HAP44 Advanced Manual 10 08 08 PDF

Hourly Analysis Program
Version 4.4
Advanced Training Seminar
HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Carrier Corporation
6304 Carrier Parkway
P.O. Box 4808
Bldg TR-4, Room 400A
E. Syracuse, NY 13057
Phone 800.253.1794
Fax 315.432.6844
e-mail: software.systems@carrier.utc.com
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For permission to use material from this text, contact us by

Tel (800) 253-1794 • Fax (315)432.3871
e-Mail software.systems@carrier.utc.com
HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 2 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Table of Contents
EARNING CEU CREDITS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THIS TRAINING ...........................................4
COURSE LEANING OUTCOMES .................................................................................................................4
WELCOME TO HAP 4.4 ............................................................................................................................5
WORKBOOK ORGANIZATION ...................................................................................................................5
PROJECT DATA MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................5
PROJECT DEFINITION AND OUTLINE ........................................................................................................9
WORKSHOP # 1 - PROJECT CREATION AND WEATHER DATA .................................................................16
WORKSHOP # 2 – EDITING SCHEDULES ..................................................................................................24
WORKSHOP # 3 – WING D AIR SYSTEM INPUT 4PFCU..........................................................................32
WORKSHOP # 4 – WING D AIR SYSTEM INPUT–PACKAGED ROOFTOP UNIT ..........................................47
WORKSHOP # 5 – MODELING CHILLERS, BOILERS, & TOWERS ..............................................................68
WORKSHOP # 6 – FINALIZING CHILLER AND BOILER PLANTS ................................................................94
WORKSHOP # 7 – DEFINING AND SIMULATING BUILDINGS .................................................................119
WINDOWS SOFTWARE BASICS .............................................................................................................164
USING HAP 4.4 FOR SYSTEM DESIGN LOADS ......................................................................................169
APPENDIX “C” .....................................................................................................................................176
THE SIZING DILEMMA..........................................................................................................................176
WHICH SIZING METHOD TO USE? .......................................................................................................177
PUTTING LOAD CALCULATION METHODS IN PERSPECTIVE..................................................................179
THE BENEFITS OF THE TRANSFER FUNCTION / HEAT EXTRACTION LOAD CALCULATION
METHOD ..........................................................................................................................................182
DIAGNOSING THE “THERMOS BOTTLE EFFECT”...................................................................................183
USING OUTDOOR VENTILATION CONTROL OPTIONS ...........................................................................188
DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION CONTROL ................................................................................189
UNDERSTANDING ZONE LOADS AND ZONE CONDITIONING .................................................................192
PITFALLS OF ECONOMIZER OPERATION ...............................................................................................195
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PEAK COIL LOAD CFM, MAX BLOCK CFM, SUM OF PEAK ZONE CFM .......198
SELECTING EQUIPMENT WHEN COIL CFM (L/S) DIFFER .....................................................................201
HOW VENTILATION LOADS ARE CALCULATED IN HAP .......................................................................202
SYSTEM BASED DESIGN LOAD CALCULATIONS ...................................................................................204
APPENDIX “D”.....................................................................................................................................212
NOTES..................................................................................................................................................224
For Technical Support Please contact Software Systems Network at 1.800.253.1794 or e-mail:
software.systems@carrier.utc.com
For additional information and Program Downloads visit us at: www.commercial.carrier.com

Earning CEU Credits for Successful Completion of this Training
E20 software training as part of Carrier’s Technical Training Center has been reviewed and
approved as an Authorized Provider by the International Association for Continuing
Education and Training (IACET). IACET's mission is to promote and enhance quality in
continuing education and training through research, education, and standard setting. IACET
Authorized Providers undergo a strict evaluation of their educational processes according to
the IACET Criteria and Guidelines, including two reviews by IACET's Commission and a site
visit by an IACET Commissioner. Members of the organization are the educational
professionals that strive to provide the highest quality in continuing education and training.
Continuing Education Units (CEUs)
One (1) IACET CEU is equal to ten (10) contact hours of

participation in an organized continuing education experience
under responsible sponsorship, capable direction, and qualified
instruction. After successfully completing this training, the student
will receive an appropriate number of CEU’s based on the
classroom contact time. In addition, the student should feel very
comfortable using the E20 software to enhance their HVAC
related job responsibilities.
Course Leaning Outcomes

As part of this software training, each student will learn how to use the Hourly Analysis
Program (Energy Simulation) by completing a series of hands-on project exercises. These
exercises are intended to confirm the student’s ability to understand the course learning
outcomes. These are:
• Define and input the following
o Energy simulation weather data, internal load schedules including profiles
used for energy analysis, unitary packaged equipment power requirements,
water chillers, boilers, cooling towers, hydronic distribution systems, electric
and fuel rate structures, miscellaneous building energy use
• Generate and interpret simulation reports for air systems and plants
• Generate and interpret diagnostic reports for air systems and plants
• Trouble shoot air systems and plants
• Generate and interpret annual cost reports for a base and alternate design case
• Determine best practices from energy simulation reports
This Symbol is used throughout this manual and represents required learning
outcomes. Each student is expected to comprehend the subject content and
successfully demonstrate competency in these areas.

Welcome to HAP 4.4
T
his manual was created for the engineers and designers using the Carrier Hourly
Analysis Program v4.4 for calculating commercial building cooling and heating loads
and energy simulation. This manual is a companion to the hands-on training for the
Hourly Analysis Program Basic Training course facilitated by Carrier Software
Systems Network. This manual includes all class exercises and workflow tips. The goal of
this manual is to make each student comfortable and familiar with the input routines and the
calculated results of the HAP design loads and energy simulation.
Workbook Organization
The intent of the sections in this manual is to follow the logical process of the hands-on
workshops and workflow. We cover the common process and special features of the Carrier
HAP program.
We arranged the topics of discussion in the same order as our hands-on training classes.
The first two sections address the program installation, basic system requirements and
general housekeeping. We also highlight and discuss the program interface and functionality.
The remaining sections follow the logical path of the program’s modules including detailed
discussions and examples of the workflow process used to create a complete HAP data set.
This includes detailed discussions of the input forms, editing, document outputs and more.
This manual also includes three appendixes.

Appendix A consists of detailed schematics of all air system types in the HAP program.
Appendix B, includes a discussion on basic HAP and Windows program functions
Appendix C includes detailed discussions of common questions about the HAP program.
Appendix D includes several white papers discussing the advantages of the HAP program.
Project Data Management

This topic discusses projects and the management of project data. What is a Project? All the
data you enter and calculate in HAP is stored together within a "project.” A Project is simply a
container for your data. However, a project can hold data for other programs as well as HAP.
For example, if you create a project for a building design job, it might contain load estimating
and system design data from HAP, air handler selection data from the Carrier AHU Builder
program, and air terminal selection data from the Carrier Air Terminal Selection program.
Keeping this data together in a single container is often more efficient than keeping the data
in several separate locations.
Using Projects. HAP provides a variety of features for performing common tasks with
projects. You can:
• Create a new project by using the New option on the Project Menu.
• Edit data in an existing project by using the Open option on the Project Menu
• Save changes in a project by using the Save option on the Project Menu
• Save changes to a new project using the Save As option on the Project Menu
• Delete an existing project using the Delete option on the Project Menu

• Edit descriptive data for the project, such as the project name, using the
Properties option on the Project Menu
• Archive project data for safe keeping using the Archive option on the Project
Menu
• Retrieve data that you earlier archived using the Retrieve option on the Project
Menu
• Convert data from a previous version of HAP using one of the Convert HAP Data
options on the Project Menu
• Import data from another project into the current project using the Import Data
option on the Project Menu
How Project Data is Stored.

When a new project is saved for the first time, you designate the folder that will hold the
project files (either by accepting the default folder \E20-II\Projects\ProjectName or by
specifying a folder yourself). This folder is the permanent storage location of project data.
When you open the project to work with its data, temporary copies of the project’s data files
are made. As you enter data, make changes and perform calculations, all this data is stored
in the temporary copy of the data files. Only when you use the Save option on the Project
Menu, are the changes you have made copied to permanent storage. Therefore, if you ever
need to undo changes you have made to a project, simply re-open the project without saving
the changes you have made. When you re-open the project, the changes stored in the
temporary copy of the data files are discarded, and data from your last project/save is
restored.
Recommended Project Management Practices.

