allows teachers help diverse learner negotiate meaning
and overcome difficulties in text-related learning situation.
Scaffolding is as a process whereby a student is helped to solve a
particular problem beyond its developmental capacity through the
help of a teacher or other person with more ability. From the
definition described above it can be concluded that scaffolding is a
support, support to students of teachers that enable the development
of learning ability so that there is a higher level of mastery of
material shown by the completion of more complicated problems.
b. Think-aloud
Think Alouds is a strategy that helps students on learning
activities, Aims to recall more significant information from the texts
given by the teacher. The ability of teachers to transfer creativity
Them and control the students in completing each step of the way
think alouds strategy in understanding reading texts and teachers
make their thinking explicit by verbalizing their thoughts while
reading orally. Davey, (1983: 45) suggest five basic steps when using
think-aloud. First, select passage to read aloud that contain points of
difficulty, ambiguities, contradictions, or unknown words. Second,
while orally reading thinking-aloud, have students follow silently
and listen to how trouble spots are through. Third, have students
work with partners to practice think-aloud by taking reading short,
carefully prepared passages and sharing thoughts. Fourth, have
students practice independently, using a checklist to involve all
students while verifying use of the procedures. Finally, to provide for
transfer, integrate practice with other lessons, and provide occasional
demonstration of how, why, and when to use thinkaloud.
c. Reciprocal Teaching
Reciprocal Teaching is a strategy that asks students and teachers
to share the role of teacher by allowing both to lead the discussion
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C. Scaffolding method
1. Meaning
Scaffolding is defined as the "strategy used by the teachers to
facilitate learners' transition from assisted to independent
performance"(Sukyadi and Hasanah, 2013:4). Another definition is given
by Bradley and Bradley (2004) as the "contextual supports for meaning
through the use of simplified language, teacher modeling, visuals and
graphics, cooperative learning and hands-on learning".
Scaffolding is a teaching learning strategy in which the teacher and
learners engage in a collaborative problem-solving activity with the
support and guidance of the teacher to enable learners become
increasingly independent (Richards and Schmidt, 2002:466).
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4. Scaffolding strategies
The following are a number of scaffolding strategies:
a. Modeling
Means “a learning process in which a person observes someone‟s
behavior and then consciously or unconsciously attempts to imitate
that behavior” (Richards et al., 1992:233 ). It is according to Roehler
& Cantlon (1997 cited in Bikmaz et. al, 2010:27) instructional
activity which includes think aloud modeling, talk aloud modeling
and performance modeling that shows how learners should think and
act within a given situation.
b. Bridging
“This calls for activating and building on knowledge that students
already have, i.e., going from the known to the unknown. Students
can make connections of the new concepts or behavior to previous
learning. Then, they can show how the new material is pertinent to
their live”
c. Contextualizing
Contextualized instruction, as it suggests, refers to teaching students
the content in a context, i.e., embedding the concepts in meaningful
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e. Developing metacognition
Metacognition is defined as „the ability to monitor one‟s current
level of understanding and decide when it is not adequate. It refers to
the ways in which students manage their thinking, and it includes at
least the four aspects: consciously applying learned strategies while
engaging in activity; knowledge and awareness of strategic options a
learner has and the ability to choose the most effective one for the
particular activity at hand monitoring, evaluating and adjusting
performance during activity; and planning for future performance
based on evaluation of past performance"
D. Previous Study
1. Dwi Ariani. “Scaffolding Strategy Used By English Teacher In Teaching
Reading Comprehension To The Eleventh Grades Students At Smk
Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta”, Muhammadiyah Surakarta University,
2018.
The conclusion of her thesis found that there are five kinds of
scaffolding techniques which is used by English teacher at SMK
Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta in teaching reading comprehension namely
asking question, using simple language, using visual, using gesture and
generating question. The students show good response toward the
implementation of scaffolding in teaching reading comprehension. They
state that the support from the teacher in teaching and learning reading
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