UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN

FACULTY OF ARTS

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

EUROPEAN PHENOMENON (HIS 810)

GROUP TWO

GLOBAL UNION AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

BY:

IJAIYA Badirudeen Adebayo 09/25OW028

AKPOTAIRE Julianah Beauty 09/25OW016

Submitted to: DR. AFOLABI

September, 2017

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 INTRODUCTION

The subject of paramount is European phenomenon while focus is to be expend on, among
other phenomena evolving from Europe “the global unions and international organizations’’.
Based on this, the very importance of these unions and organizations would not but be
adequately address. Bearing in mind, the rippling effect or impacts it has been able to
dispense (be it positive or negative) on existentialities of the world’s continents. However,
the case study happens to be Europe, so discussing the relevant and influence of global
unions and international organizations that has their root or foothold in Europe without
identifying the countries found within the geographical scape of European continent would
make the whole discourse a fiction just like the mythology of creation stories (cosmological
accounts e.g. Yoruba cosmology, Edo cosmology, Nupe cosmology etc). Thus, Europe
comprise of many countries such as Britain, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal,
Austria, Russia, Prussia, Hungaria, Belgium, Croatia, Netherland or Holland,
Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Uruguay, Poland, Ukraine, Serbia,
Montenegro, Sweden, Norway, Turkey, Greece, Ireland, Romania, Luxembourg,
Denmark, ,Yugoslavia, just to mention but few. All of which have in one way or the other
input into the establishment of the global unions and organizations as well as in their
functionalities bearing in mind the purposefulness of such an organization.

Specifically, Europe as a continent comprised of many countries that are more or less
pronounced of the powers of those years e.g. Portugal, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Russia and Britain, dominates the scene even when issues were of the less powerful
countries. Interestingly, the environmental situation in Europe then (hostility) led to some
kind of frictions between and among various powers who assumed superiority over others as
a result of some levels of advancement visible and conceivable of those states that found
themselves below competing level in terms of technological strength, economic buoyancy,
military ability and capability thus, clash of the titans. The international organisation and
global union however, have positive and negatives impacts on the African countries which
seek for aid and support from the various international organisations available to them at the
point of needs. Such organisation includes, IMF, WHO, UN, UNESCO, WTO, WORLD

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BANK etc. It is however on this basis that the conceptual explanation will be provided for
proper consumption of the discourse.

GLOBAL UNION

The word “global” from the Oxford dictionary means something relating to the whole world
(worldwide) or including the whole of a group of things1 while “union” simply means a
society or association formed by people with common interest or purpose, especially a trade
union.2 Based on this, a global union could justly be said to be formal association of people
of common interest across the world continents with definite structure, define purpose, rules
and regulations, aim, goals and objectives as well as democratically elected head. Also, the
Global Union could means an association of statesmen or representatives (government or
non-governmental organization) that stands.......................................to improve the working
and living conditions for workers and support the equitable distribution of wealth, decent
jobs for all and sustainable economic growth.3 The organization works with global or
transnational companies and international institutions such as the International Labour
Organization (ILO), United Nations (UN), International Monetary Funds (IMF), European
Union (EU), World Bank, Multinational corporations and other regional international
organizations so as to be able to hold corporations accountable in other to ensure
maintenance of workers human rights globally.4

More so, the fifth resolution of the global union, craves for global economy where there
would be an inclusive growth. An economic system geared around the welfare of the many,
not the few, in which the aim is no longer profit for the top one per cent, but for security,
dignity, justice, equality, cohesion and fairness for the majority of people. It is an economy
that recognises, for women and men, the right to a permanent, secure, fulltime job, which has
decent and safe working conditions, and guarantees a living wage.5 The activities of the
unions ball down to the founding of World Trade Organization in 1995 which shows the
evolvement or maturity of organizations such as the World Bank and the international
Monetary Fund’s acquisition of new capacities to direct the international economic order and

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as Van der Pijl, Gereffi and Korzeniewicz posited, it led to …restructuring of labour
processes and established patterns of production and consumption.6

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In 2005, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) had two hundred and
thirty-three (233) affiliated organizations in 154 countries and territories on six continents,
with a membership of 145 million (40 per cent of whom are women). It is a confederation of
national trade union centres, each of which links together sets of trade unions of that
particular country. It has three major regional organizations, Asia-Pacific Regional
Organization (APRO) and the African Regional Organization (AFRO), and Organización
Regional Interamericana de Trabajadores (ORIT) for the Americas. It also maintains close
links with the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) which includes many European
ICFTU affiliates plus other union bodies and Global Union Federations (GUFs). Together
with the ICFTU, the GUFs have the possibility of extending the local into the international
arena. The last two decades have seen a transformation of GUFs as relatively bureaucratic
offices, with their headquarters mostly in Europe, into more regionally spread and
functionally differentiated support organizations.7 Alongside the ICFTU, in 2005 there were
ten Global Union Federations:

— EI – Education International

— ICEM – International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General

Workers’ Unions

— IFBWW – International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

— IFJ – International Federation of Journalists

— IMF – International Metalworkers’ Federation

— ITF – International Transport Workers’ Federation

— ITGLWF – International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation

— IUF – International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering,

Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations

— PSI – Public Services International

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— UNI – Union Network International8