Project data represents an important investment of your time and effort. And, as the saying
goes, ‘time is money’. Therefore, it is important to safeguard your investment in project data.
We recommend adopting the following practices when working with projects:
• Create a separate project for each job you work on. It is usually more efficient to keep
data for separate jobs in separate projects. It is also safer to store data in smaller,
focused units. If you keep data for all jobs in a single project, and this project
becomes damaged, your data loss will be greater than if you keep data for separate
jobs in separate projects.
• Use a descriptive name for the project so you can quickly recognize what it contains,
both now and when you need to refer to the project in the future. Because the
selection list for projects is arranged alphabetically, it is useful to use a consistent
naming convention. Many firms begin the project name with their internal project
number followed by descriptive text (e.g., P2002-47 Lincoln School).
• Save early and often. While entering data, changing data and generating reports,
save the project periodically. This practice is useful in the event that you make a
mistake and need to undo changes. If the last time you saved the project was 15
minutes ago, undoing your mistake will only cause you to lose 15 minutes of work. On
the other hand, if the last time you saved the data was 4 hours ago, undoing a
mistake may cause you to lose 4 hours worth of work.
• Archive your data periodically for safekeeping. These days, data on hard disks is
relatively safe. However, it is still possible for hard disk drives to become damaged, or
for files on the hard disk to be damaged or erased. Therefore, it is a good practice to
periodically archive your project data. Data can be archived to a separate location on

your hard disk, to a different hard disk drive or to removable media such as a
compact disk, zip drive or floppy disks. For example, if you archive data for a large
project at the end of each day and your hard disk drive fails, at most you will have lost
one day’s worth of work. On the other hand, if data for the same large project was
never archived and your hard disk drive fails, all the project data would be lost.
What is New in HAP 4.4?

This topic describes enhancements in HAP v4.40. It is intended for readers who have upgraded from HAP
v4.34 to v4.40. Most of the enhancements made in v4.40 relate to two major themes:
1. Theme 1 – Using HAP for LEED Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1 Analysis.
HAP was modified to streamline steps in performing a LEED EA Credit 1 analysis making it faster and
easier to perform. Specific modifications include:
• LEED NC 2.2 EA Credit 1 Summary Report. This new report provides data found in
sections 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8.1, 1.8.1b, 1.8.2 and 1.8.2b of the LEED NC 2.2 EA Credit 1 on-line
submittal template and imitates the format of the submittal template. This report eliminates the
tedious work of assembling submittal template report data from multiple HAP reports.
• Duplicate Building with Spaces and HVAC Eqpt option. This new option automatically
duplicates a HAP building and all the systems, plants, spaces, chillers, cooling towers and boilers it
contains in one-step. This option is useful when starting definition of the Baseline building based on
a duplicate of data for the Proposed Building. More importantly, it facilitates placing Proposed and
Baseline buildings in a single project so the Credit 1 Summary Report can be generated.
• Perform LEED (90.1 PRM) Rotations option. This new option automatically makes three
copies of the "Baseline 0 Degree" building and all of its systems, plants, spaces, chillers, cooling
towers and boilers. In the three copies, spaces are rotated 90 deg, 180 deg and 270 deg respectively.
This provides a rapid way to generate the three rotations of the Baseline building. It also makes it
efficient to place all Proposed and Baseline buildings in a single project so the Credit 1 Summary
Report can be generated.
• Autosizing for DX and Plant Equipment. This feature allows you to specify that equipment
gross capacity be automatically determined as peak load plus a specified percent oversizing factor.
For example, peak cooling load + 15%.
• Input DX Equipment Performance as EER or COP. This feature allows you to specify
DX equipment as EER for cooling or COP for heating. The software then automatically
decompiles the EER or COP to determine compressor kW for use in the simulation.
• All Terminal Units Use Same Settings. When defining equipment performance for DX fan
coils, WSHP, GWSHP or GSHP equipment, this new option allows you to specify one set of EER
or COP performance values to apply to all zone terminal units in a system. This saves you from
having to define compressor kW for each zone fan coil or heat pump separately.
• Baseline Fan kW Calculated per ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G section G3.1.2.9. When
defining air systems for a Baseline building, you have the option of defining supply fan performance
be automatically calculated per the equation in section G3.1.2.9. This equation sets the total fan kW
for the system.
• Fan Performance Defined as W/CFM. When specifying fan performance for fan powered
mixing box terminals, performance can be input as W/CFM (W/L/s). The program will then
automatically derive the fan watts from the design CFM for the box.

• ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G VAV Fan Part-Load Curve. VAV fan part-load performance
can be modeled using the VAV fan curve found in Appendix G Table G3.1.3.15.
• Water Flow Rate Inputs as gpm/Ton or Delta-T. New options allow water flow rates to
be defined in terms of gpm/Ton (L/s/kW) or delta-T in addition to gpm.
• Water Pump Performance as W/gpm or kW. New options allow water pump
performance to be defined in terms of W/gpm (W/L/s) or kW in addition to the existing
specification of pump head.
2. Theme 2 - Adding Features for Preliminary or Schematic Design. Throughout its
history, HAP has focused on system design and energy analysis tasks typically occurring in the detailed
design phase of a project. These tasks involve detailed definition of the building envelope, layout and
HVAC equipment, and require time-consuming data entry to create a suitably detailed building model.
When performing energy analysis in the preliminary or schematic design phase of a project, the objective
is to quickly and roughly compare a large set of design alternatives to identify the most promising
designs. This work typically does not require as detailed a definition of the building and its HVAC
equipment. To make HAP more efficient for performing these types of analyses, new Wizard features
have been added to allow users to rapidly generate input data for an analysis. This work builds on the
Building Wizard feature offered in HAP v4.3. Specific enhancements include:
• New Wizards Menu. Provides options for running Building Wizard or Equipment
Wizard alone, and for running an integrated session linking Building and Equipment
Wizards together.
• Building Wizard Option. The Building Wizard option on the Wizards Menu can be
used to rapidly generate space data for a building. The Building Wizard has been revised
and upgraded for HAP v4.4.
• Equipment Wizard Option. The Equipment Wizard option on the Wizards Menu can
be used to rapidly generate HVAC equipment for a building - specifically all of the air
systems, plants, chillers, cooling towers and boilers, as applicable.
• Full Wizard Session Option. The "Full Wizard Session" option on the Wizards Menu
allows you to run the Building Wizard and Equipment Wizard in tandem. In as single
Wizard session you can generate space data and data for multiple equipment designs. This
essentially creates 95% of the input data for an energy cost study in minutes rather than
hours or days. Only weather and utility rate data must be added before running
calculations.

Project Definition and Outline
Our project for this hands-on training is a small private school building constructed in St.
Louis, MO. There are eight separate workshops with numerous work sessions in each of the
workshops requiring use and understanding of all modules in the HAP program.
The first uses includes updating the weather data by adding the simulation weather data set
to the project folder. This step also includes defining annual holidays.
The second workshop requires updating of the fractional schedules and their assignments.
In the third workshop, we define a new air system type for Classroom wing “D,” calculate the
design and energy simulation and; discuss the results.
Workshop # 4 is an alternate air system for the Classroom Wing “D” that utilizes Packaged
Rooftop Units with different capacity controls for each workshop.
In workshop # 5, we retrieve a second archive that brings in all air systems required for the
different case studies. Additionally, we will add chillers, towers and boilers to our project
library.
Workshop # 6 links our chillers, towers and boilers to the building’s plant type. We then
simulate the different plant case studies and compare operating characteristics.
In workshop # 7, we will add the utility rates to the project library. This workshop looks at
simple and complex rate structures for electric and natural gas. We also look at the Utility
Rate Time of Day schedule. We then defining the different building case studies, perform the
energy simulation and compare the results; thus enabling us to offer the best solution to the
building owner and decision makers.

