Trigonometric Identities

1 − cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x)
sin2 (x) = cos2 (x) =
2 2

Reduction Formulas

sinn−1 (x) cos(x) n − 1

Z Z
n
sin (x)dx = − + sinn−2 (x)dx
n n
cosn−1 (x) sin(x) n − 1
Z Z
cosn (x)dx = + cosn−2 (x)dx
n n
tann−1 (x)
Z Z
tann (x)dx = − tann−2 (x)dx
n−1
Z n−1 Z
cot (x)
cotn (x)dx = − − cotn−2 (x)dx
n−1
secn−2 (x) n − 2
Z Z
tan(x)
secn (x)dx = + secn−2 (x)dx
n−1 n−1
cot(x) cscn−2 (x) n − 2
Z Z
n
csc (x)dx = − + cscn−2 (x)dx
n−1 n−1

Other Integration Formulas

Z  
dx 1 x
= √ arctan √ +C (for a > 0)
x2 + a a a
Important Power Series

∞
1 X
= xk = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . .
1−x
k=0
∞
X xk x2 x3
ex = =1+x+ + + ...
k! 2 6
k=0
∞
X (−1)k x2k+1 x3 x5 x7
sin(x) = =x− + − + ...
(2k + 1)! 6 120 5040
k=0
∞
X (−1)k x2k x2 x4 x6
cos(x) = =1− + − + ...
(2k)! 2 24 720
k=0
∞ ∞
X xk x2 x3 x4 X (−1)k x2k+1 x3 x5 x7
ln(1 − x) = =x+ + + + . . . arctan(x) = =x− + − + ...
k 2 3 4 2k + 1 3 5 7
k=1 k=0

Differential Eqauations

dy
= k(y − b) y(t) = Cekt + b
dt
dy  y A
= ky 1 − y(t) = (nonequilibrium)
dt A 1 − Ce−kt