The global unions represent industrial sectors, and combinations of sector workforces
worldwide. They are associated with the ICFTU but are independent organizations in their
own right. While they set their own program and rules, determine their own policies,
structure, requirements for admittance, they work with the ICFTU, to promote and defend
human and trade union rights as well as independent trade union activity. 9 As we have said
earlier Global Union is working in conjunction with various trade, labour and financial
institutions as well as regulatory bodies all over the world even though the partnering bodies
were spread across continents, their headquarters remains in Europe. These include, Global
Union Federations (GUFs); the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU);
the International Labour Organization (ILO); World Trade Organization (WTO);
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); Trade Union Advisory
Committee to the OECD; Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD and
International Chamber of Commerce; Institute of Applied Social Science – Norway (FAFO);
European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC); European Public Services Union (EPSU);
European Mining Chemical and Energy Workers Federation –(EMCEF); European
Metalworkers Federation – (EMF); European Regional Organization of the International
Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation –(ERO-ITGLWF); EI-Asia Pacific; PSI-
Asia Pacific; ICEM-Asia Pacific; Asian and Pacific Regional Organization of the
International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation – (TWARO-ITGLWF);
Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations – (SOMO); Norwegian Confederation of
Trade Unions (LO-Norway); Pakistan Confederation of Traded Unions and Federatie
Nederlands Vakbeweging – (FNV).10

Thus, without error of omission or commission the evidence above alone is sufficient to say
that no global union or international organization works in isolation of the other and the
visible overlapping functions and leaning of one against the other (be it governmental or
inter-governmental, non-governmental or international non-governmental organizations) for
clarity better functionality and success could not be under but over-estimated. In other words,
most of the aim and objectives of them all directly or indirectly were towards the same ends

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despite their distinctive ideologies, ways, reasoning which were products of differences of
human rationale. However, before furtherance into clarity or polishing through, a brief
etymological exercise on the word “International Organization” should warm us better ahead.

MEANING AND SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Perhaps the most difficult question to answers, which, in some ways is a preliminary
question, is: what exactly is an international organization? The short answer is, quite simply,
that we do not know. We may, in most cases, be able to recognize an international
organization when we see one, but it has so far appeared impossible to actually define such
organizations in a comprehensive way.

It is common in the literature to delimit international organizations in at least some ways.

The usual delimitation often made depends on the nature of the body of law governing the
activities of the organization. If those activities are governed by international law, we speak
of an international organization proper, or at least of an intergovernmental organization. If
those activities are, however, governed by some domestic law, we usually say that the
organization in question is a non-governmental organization; examples include such entities
as Greenpeace or Amnesty International. While the activities of such entities may be
international in character and they may even have been given some tasks under international
law, they do not meet the usual understanding of what constitutes an international
organization.11
International organizations are important actors in the critical episodes of international
politics, with power in mediation, dispute resolution, peace keeping, applying sanctions and
others. They also help in managing various key areas of international concern, from global
health policy to the monetary policies around the world.12

An international organization has been defined as a forum of co-operation of sovereign states

based on multilateral international organizations and comprising of a relatively stable range
of participants, the fundamental feature of which is the existence of permanent organs with
definite competences and powers acting for the carrying out of common aims.13

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In the widest sense, international organization can be defined as a process of organizing the
growing complexity of international relations; international organizations are the institutions
which represent the phase of that process. They are the expressions of and contributors to the
process of international organization, as well as, the significant factors in contemporary
world affairs. Furthermore, international organizations, as institutions may come and go in
accordance with the significance of the dynamism of international relations. But international
organization, the process, exists as an established trend. It was the stimulus of the existing
process ready at hand that automatically led, after the collapse of the League of Nations, to
the creation of new organizations like the U.N. Thus, international organization is the process
by which states establish and develop format and continuing institutional structures for the
conduct of certain aspects of their relationships with each other. It represents a reaction to the
extreme decentralization of the traditional system of international relations and the constantly
increasing complexities of the interdependence of states.14

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

The origin and development of international organizations has been, in the main, a response
to the evident need arising from international intercourse rather than to the philosophical or
ideological appeal of the notion of world government. The growth of international
intercourse, in the sense of the development of relations between different peoples, was a
constant feature of maturing civilizations; advances in the mechanics of communications
combined with the desire for trade to produce a degree of intercourse which ultimately called
for regulation by institutional means.15 There has been an unfinished enterprise to the origin
and dating of international organization but in the words of Hodges it “…is akin to the origin
of modern states itself” which was a product of every major European conflicts since and
even before the celebrated Westphalian peace treaty or system or accord that serves as
precursor of modern state which gave birth to rationale that peace could be achieved or
secured through cooperation of existing states though, LeRoy in 1995 opined that evidences
had shown of similitude or replica or an international organization in the classical and
medieval era.16 However, Clive Archer defines international organization as “formal

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continuous structure established between members from two or more sovereign states with
the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership.”17

Although embryonic forms of international organizations have been present throughout

recorded history, for instance, in the form of the so called amphictyonic councils of ancient
Greece, the late-medieval Hanseatic League or such precursors as the Swiss Confederation
and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, it was not until the nineteenth century that
.international organizations as we know them today were first established.18
The treaty of Westphalia which ended the “Thirty Years War” in Europe set another order
and guaranteed peace for decades that follows until the 1789 French Revolution and
Napoleonic wars destroyed the relative peace brought about by the Westphalia treaty but still
another era of peace was given birth to by the congress of Vienna of 1815 which brought an
end to Napoleonic wars.19 In complimentary effort Vienna Congress established “the central
commission for the Navigation of the Rhine” was argued by Kegley Witkopt in 1989 as
the first modern international organization while “Rusicrusian Order of 1649” was seen by
other scholars to have fitted into the category of contemporary definition of international
non-governmental organization (INGO). However, the concert of Europe formation after the
Napoleonic wars was a major turning point in the search for world peace and evolution of an
international organizations an effort occasioned by the activities of great powers of then
(Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britain) to guarantee peace and order in Europe through the
mechanism of collective security as a response to the challenges posed by increasing
transnational commerce and communication brought to being by industrial revolution. But,
the concert system and the peace it hoped to hold as it guardian angel collapse like fall of
glass with the outbreak of the “First World War” of 1914 to 1918.20 In response to the war
was the “Paris Peace Conference/Versailles treaty of 1919” leading to formation of the
League of Nations in June 28, 1919. The inability and incapability of the League of Nation to
prevent the aggression by the Axis Powers in the 1930s21 led the world into the “Second
World War” which eventually evolved a solid organization that has been up and doing in
maintaining world peace and security in the name of United Nation Organization in 1946. A
robust organization that has become the eyes of interest of all with numerous commissions,