Workshop # 1 Inputs

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank

Workshop # 1 – Create New Project and Enter Weather
Data
Our first workshop focuses on expanding an existing design load analysis to include a complete
energy simulation. We will retrieve an archived system design load project developed in the HAP
Basic Training Seminar. The retrieval of this project includes all spaces, air systems and library
items so we can focus on the additional input requirements for completing an energy analysis.
Take the following steps to get started in this workshop.
PROJECT DATA
Launch HAP on your training laptop. On the project

menu bar, select “Project/Retrieve.”
The program will look in the default location for the

archive file. Retrieve the archive “HAP 44 ADVANCED
ARCHIVE 1 UNSOLVED.E3A.” After successfully
retrieving the project, click on “Project, “Save as” to
create a project folder. Use the default data path for the
location of the project folder, and name the project.
Next, left click on “View/Preferences,” then in the

“General” tab check the option
“Enable Energy Analysis Features.”
WEATHER DATA
Review the already configured design weather data to insure that you are using default
ASHRAE design weather data for St. Louis, MO.
In the simulation input form under the simulation tab, configure energy simulation data for the
same city. Select simulation weather by left clicking on the “Change City” button and navigating to
the USA_MISSOURI_ST. LOUIS.TMY2.HW1 file. This action will link the TMY-2 simulation
weather data to the project. The first day
of the year selection, (use the default day
Wednesday) determines where the
weekends occur.
The next step is to add the following

dates to the Holidays List by double left
clicking the date on the calendar:
January 1
April 18
May 26
July 4
September 1
November 27, 28
December 25, 26,29,30,31

Note: Please remember to “save early and save often”
Design and simulation weather reports are displayed on the following pages.
Weather reports are available

by highlighting “weather” in
the left tree then left clicking
on “Reports” and choosing
“Print/View Input Data”
or
right click on < Weather Properties> and choose “Print/View Input Data”.
Select the weather reports shown below. “Design” weather data is used for peak heating
and cooling load calculations and equipment sizing purposes. HAP uses 8760 hourly
“Simulation” weather data to simulate building energy consumption and calculate an
annual operating cost.

Weather Reports
Design Parameters:
City Name ................................................................................................. St. Louis IAP

Location ........................................................................................................... Missouri
Latitude .................................................................................................................... 38.8 Deg.
Longitude ................................................................................................................. 90.4 Deg.
Elevation ................................................................................................................ 564.0 ft
Summer Design Dry-Bulb ........................................................................................ 95.0 °F
Summer Coincident Wet-Bulb .................................................................................. 76.0 °F
Summer Daily Range ............................................................................................... 18.3 °F
Winter Design Dry-Bulb .............................................................................................. 2.0 °F
Winter Design Wet-Bulb ............................................................................................. 0.3 °F
Atmospheric Clearness Number .............................................................................. 0.95
Average Ground Reflectance ................................................................................... 0.20
Soil Conductivity ..................................................................................................... 0.800 BTU/(hr-ft-°F)
Local Time Zone (GMT +/- N hours) .......................................................................... 6.0 hours
Consider Daylight Savings Time ............................................................................... Yes
Daylight Savings Begins ................................................................................... April, 11
Daylight Savings Ends ................................................................................ October, 24
Simulation Weather Data ............................................................... St. Louis IAP (TM2)
Current Data is ..................................................................... 2001 ASHRAE Handbook
Design Cooling Months ............................................................... January to December
Design Day Maximum Solar Heat Gains
(The MSHG values are expressed in BTU/(hr-ft²) )
Month N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S

January 19.1 19.1 19.1 82.2 145.6 201.6 228.2 239.2 240.5
February 23.3 23.3 43.6 125.8 183.5 221.7 236.9 232.1 226.0
March 27.7 27.7 98.7 156.5 208.2 227.8 223.6 203.9 191.0
April 32.1 66.8 134.7 186.0 208.8 213.1 188.5 157.7 139.2
May 35.3 99.1 154.7 196.5 208.9 195.5 161.6 120.2 99.7
June 43.8 109.2 162.0 198.1 204.6 186.9 148.2 104.6 83.9
July 36.2 95.9 154.8 193.0 202.2 192.1 157.1 117.6 97.2
August 33.8 63.1 131.9 178.7 201.8 205.8 182.9 152.7 134.9
September 28.8 28.8 92.1 151.1 195.0 218.3 213.5 196.6 185.1
October 24.0 24.0 51.6 112.9 177.1 214.5 229.0 224.8 219.2
November 19.4 19.4 19.4 79.7 145.9 194.6 227.1 237.3 236.6
December 17.2 17.2 17.2 65.2 127.9 188.2 219.6 237.4 238.9
Month SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW HOR Mult
January 241.1 231.3 197.5 149.1 80.5 19.1 19.1 132.0 1.00
February 231.7 236.6 223.7 183.6 120.5 53.3 23.3 176.0 1.00
March 202.8 221.2 229.0 203.3 162.6 97.2 27.7 215.0 1.00
April 157.6 188.4 213.1 209.1 186.0 134.5 67.1 240.1 1.00
May 120.6 161.0 196.0 208.2 196.6 155.6 98.4 252.3 1.00
June 103.9 149.0 186.0 205.4 197.6 160.5 110.1 254.3 1.00
July 116.1 158.1 190.4 205.1 192.6 151.6 99.2 249.8 1.00
August 152.0 181.6 205.4 201.8 179.7 130.6 66.6 236.3 1.00
September 197.2 214.7 216.8 197.4 147.9 92.1 28.8 207.5 1.00
October 224.8 228.4 213.6 175.5 120.6 42.7 24.0 172.8 1.00
November 235.4 224.2 197.9 142.8 80.8 19.4 19.4 131.3 1.00
December 237.6 219.2 188.2 127.4 65.3 17.2 17.2 111.8 1.00
Mult. = User-defined solar multiplier factor.

Table 1. Descriptive Parameters:
City ............................................................................................................................... St. Louis IAP

Location .............................................................................................................................. Missouri
Type of Data ............................................................................................................................. (TM2)
Latitude ....................................................................................................................................... 38.8 Deg.
Longitude .................................................................................................................................... 90.4 Deg.
Elevation ................................................................................................................................... 564.3 ft
Local Time Zone (GMT +/- N hours) ............................................................................................. 6.0 hours
Daylight Savings Begins ...................................................................................................... April, 11
Daylight Savings Ends ................................................................................................... October, 24
Average Ground Reflectance ...................................................................................................... 0.20
Table 2. Dry-Bulb Temperature Statistics ( °F ):
Month Absolute Average Average Average Absolute

Maximum Maximum Minimum Minimum
January 64.0 37.2 27.2 19.1 3.0
February 64.9 42.9 32.7 23.2 1.9
March 80.1 53.9 44.9 36.3 15.1
April 91.9 68.5 57.6 48.0 30.0
May 90.0 77.4 67.2 56.9 41.0
June 93.9 84.1 75.0 65.8 50.0
July 100.0 87.5 78.2 69.3 55.0
August 100.9 85.5 77.6 69.8 57.0
September 91.0 79.5 69.1 60.0 46.0
October 81.0 65.9 55.0 45.6 34.0
November 75.9 53.3 44.7 36.4 19.9
December 57.9 38.8 30.4 22.6 0.0
Table 3. Daily Solar Radiation Statistics:
Daily Total Solar on Horizontal ( BTU/ft² ) Daily Clearness Number (dimensionless)

Month Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum
January 1051.6 687.6 358.9 0.697 0.483 0.277
February 1489.0 942.6 469.3 0.695 0.499 0.270
March 1950.1 1308.9 505.3 0.722 0.522 0.195
April 2201.3 1613.6 881.3 0.744 0.520 0.310
May 2555.8 1890.7 830.7 0.743 0.538 0.236
June 2684.7 2049.8 1106.1 0.727 0.557 0.302
July 2525.1 2024.7 1163.9 0.692 0.564 0.326
August 2362.8 1716.8 714.9 0.704 0.528 0.219
September 2072.7 1433.8 764.6 0.733 0.528 0.282
October 1691.7 1090.9 370.2 0.717 0.522 0.192
November 1159.8 724.4 350.5 0.668 0.469 0.249
December 945.2 576.0 313.4 0.700 0.449 0.235

Table 4. Time of Occurrence for Maximums and Minimums:
Month Highest Dry-Bulb Lowest Dry-Bulb Maximum Total Minimum Total

