Introduction to

Electronics
ELECTRONICS
 Study of flow of electrons in electric
circuits
 The field of science and engineering
which deals with electron devices and
their utilization
 Learning the way how an electron
behaves under different conditions at
externally applied fields
HISTORY
 1897
 The electron was
discovered by JJ
Thompson

 1904
 First Thermionic Valve
was invented by John
Ambrose Fleming
HISTORY
 1906
 The first triode valve was
invented by Lee De
Forest
 1947
 First transistor was made
by William Shockley,
John Bardeen and
Walter Brattain.
 The term transistor was
coined by John R. Pierce
 HISTORY
 1954
 Gordon Teal at Texas Instruments
created the first Commercial Silicon
Transistor
 1958
 Jack Kilby invented the first
Integrated Circuit at Texas
Instruments
 1971
 Intel introduces the first CPU on a
chip – the 1st Microprocessor named
Intel 4004
 APPLICATION
 Consumer Electronics
 Devices and equipment meant for everyday use
APPLICATION
 Industrial Electronics
APPLICATION
Industrial Electronics
1. Smart Grid Systems
 collect information from the communication
technology and react accordingly based on
power consumption.
 It is an application of intelligence, computing,
and networked electricity systems.
 Example: Smart Meters
 Features of smart grid
 Digital system based on two-way communication
 Interactive Sensors
 Self-monitoring and Debugging
 Valid Distribution of electricity
APPLICATION
Industrial Electronics
2. Industrial automation and motion control
 Machines are replacing humans these days with
increased productivity, time and cost.
 Moreover, safety is also considered for
unmanageable works.
 Hence to delegate the human’s, automation has
become the preferable choice for industries.
3. Image processing
 Image processing has involved in computer
graphics, Artificial intelligence, Robotics for
navigation, Inspection and Assembly, Computer
Vision for Face and gesture recognition, Virtual
reality, medical analysis.
APPLICATION
 Medical Application
 Useful in diagnosing diseases and for
healing purposes.
APPLICATION
 Meteorological and Oceanographic
APPLICATION
 Defense and Aerospace
APPLICATION
 Automotive (Automobiles)
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT
NATURE OF MATTER
 MOLECULE
 The smallest unit of a substance that can exist
alone and retain the character of that
substance
 ATOM
 The basic component of all matter
 The smallest particle of an element that can
exist either alone or in combination
 NUCLEUS
 The central part of an atom
 Nature of Matter
NEUTRON
 Neutrally charged particle
PROTON
 Positively charged particle
ELECTRON
 Negatively charged particles
FREE ELECTRONS
 Electrons that have left their
orbit in an atom and are
wandering freely through a
material
 Its directional movement
makes an electric current
 Nature of Matter
 CONDUCTOR
 Materials that permit the free motions of
electrons
 Best conductor is silver, most common is
copper
 Nature of Matter
 INSULATORS
 Materials that have very few free electrons and
are poor conductors.
 Best inductors are materials such as glass, mica,
rubber, plastics, ceramics and slate.
 Nature of Matter
 SEMICONDUCTOR
 Materials that have some characteristics of both
conductors and insulators
 Made from germanium, silicon, selenium, copper
oxide
 Static Electricity
 Positive Charge
 Lack of electrons

 Negative Charge
 Excess of electrons

 Static Electricity
 Imbalance of positive and negative
charges
Static Electricity
 Static Electricity
 Law of Chargers
 The law of charges
states that unlike
charges attract while
like charges repel
 If two materials of
opposite charges are
brought together, the
excess electrons of
the negative charge
will transfer to
material having a
lack of electrons ~~
called DISCHARGE
 Static Electricity
 Coulomb’s Law
Electric field of force / Electrostatic field
 Field of force that surrounds the charges which
causes the effect of attraction or repulsion

Coulomb’s Law states that the force of attraction

or repulsion between two charged bodies is
proportional to the amount of charge present on
both bodies divided by the square of the
distance between them.
 Static Electricity
Electrostatic lines of force are usually used to
represent the electric field around a charged
body.

Positive charge  lines of force are always shown leaving

the charge
Negative charge  lines of force are always shown
entering the charge
Static Electricity

 Two oppositely
charged bodies can
be discharged by
connecting a wire to
provide a path for
electrons to flow.
 Another way is by
direct contact of the
two materials.
 Sources of Electricity
 FRICTION (static energy)
 Electricity is produced by rubbing certain
dissimilar materials together

 PRESSURE
 Electricity is produced by certain crystalline
materials
 An electric charge will develop between two
plates and pressure is exerted on plates
 Electricity produced is called PIEZOELECTRICITY
 Sources of Electricity
 HEAT
 Electricity produced by heating the junction of a
thermocouple

 LIGHT
 Electricity is produced using light as source of
energy
 Certain materials when excited by light under
the right conditions release electrons
 The act of releasing electrons is called
photoelectric effect
 Sources of Electricity
 CHEMICAL ACTION
 Electricity is produced by the chemical
reactions that take place between
electrodes and the electrolyte

 MAGNETISM
 Electricity is produced by the relative
movement of wire across a magnetic field or
vice versa
 It is the most common method of producing
electricity
 Electrical Properties
 CURRENT (I)
 The rate of movement of free electrons in
the same direction along a wire
 It is the flow of electricity through a
conductor
 Unit of measurement is ampere (A)
 Ampere is 1 coulomb flowing in one second
 Electrical Properties
 VOLTAGE (E or V)
 Also known as electromotive force (EMF) or
potential difference
 Work required to move a charge through an
element
Work is force acting upon an object to cause
displacement; unit is joule
 Energy is the capacity to do work

 Unit is volt (V)

 Volt – the potential difference needed to
obtain 1 joule of work when 1 coulomb of
charge flows
 Electrical Properties
 POWER (P)
 The rate at which work is done when moving
electrons from point to point.
 It is expresses as the amount of work per unit
time
 Unit is watt (W)
 Watt equivalent to power produced by a
current of one ampere across a potential
difference of one volt