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units and agencies, some of which has even come up as a force with members across the
globe such as UNICEF, UNESCO, UN- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), United
Nation Development Programme (UNDP), United Nation High Commissioner For Refugee
(UNHCFR). Other international organization includes, European Economic Community
(EEC), European Union (EU), the Commonwealth Organization, NATO, Group of Eight
(G8), Group of Twenty (G20), World Bank (WB), International Monetary Funds (IMF),
Amnesty International, Human Right Watch etc.

The point presented above is that the contemporary international organizations (universal or
regional) hold their antecedent to nineteenth century Europe when a system of regular
meeting was arranged by the European powers to tackle problems of common concern within
their evolving international system (popularly) known as or called “Concert of Europe or
Concert System” which started with Vienna Congress in 1815 (designed to re-arrange the
map of Europe) after Napoleonic Wars. Subsequent meetings were held in complimentary of
Vienna Congress such as the “Congress of Paris” in 1856, the “London Congress” of 1871,
1912 and 1913 respectively. Apart from all these, there was the famous Berlin and Brussel
Conferences of 1878 and 1884 to 1885 which led to the partition of Africa among the
European Powers.22

Also, Innovations associated with the rise of industrialism and the introduction of new
methods of transport and communication stimulated the creation of special-purpose agencies,
usually called public international unions, designed to facilitate the collaboration of
governments in dealing with economic, social, and technical problems. Notable among these
were the International Telegraphic Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874),
which survived to become specialized agencies of the United Nations system (the former
under the title International Telecommunication Union) after World War II. In the political
field, an effort to institutionalize the dominant role of the great powers of Europe was
undertaken at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. While the resultant Concert of Europe did not
assume the character of a standing political organization, the same pattern functioned until
World War I as the framework for a system of occasional great-power conferences which
lent some substance to the idea that the European family of states constituted an organized

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entity. This concept was broadened by the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, which
admitted small states as well as great powers, and extra-European as well as European states,
to participation in collective political deliberations.23

Contemporaneously, there are several international organizations whose evolution and

establishment be it inter-governmental or international non-governmental (regional or
universal), modelled along the European states created organizations which has assisted in
peddling the growth and development of European continents and in the same vein other
continents like Asia, Australia, America, Africa, Arab continents directly and indirectly
became a member of such a robust international organizations and agencies while also
creates regional/universal organizations to address issues of regional interest such as the
Arab League, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), African Unity (AU),
Organization of African Union, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS),
ECOMOG, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), International Telegraphic
Union formed in 1865, and Universal Postal Union set up in 1874 etc.24

The common features of all these meetings that eventually led to creation of United Nation
organization of the eventual years were called to discuss and address the problems that were
of common interest to all the European States. They hoped that through the congresses, the
European powers would be able to make peaceful adjustments to their systems, avoid war
and maintain some measures of equilibrium in the European international system. The
concert system gave some growing sense of interdependence among the states of Europe,
though rudimentarily.25

After the watershed Westphalian peace of 1648, international so-called congresses’ had
become a regular mode of diplomacy: whenever a problem arose, a conference was convened
to discuss it and, if possible at all takes steps towards a solution. After the defeat of
Napoleon, a new development took place.26
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 had seen the initiation of the “concert system” which, for
the purposes of any study of international organization, constituted a significant
development. As sponsored by the Czar Alexander I, what was envisaged was an alliance of

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the victorious powers pledged to conduct diplomacy according to ethical standards, which
would convene at congresses held at regular intervals. In fact, four congresses were held
between 1818 and 1822 - at Aix-la-Chappelle (1818), at Troppau and Laibach (1820, 1821),
and at Verona (1822) - but the idea of regular congresses was later abandoned and meetings
took place as occasion required. The attempt to secure regular meetings was, however, a
significant recognition that the “Pace” of international relations demanded some institutions
for regular multilateral negotiations. Moreover, the Congress of Vienna (1815) and its
aftermath launched some other novelties as well, the most remarkable of which was perhaps
the creation of a supranational military force under the command of Wellington.27
More so, the congress of Berlin of 1871 was convened to consider the Russian repudiation of
the regime for the Black Sea which had earlier been established at the Paris Conference of
1856; conferences met in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 to attempt to regulate the “Scramble for
Africa” which led to commercial rivalry and political antagonism between the European
powers. The Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 were an effort to secure, on a multilateral
basis, agreement on different aspects of the law relating to the conduct of warfare on land
and on the sea, and on the duties of neutral states.28
Finally, the nineteenth century saw the creation of such intuitions as the Rhine Commission,
in order to deal with issues of navigation, or issues of pollution, on a regular basis. Following
the establishment of the Rhine Commission in 1915, a number of other river commissions
were established -managing the Elbe (1821), the Douro (1835) the Po (1849) and after the
end of the Crimean War, the European Commission for the Danube in 1856. At roughly the
same time, organizations started to be established by private citizens, in order to deal with
international issues. Thus, in 1840, the world Anti-Slavery Convention was established, and
in 1863 a Swiss philanthropist, Henry Dunant, Created the Red Cross.29
THE BIRTH OF MODERN ORGANIZATIONS
It became clear that in many areas, international cooperation was not only required, but also
possible. True enough, states were sovereign and powerful, but, as the river commissions
showed, they could sometimes sacrifice some of their sovereign prerogatives in order to
facilitate the management of common problems.30