Temperature Temperature Solar Solar
January Jan 29, 1500 Jan 6, 0600 Jan 24 Jan 3
February Feb 18, 1200 Feb 3, 0300 Feb 27 Feb 7
March Mar 17, 1500 Mar 7, 0600 Mar 25 Mar 20
April Apr 28, 1600 Apr 5, 0600 Apr 7 Apr 1
May May 28, 1600 May 9, 0500 May 8 May 16
June Jun 28, 1400 Jun 3, 0500 Jun 24 Jun 5
July Jul 31, 1600 Jul 21, 0400 Jul 8 Jul 20
August Aug 28, 1500 Aug 7, 0600 Aug 9 Aug 16
September Sep 5, 1600 Sep 25, 0700 Sep 10 Sep 16
October Oct 27, 1500 Oct 13, 0700 Oct 3 Oct 24
November Nov 19, 1400 Nov 30, 0700 Nov 3 Nov 25
December Dec 15, 1400 Dec 10, 0500 Dec 1 Dec 3
Table 5. Calendar Data:
Day of Week for January 1st .......................................................................................... Wednesday
Holidays:
Jan 1
Apr 18
May 26
Jul 4
Sep 1
Nov 27 28
Dec 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Friday, August 1
Hour Dry-Bulb Wet-Bulb Beam Solar Total Solar
( °F ) ( °F ) on Horiz. on Horiz.
( BTU/(hr-ft²) ) ( BTU/(hr-ft²) )
0000 76.3 66.4 0.0 0.0
0100 75.0 65.6 0.0 0.0
0200 72.9 64.4 0.0 0.0
0300 72.0 63.8 0.0 0.0
0400 70.2 62.6 0.0 0.0
0500 68.7 61.7 0.0 0.0
0600 66.0 60.4 0.5 11.0
0700 65.5 60.4 23.9 52.7
0800 66.9 60.5 83.7 120.2
0900 70.0 61.6 111.6 169.9
1000 73.0 63.2 166.2 217.2
1100 75.9 63.1 207.4 261.6
1200 77.0 62.4 189.7 260.7
1300 80.1 64.5 195.1 274.3
1400 80.1 63.5 153.4 221.6
1500 81.0 63.8 161.0 227.6
1600 82.0 63.8 126.3 186.8
1700 82.0 64.7 102.2 139.3
1800 81.0 64.8 44.0 71.9
1900 80.1 64.1 5.6 18.6
2000 78.1 63.4 0.0 0.6
2100 75.9 62.7 0.0 0.0
2200 73.9 62.0 0.0 0.0
2300 72.0 61.3 0.0 0.0
Saturday, August 2
Hour Dry-Bulb Wet-Bulb Beam Solar Total Solar
( °F ) ( °F ) on Horiz. on Horiz.
( BTU/(hr-ft²) ) ( BTU/(hr-ft²) )
0000 71.1 61.0 0.0 0.0
0100 70.0 61.1 0.0 0.0
0200 70.0 60.0 0.0 0.0
0300 68.0 61.0 0.0 0.0
0400 68.0 59.9 0.0 0.0
0500 66.9 60.0 0.0 0.0
0600 66.9 60.6 1.0 9.6
0700 68.0 61.0 25.2 50.2
0800 70.0 61.6 28.8 84.0
0900 72.0 64.1 33.6 114.4
1000 78.1 65.5 19.9 97.2
1100 79.0 64.1 203.7 268.0
1200 82.0 66.1 257.3 282.3
1300 84.0 67.4 175.6 253.3
1400 86.0 69.0 127.7 234.2
1500 87.1 70.0 136.7 212.1
1600 87.1 70.0 134.9 180.2
1700 86.0 69.7 74.1 121.0
1800 87.1 70.0 52.8 74.7
1900 84.9 69.8 13.3 22.5
2000 82.9 69.3 0.0 1.0
2100 81.0 69.3 0.0 0.0
2200 80.1 69.0 0.0 0.0
2300 78.1 69.0 0.0 0.0

Workshop # 2 Inputs


Workshop # 2 – Editing Schedules
SCHEDULES
This workshop focuses on editing the schedules created for our system design load. The
following three schedules were created during the design load phase of the project and retrieved
in the archive. Please add the following additional profiles to each schedule as noted:
LIGHTS – CLASSROOMS
Profile #3 – Energy Weekday
00-06: 10%
07: 50%
08-11:100%
12: 00%
13-15: 100%
16: 50%
17: 20%
18-23: 10%
Profile #4 – Energy Weekend
Hours 00-23: 10%
On the assignments tab, assign Profile #3 to day types Monday Thru Friday in all months
except July. Assign existing Profile #2 from the design load phase to day types Monday
thru Friday in the month of July only.
Assign Profile #4 to day types Saturday, Sunday, and Holiday for all twelve (12) months.
PEOPLE - CLASSROOMS
Hours 00-07: 00%
Hours 08-11: 100%
Hour 12: 0%
Hours 13-15: 100%
Hour 16: 40%
Hour 17: 10%
Hours 18-23: 00%

Hours 00-23: 00%
On the assignments tab, assign Profile #3 to day types Monday Thru Friday in all months
except July. Assign Profile #2 to day types Monday through Friday for July only.

PEOPLE – CORRIDORS
Hours 00-06: 00%
Hours 07-16: 50%
Hours 17-23: 00%

Hours 00-23: 00%
On the assignments tab, assign Profile #3 to day types

Monday Thru Friday in all moths except July.
Assign existing Profile #2 to day types Monday thru
Friday for the month of July only.
OCCUPIED (FAN/THERMOSTAT) SCHEDULE –

CLASSROOM

Hours 00-05: Unoccupied
Hours 06-17: Occupied
Hours 18-23: Unoccupied
Profile #4 – Energy Weekends = Unoccupied 00-23
Apply Profile #2 to the month of July
only
Copies of workshop # 3 schedule input forms are displayed below.

Lights – Classroom, Schedule Input Data
Lights - Classrooms (Fractional)
Hourly Profiles:
1:Design Day
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2:Summer Shutdown De
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3:Energy Weekday
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 50 20 10 10 10 10 10 10
4:Energy Weekend
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Assignments:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Design 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Monday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Tuesday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Wednesday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Thursday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Friday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Saturday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Sunday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Holiday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

People – Classroom, Schedule Input Data
People - Classrooms (Fractional)
Hourly Profiles:
1:Design Day
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3:Energy Weekday
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 40 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
4:Energy Weekend
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Assignments:
Design 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Monday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Tuesday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Wednesday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Thursday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Friday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Saturday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Sunday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Holiday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Occupied Schedule – Classroom (Fan/Thermostat) Input Data
Occupied Schedule - Classroom (Fan / Thermostat)
Hourly Profiles:
1:Design Day
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value U U U U U U O O O O O O O O O O O O U U U U U U
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value U U U U U U O O O O O O O O O O O U U U U U U U
3:Energy Weekday
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value U U U U U U O O O O O O O O O O O O U U U U U U
4:Energy Weekends
Hour 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Value U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
O = Occupied; U = Unoccupied
Assignments:
Design 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Monday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Tuesday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Wednesday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Thursday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Friday 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Saturday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Sunday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Holiday 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4


Workshop # 3 Inputs


Workshop # 3 – Wing D Air System Input 4PFCU
AIR SYSTEM
For our next workshop we will enter a four pipe fan coil air system for Wing D. This new system
will be added to the existing air systems already contained in archive #1. Refer to the following
pages for required input details. Upon completion data input, please perform the energy
simulation for the air system. We will discuss the results in the seminar.
Right click on “Systems” in the left tree and ask for “new” or double click on “<new
default system>” and enter the following in the Air System Properties:
C8 – 4PFCU D1 Wing D Air System Inputs

1. General Details:
Air System Name .............................................. C8 - 4PFCU D1 - Wing D (all)
Equipment Type ........................................................................ Terminal Units
Air System Type ....................................................................... 4-Pipe Fan Coil
Number of zones ............................................................................................ 15
Ventilation ......................................................... Common Ventilation System
2. Ventilation System Components:

Ventilation Air Data:
Airflow Control ................................................... Constant Ventilation Airflow
Ventilation Sizing Method ............................................. ASHRAE Std 62-2001
Unocc. Damper Position ........................................................................ Closed
Damper Leak Rate ........................................................................................... 5 %
Outdoor Air CO2 Level ................................................................................. 400 ppm
Cooling Coil Data:

Setpoint ....................................................................................................... 72.0 °F
Coil Bypass Factor .................................................................................... 0.100
Cooling Source ........................................................................... Chilled Water
Schedule .............................................................................. JFMAMJJASOND
Heating Coil Data:

Setpoint ....................................................................................................... 70.0 °F
Heating Source ................................................................................. Hot Water
Ventilation Fan Data:

Fan Type ................................................................................ Forward Curved
Configuration ..................................................................................... Draw-thru
Fan Performance ........................................................................................ 2.00 in wg
Overall Efficiency ........................................................................................... 54 %
% Airflow 100 90 80 70 60 50
% kW 100 91 81 72 61 54
% Airflow 40 30 20 10 0
% kW 46 40 33 27 21
Duct System Data:

