PHOTONICA 2019

VII International School and Conference on Photonics

26 August - 30 August 2019, Belgrade, Serbia

An estimation of far field intensity distribution for

photonic crystal fibers based on empirical relations
Lj. Kuzmanovic1, M. M. Milosevic1, M. S. Kovacevic1, and A. Djordjevich2
1Faculty
of Science, Department of Physics, Kragujevac, Serbia
2City University of Hong Kong, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong

e-mail: ljubica.kuzmanovic@pmf.kg.ac.rs

Abstract
Far-field intensity distribution is reported for a varied configuration of air holes in
the cladding of the solid-core single-mode photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). Recently, Figure 4: Normalized irradiance pattern
an analytical approach based on the V parameter (normalized frequency) and W of PCF as function of a for the wavelength
parameter (normalized attenuation constant) frequently used in the design of 1300 nm for three different normalized
conventional optical fibers has been developed for index-guided PCF. Using the air hole size (d/Λ), respectively.
empirical relations for V and W parameters of PCF, the dependence of the far-field
intensity distribution on two structural parameters - the air hole diameter and hole
pitch was presented. The results can be utilized in design and development of
sensor system based on PCFs for potential applications involving structural health
monitoring, medicine, environment and the biological and chemical areas.
Figure 5: Normalized irradiance pattern
Step-index fiber approach of PCF of PCF as function of a for the wavelength
1550 nm for three different normalized
To apply the approximate analytical method for the far-field distribution, the PCF in air hole size (d/Λ), respectively.
Fig.1(a) has to be replaced with the equivalent step-index model (Fig.1(b)).

Figure 1: PCF and its equivalent step-index

fiber approach. For the next analysis we calculated two parameters: αx is the normalized angle of
first minimum of the far field intensity distribution and αh is the normalized angle
where the intensity reaches half of its maximum. Figures 6 and 7 present the curves
depicting the variation of the ratio αx/αh with the hole diameter d at the
wavelengths of 670 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm, for Λ=5.6 mm and 7.2 mm
respectively.
Analytical model for far-field distribution of PCF
When the radiation propagating in a single mode PCF reaches a fiber endface, it
radiates from the fiber into the surrounding medium. The core of PCF is typically 5
to 10 𝜇𝑚 in diameter and is comparable in size to the wavelength of the radiation
typically 1.3 𝜇𝑚 to 1.65 𝜇𝑚. Under these circumstances, the light diffracts as it
leaves the fiber and the resulting electromagnetic field evolves from a nearfield
distribution close to the fiber endface into a far-field distribution further away
(Fig.2).
Figure 2: Coordinates used to
describe far-field radiation
pattern of single mode PCF: x
and y represent the coordinates
of the observation point P and
r’ is the distance of the point P
from the axial point on the Figure 6: Variation of the ratio αx/αh with hole Figure 7: Variation of the ratio αx/αh with hole
output end of the fiber diameter d for three wavelengths 670 nm, diameter d for three wavelengths 670 nm,
1300 nm and 1500 nm with hole pitch 1300 nm and 1500 nm with hole pitch
Λ=5.6μm Λ=7.2μm
Far-field intensity distribution is given as:
The far-field intensity distribution of PCF is similar to that of the single mode step
 
2
index fiber. However, the difference lies to the fact that in case of PCF the far field
 U 2
W 2
 J (U )  
 J 0 ( )   J1 ( ) 0
 U  intensity distribution is observed with effective Veff value and not with the absolute
I ( ) 
u ( )
2


  U   W    
2 2 2 2
UJ1 (U )  
 V value.
u (0) U 2W 2 2
1 
 2
 J 0 ( )  J1 ( )  
2 2
U 
 2V UJ1 (U )
 

Numerical results and discussion Conclusion

Figure 3: Normalized irradiance
pattern of PCF as function of a for the
wavelength 670 nm for three
different normalized air hole size
(d/Λ).
We presented an analytical method to calculate far field intensity distribution for
solid core PCF. The method is based on the effective index approach that is applied
to characterize index guided photonic crystal fibers. From its far field radiation
patterns similar to the conventional step index fiber. In this method, a PCF is
approximated by a equivalent step-index fiber. The set of curves was calculated
analytically for a FFD for required wavelengths basing on the numerical calculation
of the parameter V as well W. The FFD of PCF strongly depends on the diameter of
air-holes and hole-to-hole distance. Using this model a good agreement with the
measured FFD is obtained. This method can be exploited for characterization of
geometrical parameters of PCFs.