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The major breakthrough for international organization however, would be the year 1919 and
the Versailles peace Settlement which followed the First World War. On 8 January 1918, US
president Woodrow Wilson made his famous ‘fourteen points’ Speech, in which he called for
the creation of a “general association of nations. Under specific covenants for the purpose of
affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and
small states alike.31
Wilson’s plea was carried on the waves of public opium in many states and would lead to the
formation of the League of Nations. And not only that: the international Labor Organization
was also established at the 1919 peace Conference. The League of Nations was designed not
just to operate between sates in areas which some have referred to as ‘low politics’, such as
transport and communication, or the more mundane aspects 12 of economic co-operation as
exemplified by the Metric Union, but to have as its specific aims to guarantee peace and the
establishment of a system of collective security, following which an attack against one of the
member-states of the League would give the rest the right to come to the attacked state’s
rescue.32
Objectives of International Organizations

i. To promote international peace and stability.

ii. To develop friendly relations among states and people.

iii. To promote economic stability and social progress.

iv. Promote resolution of disputes through peaceful means.

ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
At present international organizations perform many functions or role and their functions are
constantly increasing. Due to paucity of space, it is not possible to mention here all the
functions performed by international organizations. It will suffice to note here only those
functions which are main principles and which include other functions. Such functions are
the following:-

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I. One of the main functions of international organizations is keeping intact the sovereignty
of states and despite their different social systems; they establish and expand peaceful
cooperation among them.
II. The second main function is to ensure that the competition going on among the individual
states remains peaceful.33
It is widely believed that international organizations should be responsible for the
maintenance of international peace and stability, be this economic, social or political, and
that they should act in the interest of the international community.34
LEAGUE OF NATION
History of the League of Nations (1919-1946) Born with the will of the victors of the First
World War to avoid a repeat of a devastating war, the League of Nations objective was to
maintain universal peace within the framework of the fundamental principles of the Pact
accepted by its Members: “to develop cooperation among nations and to guarantee them
peace and security”. The first years of existence of the League of Nations were marked by
great successes. In accordance with the provisions of the Pact, several international
disagreements – between Sweden and Finland and between Greece and Bulgaria – were
resolved peacefully. The Locarno Agreements signed in October 1925, which marked the
beginnings of a Franco-German reconciliation, were entrusted to the League. A direct
consequence, Germany, beaten and excluded from the League by the Treaty of Versailles in
1919, became a Member in 1926. In 1929, the delegate from France, Aristide Briand, put
forward to the Assembly the very first political project of a European Federal Union.

In spite of these early successes, the League of Nations did not manage to prevent neither the
invasion of Manchuria by Japan, nor the annexation of Ethiopia by Italy in 1936, nor that of
Austria by Hitler in 1938. The powerlessness of the League of Nations to prevent further
world conflict, the alienation of part of its Member States and the generation of the war itself,
added to its demise from 1940.

The failure, politically, of the mission of collective security of the League of Nations must
nevertheless not make one overlook its success in, what was from the beginning to be a

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secondary aspect of its objectives: international technical cooperation. Under its auspices, in
fact, considerable number of conferences, intergovernmental committees and meetings of
experts were held in Geneva, in areas as diverse as health and social affairs, transport and
communications, economic and financial affairs and intellectual cooperation. This fruitful
work was validated by the ratification of more than one hundred conventions by the Member
States. The unprecedented work on behalf of refugees carried out by the Norwegian Fridtjof
Nansen from 1920 should also be stressed.

Background Of League Of Nations

The First World War killed fewer victims than the Second World War, destroyed fewer
buildings, and uprooted millions instead of tens of millions – but in many ways it left even
deeper scars both on the mind and on the map of Europe. The old world never recovered
from the shock.35

Edmond Taylor’s quote is an excellent description of one of the most terrible and bloody
conflicts humanity has ever encountered. Europe was devastated and, because of the many
colonies that European countries had, the war left its mark on almost every corner of the
world. The economies of once powerful empires such as Russia, Germany, and Austria were
exhausted, which resulted in a deep and continuous social crisis throughout the post-war
world. People were therefore desperate to find a way to avoid any future conflicts that may
escalate and reach similar scales.

One possible solution for achieving just that was brought up by US President Woodrow
Wilson. Based on his internationalist ideas, Wilson believed that, if united towards a
common goal (international peace and security), states would never again have to suffer from
another destructive conflict such as the First World War. Wilson and his idealist philosophy
altered the aims of the allies […] Wilson saw the need to take definitive actions to make war
obsolete.36
Wilson’s foreign policy advisor, Colonel Edward House, shared the president’s conviction,
and together they drafted an official resolution for the League of Nations – an international
organization, the aim of which was to impose disarmament and collective security

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agreements, as well as to ensure that countries would join a universal alliance, committed to
something called “collective responsibility”.37 Representatives of member states were to
meet on a regular basis in order to address and resolve any disputes through diplomatic
means.
CREATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Wilson’s draft of the League of Nations was first presented in the Treaty of Versailles
in 1919, where the victorious allies were trying to rebuild the devastated post-World War I
world. Many states quickly realized the importance of such an organization and on April 18,
1919, Wilson’s proposed covenant for the League of Nations was approved by 42 nations
and included in the Treaty of Versailles. The League covenant entered into force a year later
(January 10, 1920). Several months after that, the League’s headquarters were moved to
Geneva.