Return Duct or Plenum Data:
Return Air Via ............................................................................ Ducted Return
3. Zone Components:
Space Assignments:
Zone 1: Zone 1
D100-Computer Closet x1
Zone 2: Zone 2
D101-Classroom x1
Zone 3: Zone 3

D102-Classroom x1
Zone 4: Zone 4
D103-Classroom x1
Zone 5: Zone 5
D104-Classroom x1
Zone 6: Zone 6
D105-South Vestibule x1
Zone 7: Zone 7
D106-Classroom x1
Zone 8: Zone 8
D107-Classroom x1
Zone 9: Zone 9
D108-Music Auditorium x1
Zone 10: Zone 10
D109-Music Practice x1
Zone 11: Zone 11
D110-Music Files x1
Zone 12: Zone 12
D111-Music Office x1
Zone 13: Zone 13
D112-West Vestibule x1
Zone 14: Zone 14
D113-Corridor x1
Zone 15: Zone 15
D114-Corridor x1
Thermostats and Zone Data:

Zone .............................................................................................................. All
Cooling T-stat: Occ. .................................................................................... 72.0 °F
Cooling T-stat: Unocc. ................................................................................ 85.0 °F
Heating T-stat: Occ. .................................................................................... 70.0 °F
Heating T-stat: Unocc. ................................................................................ 60.0 °F
T-stat Throttling Range ............................................................................... 3.00 °F
Thermostat Schedule ................................ Occupied Schedule - Classroom

Unoccupied Cooling is ....................................................................... Available
Common Terminal Unit Data:

Cooling Coil:
Design Supply Temperature ....................................................................... 58.0 °F
Cooling Source ........................................................................... Chilled Water
Heating Coil:
Design Supply Temperature ..................................................................... 110.0 °F
Heating Source ................................................................................. Hot Water
Fan Control ........................................................................................... Fan On
Terminal Units Data:

Zone .............................................................................................................. All
Terminal Type ..................................................................................... Fan Coil
Minimum Airflow ........................................................................................ 15.00 CFM/person
Fan Overall Efficiency .................................................................................... 50 %
4. Sizing Data (Computer-Generated):

System Sizing Data:
Hydronic Sizing Specifications:
Chilled Water Delta-T .................................................................................. 10.0 °F
Hot Water Delta-T ....................................................................................... 20.0 °F
Safety Factors:

Cooling Sensible .............................................................................................. 0 %
Cooling Latent .................................................................................................. 0 %
Heating ............................................................................................................. 0 %
Zone Sizing Data:

Zone Airflow Sizing Method ................................. Sum of space airflow rates
Space Airflow Sizing Method ............................. Individual peak space loads
5. Equipment Data
No Equipment Data required for this system.
After completing the inputs above, right click on C8-4PFCU D1- Wing D air system and
“Print/View Simulation Data”
Shown below is the simulation report viewer prior to running a simulation. Notice the graph option
is turned off and the category list in the bottom window is blank. Graphical reports are available
however, after an initial simulation is run.
For our C8-4PFCU D1- Wing D air system, preview these simulation tabular reports:

Air System Simulation Reports Viewer
Graphs Not Available Yet
Air System Simulation Results (Table 1) :

Terminal Terminal
Precool Coil Preheat Coil Cooling Coil Heating Coil
Load Load Load Load Ventilation Fan Terminal Fan Lighting
Month (kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
January 0 36889 17258 11764 384 916 10270
February 0 28705 20330 6400 349 823 9316
March 458 18429 31617 1703 367 852 9953
April 1738 9312 45223 102 367 851 9845
May 2574 4218 56228 0 367 865 9954
June 8324 1183 77538 0 367 893 9843
July 11223 364 60683 0 352 846 6248
August 9897 296 79687 0 367 888 9950
September 3058 2417 60507 0 367 867 9846
October 441 11035 42480 117 402 930 10585
November 126 15378 24526 3991 314 738 8898
December 0 25207 15917 14965 314 769 9005
Total 37839 153434 531994 39042 4317 10237 113713

Electric
Equipment
Month (kWh)
January 1535
February 1396
March 1466
April 1466
May 1466
June 1466
July 737
August 1466
September 1466
October 1605
November 1256
December 1256
Total 16579

Daily Air System Simulation Results for August (Table 1) :
Terminal Terminal
Day (kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
1 235 26 2823 0 17 40 423
2 0 0 569 0 0 3 107
3 0 0 942 0 0 4 107
4 508 0 3810 0 17 41 423
5 237 0 2964 0 17 40 423
6 95 68 2689 0 17 40 423
7 96 105 2571 0 17 40 423
8 166 52 2628 0 17 40 423
9 0 0 447 0 0 3 107
10 0 0 641 0 0 3 107
11 368 2 3369 0 17 41 423
12 276 0 3479 0 17 40 423
13 174 6 2713 0 17 40 423
14 261 35 2804 0 17 40 423
15 122 0 3077 0 17 40 423
16 0 0 12 0 0 0 107
17 0 0 1051 0 0 5 107
18 848 0 4462 0 17 42 423
19 826 0 4136 0 17 41 423
20 744 0 4016 0 17 41 423
21 268 0 3615 0 17 40 423
22 117 0 2951 0 17 40 423
23 0 0 198 0 0 1 107
24 0 0 1053 0 0 5 107
25 594 0 4156 0 17 41 423
26 905 0 4085 0 17 41 423
27 1333 0 4249 0 17 41 423
28 1232 0 4311 0 17 41 423
29 491 0 3933 0 17 41 423
30 0 0 783 0 0 4 107
31 0 0 1147 0 0 6 107
Total 9897 296 79687 0 367 888 9950

Daily Air System Simulation Results for August (Table 2) :
Electric
Equipment
Day (kWh)
1 70
2 0
3 0
4 70
5 70
6 70
7 70
8 70
9 0
10 0
11 70
12 70
13 70
14 70
15 70
16 0
17 0
18 70
19 70
20 70
21 70
22 70
23 0
24 0
25 70
26 70
27 70
28 70
29 70
30 0
31 0
Total 1466

Table 1.1 Hourly Air System Simulation Results for Friday, August 1
Terminal Terminal
Hour (MBH) (MBH) (MBH) (MBH) (kW) (kW) (kW)
0000 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
0100 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
0200 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
0300 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
0400 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
0500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
0600 0.0 9.2 163.5 0.0 1.5 3.4 4.5
0700 0.0 11.0 180.3 0.0 1.5 3.4 22.3
0800 0.0 6.0 261.1 0.0 1.5 3.4 44.5
0900 0.0 0.0 265.2 0.0 1.5 3.4 44.5
1000 8.5 0.0 277.8 0.0 1.5 3.4 44.5
1100 18.8 0.0 276.4 0.0 1.5 3.4 44.5
1200 22.7 0.0 159.5 0.0 1.5 3.4 0.1
1300 33.7 0.0 278.2 0.0 1.5 3.4 44.5
1400 33.7 0.0 280.3 0.0 1.5 3.4 44.5
1500 36.9 0.0 282.3 0.0 1.5 3.4 44.5
1600 40.4 0.0 213.1 0.0 1.5 3.4 22.3
1700 40.4 0.0 176.8 0.0 1.5 3.4 8.9
1800 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
1900 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
2000 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
2100 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
2200 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
2300 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5
Total 235.1 26.2 2823.1 0.0 17.5 40.4 422.9

Table 1.2 Hourly Air System Simulation Results for Friday, August 1
Electric
Equipment
Hour (kW)
0000 0.0
0100 0.0
0200 0.0
0300 0.0
0400 0.0
0500 0.0
0600 0.0
0700 0.0
0800 9.3
0900 9.3
1000 9.3
1100 9.3
1200 0.0
1300 9.3
1400 9.3
1500 9.3
1600 3.7
1700 0.9
1800 0.0
1900 0.0
2000 0.0
2100 0.0
2200 0.0
2300 0.0
Total 69.8

1. Zone Temperature Statistics

Now that we have run a simulation, graphics options are automatically turned on, and the
graph category list will become visible. To demonstrate graphs for our workshop example,
Print/View Simulation Data once again.
Re-run Simulation Reports
Air System Simulation Reports Viewer With Graph Options
Ask for graphs for the fan coil (terminal) cooling and heating coil loads shown above.

Monthly Simulation Results For Fan Coils In Wing D
Precool Coil Load (kBTU) Terminal Cooling Coil Load (kBTU)

80000
70000
60000
50000
kBTU
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Month
Daily Simulation Results For Fan Coils In Wing D (August)
Daily Simulation Results for August

Precool Coil Load (kBTU) Terminal Cooling Coil Load (kBTU)
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
kBTU
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Day of Month

Hourly Simulation Results For Fan Coils In Wing D (August 1)


Workshop # 4 Inputs


Workshop # 4 – Wing D Air System Input–Packaged Rooftop Unit
AIR SYSTEM
Another air system for Wing D could be multiple package rooftop units. These will be modeled as
multiple single zone constant air volume air systems with built-in gas heat and DX cooling, one
per zone. Due to the time constraints of this seminar, we will model only one packaged rooftop
unit on a single zone, classroom D 101.
Create a new air system called “D28 – RTU D2 – Classroom D 101”

Please complete the inputs for the Rooftop system for classroom D101.
The following pages include copies of the required inputs to use.

Air System properties For D28 RTU D2 For Classroom D 101
1. General Details:
Air System Name ....................................... D 28 - RTU D2 - Classroom D101
Equipment Type ....................................................... Packaged Rooftop Units
Air System Type .................................................................... Single Zone CAV
Number of zones .............................................................................................. 1
2. System Components:
Ventilation Air Data:
Airflow Control ................................................... Constant Ventilation Airflow
Ventilation Sizing Method ............................................. ASHRAE Std 62-2001
Unocc. Damper Position ........................................................................ Closed
Damper Leak Rate ........................................................................................... 5 %
Outdoor Air CO2 Level ................................................................................. 400 ppm
Economizer Data:
Control ................................................................ Integrated enthalpy control
Upper Cutoff ................................................................................................ 72.0 °F
Lower Cutoff .............................................................................................. -60.0 °F
Central Cooling Data:

Supply Air Temperature .............................................................................. 58.0 °F
Cooling Source ......................................................................... Air-Cooled DX
Capacity Control ............................ Cycled or Staged Compressor - Fan On
Central Heating Data:

Supply Temperature ................................................................................. 110.0 °F
Heating Source ..................................................... Combustion - Natural Gas
Capacity Control ............................ Cycled or Staged Compressor - Fan On
Supply Fan Data:

Fan Type ................................................................................ Forward Curved
Configuration ..................................................................................... Draw-thru
Overall Efficiency ........................................................................................... 54 %
Duct System Data:

Supply Duct Data:
Duct Heat Gain ................................................................................................ 0 %
Duct Leakage ................................................................................................... 0 %
Return Duct or Plenum Data:

Return Air Via ............................................................................ Ducted Return
3. Zone Components:
Space Assignments:
Zone 1: Zone 1
D101-Classroom x1
Thermostats and Zone Data:

Zone .............................................................................................................. All
Cooling T-stat: Occ. .................................................................................... 72.0 °F
Cooling T-stat: Unocc. ................................................................................ 85.0 °F
Heating T-stat: Occ. .................................................................................... 70.0 °F
Heating T-stat: Unocc. ................................................................................ 60.0 °F
T-stat Throttling Range ............................................................................... 3.00 °F
Diversity Factor ............................................................................................ 100 %
Direct Exhaust Airflow ............................................................................... 400.0 CFM
Direct Exhaust Fan kW ................................................................................. 0.0 kW
Thermostat Schedule ................................ Occupied Schedule - Classroom

Unoccupied Cooling is ....................................................................... Available
Supply Terminals Data:

Zone .............................................................................................................. All
Terminal Type ...................................................................................... Diffuser
Minimum Airflow .......................................................................................... 0.00 CFM/person

Zone Heating Units:
Zone .............................................................................................................. All
Zone Heating Unit Type ............................................................................ None These are program defaults and
are not applicable to this air
Zone Unit Heat Source ..................................................... Electric Resistance
Zone Heating Unit Schedule ................................................ JFMAMJJASOND
system type. No data entry is
required in these fields
4. Sizing Data (Computer-Generated):
System Sizing Data:
Hydronic Sizing Specifications:
Chilled Water Delta-T .................................................................................. 10.0 °F
Hot Water Delta-T ....................................................................................... 20.0 °F
Safety Factors:
Cooling Sensible .............................................................................................. 0 %
Cooling Latent .................................................................................................. 0 %
Heating ............................................................................................................. 0 %
Zone Sizing Data:

Zone Airflow Sizing Method ................................. Sum of space airflow rates
Space Airflow Sizing Method ............................. Individual peak space loads
5. Equipment Data
Central Cooling Unit - Air-Cooled DX
Design OAT ................................................................................................ 94.5 °F
Equipment Sizing ............................................................................ Auto-Sized
Capacity Oversizing Factor ........................................................................... 0.0 %
ARI Performance Rating ........................................................................... 10.30 EER
Conventional Cutoff OAT ............................................................................ 55.0 °F
Low Temperature Operation ..................................................................... Used
Low Temperature Cutoff OAT ....................................................................... 0.0 °F
Central Heating Unit - Combustion

Equipment Sizing ............................................................................ Auto-Sized
Capacity Oversizing Factor ........................................................................... 0.0 %
Average Efficiency ...................................................................................... 82.0 %
Misc. Electric 0.200 kW

Air System Properties- Equipment Tab
The 5th tab in Air System Properties

(shown below) is the Equipment tab.
Because this workshop uses a
packaged “self-contained” air system
with DX cooling and built–in combustion
heating, it does not utilize separate
“plants” to produce hot and cold air. The
heating and cooling plants are integral
to the air system. For simulation
calculations, equipment data is entered
in the air system properties form under Edit Equipment Data
the “equipment” tab.
In the Equipment tab click the “Edit

Equipment Data” button for “Central
Cooling Unit”.
1. Notice the Estimated

Maximum Load is not yet
displayed as shown here.
2.Select Auto-Sized Equipment
Capacity and set over-sizing
factor to 0%. 3. Select ARI
Performance Rating from
dropdown. 4. Select Low Temp
Operation and set OAT cutoff
to 0.0ºF.

Design Load Not Run
Run the Design Load for “D28 – RTU D2 – Classroom D 101”and then re-check the equipment
tab under Air System Properties. It will now display the Estimated Maximum Load for cooling and
heating as shown below. Now we can input actual equipment data for energy simulation.
Actual Values Should

Be Entered In Place Of Load Values Appear
Default Values Of 1.0 After Design Load
Is Calculated
The rooftop unit equipment data used for simulations should reflect a gross cooling capacity of
51.0 MBH and a gross heating capacity of 36.2 MBH. Now we will show how to obtain actual
rooftop unit data from Carrier in a direct transfer mode.
E-Mail Project Archive To Your Carrier Representative
At this point, the project can be archived

and e-mailed to your Carrier representative
in order to obtain actual equipment
selection data. After a selection is made,
the data can be returned to you to
complete the HAP Equipment tab inputs for
modeling energy simulations. We will
demonstrate this in workshop # 4.
Manufacturer’s product literature can also

be used to obtain the equipment data
required for HAP simulations.
The Email address of your Carrier Sales

Engineer can be entered under ‘View” and
“Preferences”. This new HAP feature is
done once and will apply to all subsequent
projects.
To obtain specific project data, the Design Enter Email Address of

Engineer highlights “Send Email to Sales Your Carrier
Engineer” under the “Project” pull down. Representative.

Send Email To Sales Engineer
HAP will automatically archive the entire project in the user’s E20-II/archive folder and attach the
Project.E3A file to an e-mail message.
HAP Automatically Stores Project Archive In E20-II/archive Folder

HAP Automatically Attaches The Project Archive And Generates An Email
At this point, the design Engineer sends the Email to the Carrier representative who performs an
electronic selection based on the HAP requirements in the archive. For workshop # 4, the D28 -
RTU D2 - Classroom 101 rooftop unit has been selected from this Carrier software.

Capacity Requirements and Coil
Conditions Are Used Based On The
HAP Design Load Calculation
RTU Builder Populated With HAP Data
RTU Selected For Job Requirements
For this example workshop, we will choose nominal 5-ton unit (006 size). This unit gives
us a high efficiency and delivers a close sensible capacity to our HAP requirements. This
unit is also equipped with a belt drive evaporator fan and enthalpy economizer.