A very interesting question might arise here: Why was the League of Nations considered so
important by many states, especially such as Great Britain and France? Until the outbreak of
World War I, there was an organization (known as the Old Congress System, which
originated from the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna in 1815), which was supposed to
ensure peace and security in Europe, guaranteed by the superpowers of the time (Prussia,
Austria, Russia, and Great Britain, later joined by France). There were problems with that
system, which could not have been foreseen in the early 1800’s – in 1871, Prussia ceased to
exist, replaced by the German empire, which, however, suffered defeat in World War I and
could, therefore, along with Austria, not take any decisions regarding the shaping of the post-
war world.
In addition, the Russian empire was brought down, and by 1919 the state had an entirely
different governing body. In other words, three of the five superpowers of 1815 were no
longer maintaining the Old Congress System, and the other two were exhausted by World
War I, barely managing to ensure their own survival. It became clear that a handful of
powerful states could not guarantee continuous peace – all countries had to work together in
order to achieve international stability. The spirit of the times, however … pushed towards
the creation of a more comprehensive global organization.38

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France and Great Britain realized this and welcomed Woodrow Wilson’s idea for collective
responsibility in the name of world peace, but why was France so interested in the League of
Nations?
On the one hand, it was the only remaining superpower on continental Europe and therefore
had to always fear attacks from multiple fronts: “France dared not stand alone.”39 This is why
the French were more than happy to sign the League of Nations covenant: It ensured that, if a
member state is under attack, the League is to provide assistance in order to restore peace.
On the other hand, France’s involvement in the First World War proved to cost “too dearly,
and it [France] had been living off capital for nearly a century. 40 Though no one else knew of
this so far, France was in “constant danger of isolation.41
Great Britain, which “for 200 years had steered clear of open-ended alliances42 was perhaps
one of the most unusual states, which entered an international organization such as the
League of Nations. Nevertheless, “Great Britain’s determination to prevail against the
immediate threat43 was enough for the state to accept a “doctrine of collective security.44
Furthermore, Great Britain’s involvement in the First World War was dictated by national
interests (such as defending its territory from a possible German invasion coming from
Belgium). Therefore, it was in the island state’s best interest to join an alliance, which would
offer protection. Most important, the US proved to be a great military power during the war,
which convinced Great Britain that, if it were attacked, the US would come to its aid as a
member of the League of Nations. What the British did not know at the time was that the
United States would never actually join the League themselves.
The smaller countries (especially in Europe, such as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Denmark and others) also welcomed the idea of collective security. Hungary and
Czechoslovakia, for example, have just been declared independent after the end of World
War I and they were worried that, if an opportunity presented itself, the former empires
might try to retake their old territories. The Republic of China also feared its powerful
oversea neighbor, Japan, which is one of the reasons for the Kuomintang’s decision to enter
the League.

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 ORGANS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
According to Article 2 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, the organization consists
of an Assembly (with representatives of every member state), a Council (the four members
of which are chosen by the Assembly for a period of time), and a Secretariat at each seat of
the League.45

Purposes of League of Nations

As Article 11 of the Covenant of the League of Nation states, it is “the friendly right of each
Member of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or the Council any
circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb
international peace.46 This article reveals one of the most important purposes of the League:
solving disputes through negotiations within the organization.
In the beginning, the League of Nations had a truly remarkable influence on its members,
which managed to use diplomacy instead of war in their conflicts: “A series of disputes –
between Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia, between Italy and Greece, and between
Greece and Bulgaria – were resolved under its [the League of Nations]” auspices. Though
relatively minor, these were just the kind of incidents that had in the past triggered regional
conflicts.47This was considered a great success for the newly formed organization, as it did
show the effectiveness of its core potential – the use of peaceful negotiations through
diplomacy, for which the League was created.
This principle of open diplomacy addressed another important issue as well: all member
states were obliged to publish all existing and future international treaties. Since one of the
reasons for the outbreak of World War One was misunderstandings among allies due to
secret treaties, the League of Nations sought to prevent future conflicts based on hidden
understandings between countries.

Economic equality among member states was also considered important by the League of
Nations member states. The covenant included (but was not limited to) laws regarding the
regulation of tariffs in international trade and norms about existing and future professional
arrangements between countries (including Custom Unions).48 The primary concern here was

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that tense trade relations between states may result in military conflicts, the very scenario,
which the League wanted to avoid at all costs.
The League of Nations also proved itself useful by helping states to rebuild after the end of
World War I. For example, in 1922 the Christian Socialists came to power in the newly
formed Austrian Republic, nominating Ignaz Seipel as chancellor. One of Seipel’s first
actions was to ask the League for a loan, which he used to finance huge construction
projects, thus creating houses for most of the Austrian population, which had lost their homes
during the war.

Another objective of the League of Nations’ policy was to impose arms regulation treaties in
order to limit countries’ opportunities to go to war. The desired outcome was to change the
role of a state’s army, limiting its function to a domestic defensive force only. Protection and
integration of minorities was also important, as revolts can sometimes escalate and thus
endanger international security.

In its first five years, the League of Nations served as a true instrument of diplomacy:
Nations were willing to sit down together and negotiate their way out of any crisis that
threatened international security. Nevertheless, some countries (such as Italy and Japan) were
able to recover more quickly from the war than others (at least presumably) and started to
look for means other than diplomacy to extend their influence in the world. These countries,
however, were not the only for the League and its members.