Notice the actual bypass factor is
greater (.163) than (.094) used in our
initial load calculation.
Final Equipment Performance Summary For D28 RTU D2 For Classroom D 101

We can now extract the required data from this equipment selection to enter into the HAP
equipment data tab, if desired:
Gross Cooling Capacity = 60.79 MBH
Gross Heating Capacity = 60.8 MBH
Compressor Power Input = 3.99 kW
OD Fan kW = (volts) (FLA) (1.73)/1000

= 230 x 1.5 x 1.73/1000
= 0.6 kW
Enter Final Equipment Data In Equipment Tab
Double click on the Air System Properties for the D28 – RTU D2 – Classroom D101 and go to the
Equipment Tab. Enter the data calculated under “Edit Equipment Data” for the Central Cooling
Unit and Central Heating Unit.
Preview the following Design Load Reports.

Workshop # 4 Solutions

Air System Information
Air System Name .. D 28 - RTU D2 - Classroom D101 Number of zones ............................................................ 1
Equipment Class ....................................... PKG ROOF Floor Area ............................................................... 840.0 ft²
Air System Type ............................................... SZCAV Location .................................... St. Louis IAP, Missouri
Sizing Calculation Information

Zone and Space Sizing Method:
Zone CFM ....................... Sum of space airflow rates Calculation Months ........................................ Jan to Dec
Space CFM ................... Individual peak space loads Sizing Data ..................................................... Calculated
Central Cooling Coil Sizing Data
Total coil load .......................................................... 4.2 Tons Load occurs at ................................................. Aug 1500
Total coil load ........................................................ 51.0 MBH OA DB / WB .................................................... 94.5 / 75.9 °F
Sensible coil load .................................................. 38.7 MBH Entering DB / WB ............................................ 79.1 / 66.8 °F
Coil CFM at Aug 1500 .......................................... 1770 CFM Leaving DB / WB ............................................. 58.5 / 57.4 °F
Max block CFM .................................................... 1770 CFM Coil ADP ................................................................... 56.3 °F
Sum of peak zone CFM ....................................... 1770 CFM Bypass Factor ......................................................... 0.094
Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.759 Resulting RH ................................................................ 56 %
ft²/Ton .................................................................. 197.8 Design supply temp. ................................................. 58.0 °F
BTU/(hr-ft²) ............................................................ 60.7 Zone T-stat Check .................................................. 1 of 1 OK
Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ...................................... N/A Max zone temperature deviation ................................. 0.0 °F
Central Heating Coil Sizing Data
Max coil load ......................................................... 36.2 MBH Load occurs at .................................................... Des Htg
Coil CFM at Des Htg ............................................ 1770 CFM BTU/(hr-ft²) ................................................................ 43.0
Max coil CFM ....................................................... 1770 CFM Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 54.3 / 73.6 °F
Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop ..................................... N/A
Supply Fan Sizing Data
Actual max CFM .................................................. 1770 CFM Fan motor BHP ......................................................... 0.52 BHP
Standard CFM ...................................................... 1734 CFM Fan motor kW ........................................................... 0.38 kW
Actual max CFM/ft² ............................................... 2.11 Fan static .................................................................. 1.00 in wg
............................................................................... CFM/ft²
Outdoor Ventilation Air Data

Design airflow CFM ……………………………………400 CFM
CFM/ft² …………………………………………………0.48 CFM/ft²
CFM/person …………………………………………. 16.00 CFM/person

DESIGN COOLING DESIGN HEATING
COOLING DATA AT Aug 1500 HEATING DATA AT DES HTG
COOLING OA DB / WB 94.5 °F / 75.9 °F HEATING OA DB / WB 2.0 °F / 0.3 °F
Sensible Latent Sensible Latent
ZONE LOADS Details (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr) Details (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)
Window & Skylight Solar Loads 96 ft² 3903 - 96 ft² - -
Wall Transmission 184 ft² 323 - 184 ft² 568 -
Roof Transmission 840 ft² 3381 - 840 ft² 3184 -
Window Transmission 96 ft² 1190 - 96 ft² 4229 -
Skylight Transmission 0 ft² 0 - 0 ft² 0 -
Door Loads 0 ft² 0 - 0 ft² 0 -
Floor Transmission 840 ft² 0 - 840 ft² 1101 -
Partitions 0 ft² 0 - 0 ft² 0 -
Ceiling 0 ft² 0 - 0 ft² 0 -
Overhead Lighting 2898 W 7853 - 0 0 -
Task Lighting 840 W 2538 - 0 0 -
Electric Equipment 840 W 2578 - 0 0 -
People 25 4133 3000 0 0 0
Infiltration - 0 0 - 0 0
Miscellaneous - 0 0 - 0 0
Safety Factor 0% / 0% 0 0 0% 0 0
>> Total Zone Loads - 25899 3000 - 9081 0
Zone Conditioning - 29015 3000 - 8886 0
Plenum Wall Load 0% 0 - 0 0 -
Plenum Roof Load 0% 0 - 0 0 -
Plenum Lighting Load 0% 0 - 0 0 -
Return Fan Load 1370 CFM 0 - 1370 CFM 0 -
Ventilation Load 400 CFM 8382 9261 400 CFM 28576 0
Supply Fan Load 1770 CFM 1312 - 1770 CFM -1312 -
Space Fan Coil Fans - 0 - - 0 -
Duct Heat Gain / Loss 0% 0 - 0% 0 -
>> Total System Loads - 38709 12261 - 36150 0
Central Cooling Coil - 38709 12261 - 0 0
Central Heating Coil - 0 - - 36150 -
>> Total Conditioning - 38709 12261 - 36150 0
Key: Positive values are clg loads Positive values are htg loads
Negative values are htg loads Negative values are clg loads

August DESIGN COOLING DAY, 1500
TABLE 1: SYSTEM DATA
Dry-Bulb Specific Sensible Latent

Temp Humidity Airflow CO2 Level Heat Heat
Component Location (°F) (lb/lb) (CFM) (ppm) (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)
Ventilation Air Inlet 94.5 0.01534 400 400 8382 9261
Vent - Return Mixing Outlet 79.1 0.01149 1770 821 - -
Central Cooling Coil Outlet 58.5 0.01000 1770 821 38709 12261
Central Heating Coil Outlet 58.5 0.01000 1770 821 0 -
Supply Fan Outlet 59.2 0.01000 1770 821 1312 -
Cold Supply Duct Outlet 59.2 0.01000 1770 821 - -
Zone Air - 74.6 0.01036 1770 943 29015 3000
Zone Direct Exhaust Outlet 74.6 0.01036 400 943 - -
Return Plenum Outlet 74.6 0.01036 1370 943 0 -
Air Density x Heat Capacity x Conversion Factor: At sea level = 1.080; At site altitude = 1.058 BTU/(hr-CFM-F)
Air Density x Heat of Vaporization x Conversion Factor: At sea level = 4746.6; At site altitude = 4650.7 BTU/(hr-CFM)
Site Altitude = 564.0 ft
TABLE 2: ZONE DATA
Zone Terminal Zone

Sensible Zone Zone Zone CO2 Heating Heating
Load T-stat Cond Temp Airflow Level Coil Unit
Zone Name (BTU/hr) Mode (BTU/hr) (°F) (CFM) (ppm) (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)
Zone 1 25899 Cooling 29015 74.6 1770 943 0 0
WINTER DESIGN HEATING
TABLE 1: SYSTEM DATA
Dry-Bulb Specific Sensible Latent

Temp Humidity Airflow CO2 Level Heat Heat
Component Location (°F) (lb/lb) (CFM) (ppm) (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)
Ventilation Air Inlet 2.0 0.00044 400 400 -28576 0
Vent - Return Mixing Outlet 54.3 0.00044 1770 431 - -
Central Cooling Coil Outlet 54.3 0.00044 1770 431 0 0
Central Heating Coil Outlet 73.6 0.00044 1770 431 36150 -
Supply Fan Outlet 74.3 0.00044 1770 431 1312 -
Cold Supply Duct Outlet 74.3 0.00044 1770 431 - -
Zone Air - 69.5 0.00044 1770 440 -8886 0
Zone Direct Exhaust Outlet 69.5 0.00044 400 440 - -
Return Plenum Outlet 69.5 0.00044 1370 440 0 -
Air Density x Heat Capacity x Conversion Factor: At sea level = 1.080; At site altitude = 1.058 BTU/(hr-CFM-F)
Air Density x Heat of Vaporization x Conversion Factor: At sea level = 4746.6; At site altitude = 4650.7 BTU/(hr-CFM)
Site Altitude = 564.0 ft
TABLE 2: ZONE DATA
Zone Terminal Zone