EUROPEAN UNION

The European Union (EU) is a unique political and economic partnership that currently
consists of 28 member states. Built through a series of binding treaties, the Union is the latest
stage in a process of integration that began after World War II to promote peace and
economic recovery in Europe. Its founders hoped that by creating specified areas in which
member states agreed to share sovereignty—initially in coal and steel production, trade, and
nuclear energy—it would promote interdependence and make another war in Europe

[Type text] Page 19

unthinkable. Since the 1950s, this European integration project has expanded to encompass
other economic sectors; a customs union; a single market in which capital, goods, services,
and people move freely (known as the “four freedoms”); a common trade policy; a common
agricultural policy; many aspects of social and environmental policy; and a common
currency (the Euro) that is used by 19 member states. Since the mid-1990s, EU members
have also taken steps toward political integration, with decisions to develop a Common
Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and efforts to promote cooperation in the area of Justice
and Home Affairs (JHA). Twenty-two EU members participate in the Schengen area of free
movement, which allows individuals to travel without passport checks among most European
countries.49

The EU is generally considered a cornerstone of European stability and prosperity, but the
union currently faces a number of serious internal and external crises. Most notable is
“Brexit”—the United Kingdom’s (UK’s) looming exit from the EU following the June 2016
public referendum in which British voters favored leaving the bloc by 52% to 48%. The UK
remains a full member of the EU until it completes withdrawal negotiations, a process that
has not yet begun and is expected to take at least two years. Although Brexit may have
significant political, economic, and institutional implications for the EU, this report largely
addresses the EU and its institutions as they currently exist.50

UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION

The United Nations Organization (UNO) is the global international organization of sovereign
independent states. It was established on 24 October 1945. The destruction caused by the
Second World War compelled the people to establish an international organization for
keeping the world away from war and in favour of friendship and cooperation among all the
nations. The UNO was designed to save the future generations from the scourge of war by
promoting International peace and security.51

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After the end of the Second World War, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet
Union (Former USSR) some other states held several meetings and planned to establish an
organization for preserving peace and promoting social, economic and political co-operation
among all nations. As a result of their efforts, the United Nations Organization came into
existence in 1945 when the representatives of 51 nations signed the Charter of the UNO at
San Francisco.

The name “United Nations” was suggested by US President Franklin Roosevelt. It was first
used in the Declaration of the United Nations made on January 1, 1942 during the war when
representatives of 16 nations pledged their government to continue fighting together against
the axis powers. At San Francisco Conference the name was unanimously adopted as the
name of the new international organization as a tribute to the late President of the United
States. India had not achieved its independence by then and yet it became one of the founder
members of the United Nations.

BACKGROUND AND BIRTH OF UNITED NATIONS

In 1941, the American President Roosevelt made some declarations which emphasized that,
every nationality had the right to have a separate state. He gave the suggestion of an
International Organization which could protect freedom of the people e.g. Freedom of
Speech and Expression; Freedom of Religion and Worship; Freedom from Fear and
Insecurity; and Freedom from Want.

Other declarations were also made such as the “London Declaration” but the “Atlantic
Charter” of August 15, 1941 was of more importance as the allied nations made declaration
in this sitting, stating the objectives of war. In this Charter, emphasis was laid on the
following:

(i) Allied Nations have no desire to expand their territories.

(ii) The changes in different areas shall be made according to the wishes of the people
living there.

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 (iii) All the people had the right to elect and form the government of their choice.

(iv)Efforts by Allied Nations should be dispense for all nations to have equal share in trade.

(viii) And that, every nation should resist the use of force among many others were made.

Other declarations that service the foundation of UN includes United Nations Declaration of
1942; Five (5) Moscow Declaration of 1943; and the 1944, Six (6) Dumbarton Oraks
Proposals.

SIMILARITIES OF EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) share the same fundamental values
and goals, namely the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of
friendly relations on the basis of a due regard for the principles of equal rights and the self-
determination of peoples, the promotion of international cooperation in the solution of
economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems, and the promotion and consolidation
of the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people. The European
Security Strategy has said “In a world of global threats, global markets and global media, our
security and prosperity increasingly depend on an effective multilateral system.
Strengthening the United Nations, equipping it to fulfill its responsibilities and to act
effectively, is a European priority”. In recent years, the EU has become a significant actor in
the international community and plays an important role within the UN. The 27 EU Member
States together command more than one eighth of the votes in the UN General Assembly, in
which each of the 192 UN Member States has an equal vote. The EU – meaning both the
European Community and the Member States – is the UN’s largest financial contributor.
This applies not only to the regular budget, but also to the funding of official development
assistance and peace-keeping missions.

All EU countries are independent members of the UN; some of them are founding members
of the global organization. Shaping the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
requires greater coordination between the EU Member States, the Council and the

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Commission in international organizations. In accordance with the EU Treaty, the EU
Member States actively support the Union’s foreign and security policy to bring Europe’s
influence to bear. EU interests are coordinated within the six Main Committees and other
subsidiary bodies of the General Assembly, within the UN Economic and Social Council and
its Commissions and within other bodies, including the UN agencies and offices such as the
World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the
International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA) and the UN Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO). More than 1000 internal EU coordination meetings are
held every year in New York, Geneva and Vienna in order to develop a common EU stance.
In the UN Security Council, the EU can bring its influence to bear particularly on issues
upon which it has agreed a common position. Article 19 of the EU Treaty stipulates that
those EU Member States which are also members of the UN Security Council will concert
and keep the other Member States fully informed. Without prejudice to their responsibilities
under the UN Charter, EU Member States with a permanent seat on the Security Council –
France and the United Kingdom – shall foster the interests of the EU when fulfilling their
duties.

Other members of the organization includes the followings from 1945: Belgium, Denmark,
France, Greece, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom 1946: Sweden
1955: Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain 1960:
Cyprus 1964: Malta 1973: Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic
(reunified Germany since 1990) 1974: European Community granted status of permanent
observer 1991: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1992: Czech Republic and Slovenia 1993 etc.

As only states can become members of the UN, the EU is represented by whichever state
holds the Presidency of the Council of the EU at any given time. The Presidency is
particularly important to the day-to-day work of the EU, represents it in talks with other UN
Member States, regional groups and organizations and makes declarations in the name of the
Union. In open sessions of the Security Council, the EU Presidency puts forward the
previously agreed EU position on the issues in question. The Council Secretariat of the EU
has established liaison offices in New York and Geneva to ensure continuity in this work.

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 ROLE OF THE EU IN UN HUMAN RIGHTS BODIES

The EU plays a very active role in the work of the new UN Human Rights Council, which
replaces the former Commission on Human Rights, and the Third Committee of the UN
General Assembly, which is responsible for human rights. It proposes resolutions and makes
declarations on the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Moreover, the EU was instrumental in establishing and developing the system of UN Special
Rapporteurs on human rights issues, supporting the democratization process of July, 2006
elections in Congo.52

Development Assistance

The EU is by far the largest donor in the area of development assistance. More than half of
the funds made available for development aid worldwide come from EU Member States. The
EU is also one of the most important financial contributors to UN programs, special
organizations and funds.

Millennium Goal equality: promoting training for women in India.

Providing the necessities of life: well-building with EU funds in Afghanistan.

The Millennium Development Goals have the active support of the EU. In September
2000, the heads of state and government of 149 states met at the UN Millennium Summit in
New York. This meeting resulted in the adoption of the Millennium Declaration, which
outlines the global challenges and the agenda for international politics at the beginning of the
21st century. A list of eight internationally agreed goals, the so-called Millennium
Development Goals, was compiled from the chapter on development and the environment
and concrete parameters were established for each. The international community seeks to
achieve these goals by means of its combined efforts by 2015. The UN is monitoring the
implementation of the Millennium Declaration. The UN Secretary General reports to the
General Assembly in September every year on what progress has been made. In its efforts to
combat poverty, the EU lays particular emphasis on the necessity to halt hunger and

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malnourishment, to halve the number of people in poverty by 2015 and to markedly improve
standards of living for rural populations. The Millennium Development Goals includes: To

 Halve the proportion of the world’s population suffering from extreme poverty
and hunger.
 Ensure primary education for all children.
 Promote gender equality and the political, economic and social empowerment of
women, especially in education.
 Reduce child mortality.
 Improve maternal health.
 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases.
 Ensure environmental sustainability. And
 To develop a global partnership for development.

Sustainable Development and Environment Sustainable development is not confined to

environmental themes; it also includes economic and social questions. The social dimension
is increasingly important to the EU, above all working standards, social cohesion, the
achievement of a high rate of employment and social security. The EU sets great store by its
relations with the International Labour Organization (ILO) with which the first agreement
was concluded back in 1958 – the three European Communities were signatory since this
preceded their merger into one Community. Within the EU, national strategies for
sustainable development have been implemented and a 10 year plan for sustainable
consumption and production has been developed since 2005. The aim is to increase the share
of renewable energy sources. The EU has been instrumental in ensuring that important UN
conventions could enter into force (e.g. on the protection of the ozone layer, on climate
change, on desertification and on biological diversity).

In addition, Climate change is one of the most urgent international challenges. The EU is on
the front line in the fight against climate change and has made an unequivocal commitment
to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. All EU Member States have ratified it, and the

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EU regularly calls upon other states to join the signatories. Climate protection pioneer: the
EU is relying on renewable energies

Also, on “Humanitarian Aid,” European Community and the Member States – are the
largest donor of humanitarian assistance worldwide. The Commission’s Humanitarian Aid
Office (ECHO) plays a special role here. ECHO’s main task is to provide relief supplies and
services through intermediary organizations in crisis regions. These goods and services
include not only food, medicines and fuel but also medical teams, water treatment experts
and logistics staff. Since its foundation in 1992, ECHO has funded and coordinated
humanitarian missions in more than 100 countries outside the EU. More than 500 million
euro is spent each year. Almost a third of this sum goes to UN humanitarian programmes
such as the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the World
Health Organization (WHO), the UN International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) or
the World Food Programme (WFP). Through ECHO, every one of these UN organizations
receives millions in financial support from the EU. Financed by ECHO: landmine clearance
in Kosovo © EC/ECHO/HI © Grossmann/laif Supported by UNICEF: Al Salam refugee
camp in Sudan

On “Combating Terrorism and Crime”, it did not take the attacks of 11 September 2001 to
make it clear that terrorism is a global challenge and that worldwide action is required to
combat it. This fight is a top priority for the EU and is bound to remain so. Particularly the
worldwide implementation of Resolution 1373 (in 2001), along with other Security Council
resolutions to combat terrorism, is among the EU’s most urgent concerns. EU Member States
are front runners in the ratification and practical implementation of UN conventions,
protocols and Security Council resolutions aiming to combat terrorism e.g. Res. 1373.

The EU furthermore, strongly supports the work of the UN Security Council’s Counter
Terrorism Committee and al-Qaida/Taliban Sanctions Committee. In addition, the EU and
the UN are active in the fight against drug trafficking and organized crime. The first
international convention against corruption came into force in December 2005 and has been
signed by 140 Member States.

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Trade Cooperation within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and
subsequently within the World Trade Organization (WTO), has encouraged international
trade and generated considerable economic growth over the last 50 years. However, the 49
least developed countries (LDC) have only a 0.7 % share of world trade. In the current talks
on world trade, the so called Doha Development Agenda, the EU has made the integration of
developing countries into the multilateral trade system its highest priority. The Doha round is
to promote sustainable development and the fight against poverty. Within the wider trade and
development context, the EU supports the UN Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) in its integrated approach to trade and development. 2.8 Culture The EU
promotes the role of UNESCO in the field of education and the protection of world cultural
heritage. As signatories of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage, the EU Member States have committed themselves to protecting World
Heritage Sites on their respective territories. The 27 EU Member States are currently home to
320 of the 830 World Heritage Sites. The European Community and EU Member States have
recently ratified the UN Convention on protection and promotion of diversity of cultural
expressions which will enter into force in 2007 with the aim to create an enabling
environment for the diversity of cultural expressions in all societies. UNESCO World
Heritage Site since 1997: Old Town of the Latvian capital Riga.53

Other international organizations whose place in the world arena could not be under-
estimated includes: Amnesty International founded in July, 1961; Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC); Asia Pacific Economic Forum (APEC); Association of South
East Asian Nations (ASEAN); Commonwealth of Nations; Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO); International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO); International Court of Justice (ICJ); International Labor
Organization (ILO); International Maritime Organization (IMO); International Monetary
Fund (IMF); International Standards Organizations (ISO); Non Aligned Movement (NAM);
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD); Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC); South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC); Kathmandu Transparency

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International (KTI); United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC); Joint United
Nations Programme on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS); United Nations Capital Development Fund
(UNCDF); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNDOC); United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); United Nations Educational
scientific and cultural Organization (UNESCO); United Nations Frame Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC); United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); United Nations Children’s Education Fund
(UNICEF); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); United Nations
Organization (UNO); World Bank (WB); World Economic Forum (WEF); World Health
Organization (WHO); World Metrological Organization (WMO); and World Tourism
Organization (WTO).

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA

The period of 1970 witness a surge in the number of International Organizations in Africa.
Many regional international organizations have also sprung up as states seek to strengthen
their ability to deal with the emerging challenges of the international system. The impacts of
international organization in Africa are impacts on environment, law and justice, interactions
with governments, policy impacts, international relations as well as international law.

International organizations, on the question of human impacts may not have been given
much attention as it should but their influence at abridging the causes of conflict or crisis
around the globe and especially Nigeria in the wake of her Civil wars could not be dust-
binned. These organizations have availed themselves of responsibilities in several ways. For
instance, in areas of aides giving, political and moral supports for war tored regions in Africa
like Somalia, Nigeria, and DR Congo to mention but few.54

A different angle of International Organizations impact in Africa is seen vide the foreign
direct investment against the state membership in an international organizations.(Mutiria, 14)
Central to these claims is the perception that such states in International organizations posses

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considerably lower political risk than the states which are not members. Fitting examples are
membership of a state in the UN Security Council and the World Bank Board. Members of
these organizations generally receive larger loans from the US and have more of their
programs funded by the IMF and World Bank.

It is pertinent to note that international organization bodies such as World Health

Organization (WHO) and the Joint UN Programme on AIDS in Africa tried to eradicate
maternity death, malaria, polio and HIV/Aid by providing drugs and relieve materials as well
as medical personnel to Africa. Though this seems to come as free gift to the Africana but it
is not because Africa state such as Nigeria is the biggest donor from Africa.

In addition, international organizations dwell on general usefulness of their intervention in

Africa. IMF and World Bank have continued to affect the livelihood of the ordinary Africa
citizens. Africa countries have accused their western counterparts of using lending to indebt
them and primarily to continue their imperialistic appetite.55 International organization action
is viewed obviously because of their sheer sizes and the enormous amounts of resources at
their disposal that countries, especially third world and African states, seek for to stabilize
their ailing economies or undertake projects of huge sizes.

CONCLUSION

The above discourse has taken us on a varying degree of missions and visions that served and
still serves as the bedrock of the formations of an international organization. Of any
international organizations, sovereign status of the member countries is a vital feature,
mutual or similitude of interest, and desire to work with and respect the laws and regulations
of the organization became paramount.

However, all the foremost organizations and unions happens to be product of regional or
continental uprising, crisis, problems and fear embedded in the then European environment
as well as the complimentary meetings or congresses that continuously yielded favourable
results. Notwithstanding, the organizations that became a phenomena of Europe today,

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contemporaneously had had great and amazing replica in and around the globe as it became a
motivational symbol for subsequent and contemporal regional or universal organizations.

More so, the major interest of all the international organization and global unions is but to
maintain, sustain, retain and ascertain global peace and security. Peace in this discourse goes
beyond the normal mutual understanding/relationship, and operation of interractions between
and among the inhabitants of a section of or the world.

Meanwhile, peace in this context means the totality of peace intrinsically and extrinsically,
mentally, psychologically, educationally, morally, socially, economically, politically,
environmentally, interactively, and religiously and so on.

Security also, just like peace entails the wholistic nature of being secure away from the
micro-conceptional meaning which means free of oppression, aggression, calamity, war,
internal or external threat, to life of human person but not too far away from it. Its usability
here simply means a broader meaning from any form of infringement on sustainability. In
other words, it cut across political, socio-cultural, economic, environmental, mental,
physically, emotionally and rationally to mention but few.

And the above, results have no doubt assisted in unveiling those reasons for the evolution of
series of international, regional, inter-governmental, non-governmental organizations across
the globe with all, filing behind the efforts of the past leaders in Europe whose efforts
without doubt has engraved (and still engraving) their marks on the contemporary as well as
future inhabitant of the world.

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