Sensible Zone Zone Zone CO2 Heating Heating
Load T-stat Cond Temp Airflow Level Coil Unit
Zone Name (BTU/hr) Mode (BTU/hr) (°F) (CFM) (ppm) (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)
Zone 1 -9081 Heating -8886 69.5 1770 440 0 0

Now ask for these simulation reports for D28 –RTU D2 – Classroom 101

Air System Simulation Reports For D28 - RTU D2 - Classroom D101
Monthly Simulation Results
Central Central
Cooling Coil Cooling Eqpt Central Unit Central Heating Central Heating Central Heating Central Heating
Load Load Clg Input Coil Load Eqpt Load Coil Input Misc. Electric
Month (kBTU) (kBTU) (kWh) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU) (kWh)
January 0 0 0 4123 4085 4982 23
February 0 0 0 2354 2337 2850 13
March 751 751 55 860 860 1048 5
April 2123 2123 159 139 139 169 1
May 3401 3401 257 4 4 5 0
June 7887 7876 604 0 0 0 0
July 7284 7284 592 0 0 0 0
August 8724 8654 675 0 0 0 0
September 4624 4624 342 2 2 2 0
October 734 734 53 179 179 219 1
November 266 266 19 989 989 1206 5
December 0 0 0 3298 3271 3989 18
Total 35793 35714 2755 11946 11865 14470 66

Electric
Supply Fan Lighting Equipment
Month (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
January 105 862 139
February 94 782 126
March 97 835 132
April 97 826 132
May 99 835 132
June 103 826 132
July 97 525 67
August 102 835 132
September 99 826 132
October 106 889 145
November 84 747 113
December 88 756 113
Total 1171 9546 1497

Unmet Load Report
1. Unmet Load Statistics - Central Cooling Unit - Air-Cooled DX
Equipment Capacity Capacity Capacity Total Hours
Capacity is Insufficient Insufficient Insufficient Total Hours with
Sufficient by 0%-5% by 5%-10% by >10% with Unmet Equipment
Month (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) Loads Loads
January 0 0 0 0 0 0
February 0 0 0 0 0 0
March 60 0 0 0 0 60
April 120 0 0 0 0 120
May 229 0 0 0 0 229
June 389 4 2 0 6 395
July 369 0 0 0 0 369
August 405 3 3 7 13 418
September 285 0 0 0 0 285
October 61 0 0 0 0 61
November 32 0 0 0 0 32
December 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1950 7 5 7 19 1969
2. Unmet Load Statistics - Central Heating Unit - Combustion

Equipment Capacity Capacity Capacity Total Hours
Capacity is Insufficient Insufficient Insufficient Total Hours with
Sufficient by 0%-5% by 5%-10% by >10% with Unmet Equipment
Month (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) Loads Loads
January 327 2 1 4 7 334
February 209 0 0 2 2 211
March 88 0 0 0 0 88
April 19 0 0 0 0 19
May 2 0 0 0 0 2
June 0 0 0 0 0 0
July 0 0 0 0 0 0
August 0 0 0 0 0 0
September 1 0 0 0 0 1
October 23 0 0 0 0 23
November 122 0 0 0 0 122
December 383 2 1 4 7 390
Total 1174 4 2 10 16 1190

Zone Temperature Report

Workshop # 5 Inputs


Workshop # 5 – Modeling Chillers, Boilers, & Towers
Next, we retrieve archive #2 into our existing project. This archive contains all air system models
for the three design alternatives. These alternatives are used in the remaining workshops. Please
retrieve the archive as outlined below to begin workshop #5.
RETREIVAL of Archive #2
1. While in the existing project, go to the

menu bar; select “Project \ Retrieve HAP
v 4.4 Data.”
2. Navigate to D:\E20-II\Archives
3. From the Archives Folder - retrieve the
archive “HAP 4.4 ADVANCED ARCHIVE
2 UNSOLVED.E3A.” Allow this retrieved
archive to “overwrite” the data you have
created thus far in our workshops. After
retrieval be sure to click “Project, Save”
to update your project files. Upon
completion of the retrieval process, all air
systems for the remaining workshops are
available.
CHILLER LIBRARY
In Workshop # 5 two chiller types will be added to the Chiller Library. These chillers will then be
used to create two chilled water plants. The first chiller type will be an air-cooled packaged screw
chiller. The second chiller type will be a water-cooled variable speed screw chiller.
The first design case for workshop # 5 uses the air-cooled packaged chiller and supplies chilled
water to air systems A01- A10 (omitting A08 served by a packaged RTU)
Chiller Library And Chilled Water Plants
The chiller library is used to create a chilled water plant. The plant is used for energy
simulations. The plant capacity may be handled by one chiller, but more often is divided
between two or more chillers. Therefore, the plant capacity must be determined first before
determining individual chiller sizes. This same concept applies to hot water and steam plants and
their boilers, Plants features including piping and controls will be the focus of workshop #6.
To Place Chillers In The Library, We Need To Know Their Size First. HAP will consider all the
air systems assigned to the plant to determine the peak coincident or "block" load. HAP takes into
account diversity on several levels. Diversity is defined as the block load divided by the sum of
the individual peak loads.

HAP considers diversity between the zones within an air system and also between systems
when a plant serves multiple air systems (such as in workshop # 5). The plant design load
calculation looks at the total plant load (sum of air system loads) for each hour and finds the
largest load. Zone and system diversity is thus built in. Any multipliers assigned to identical
systems served by the plant are used to determine the number of times coil loads for an air
system are added to the plant profile.
HAP will find the total building, project, or campus block load taking diversity into account
for sizing central cooling and heating equipment such as chillers and boilers.
Size Air-Cooled Chillers For Workshop # 5 By Running The Plant Load
To perform load calculations for a chilled, hot water, or steam plant, double click on <new default
plant> and pull down the “generic” model from the “plant type” pull down.
For the first chilled water design case in workshop # 5. label the plant “A- Base – 2 A/C
Plant”. Under Plant Type, choose generic chilled water plant.
“Generic” Chilled Water Plant For Performing Design Load Calculations

Assign Air Systems To The Plant
Next, in the “Systems” tab, add the A01- A10 air systems (omit A08). Say “OK” and right
click on the plant to run the load. Ask for the Cooling Plant Sizing Summary.
Plant Design Reports

Cooling Plant Sizing Summary
The peak plant load using air-cooled chillers is 307.1 tons. This reflects diversity as
discussed above. For this first design case will use two (2) air-cooled chillers equally sized
even though a single air-cooled chiller is available in a capacity large enough to handle
the total load.
With the capacity requirements determined, the specific chillers can be selected for use in
the final air-cooled chiller plant. This selection will be provided for use by the class in
workshop # 5.
AIR-COOLED CHILLER SELECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKSHOP # 5
Qty: 2
Capacity: 153.5 tons each @ 95F ambient
EWT: 44 F
LWT: 54 F
For this workshop, we will not run Carrier’s Chiller builder equipment selection software.
However, the results of the selection are displayed on the following pages.

30 XA 160 size will be
selected
Carrier Chiller Builder Calculation Results
30 XA 160 Chiller Selected

30 XA 160 Chiller Output From Packaged Chiller Program
For workshop # 5 we will first add the air-cooled chillers to the library via IMPORT
There are 3 methods of entering chiller data into HAP. 1. Import, 2. Template and 3. Chiller
Type. We will use the first 2 methods in this workshop and discuss method 3.
The Import Chiller button is used to import Carrier chiller data from an external (.CD2 or .CD4) file
created by the Carrier Chiller Builder (selection) program. The Import function can be used if you
want to model a specific Carrier chiller like the 30 XA 160 selected above. The chiller import file

(called an archive) can be obtained by running the Carrier selection program yourself or from your
Carrier representative. It has a .CD2 or a .CD4 file extension.
HAP users may have HAP installed on the C or D drive of their computers. Chiller import files
from the Carrier selection program should be placed in the \E20-II\Temp folder on the same drive
on which HAP is installed.
The 30 XA import file for workshop # 5 is in C:\E20-II\Temp folder or the desktop of the class
computers
Double click on <New default Chiller> to bring up the chiller properties screen,
then hit the Import Chiller button.
Navigate to C:\E20-II\Temp and open the

file “30 XA 160 A-C Chillers.cd4.” This imports the chiller into HAP.

“Open” imports the
archive into HAP
Import The 30 XA 160 Chiller Archive Into Hap
Imported archive
shows A/C packaged
screw
Chiller Properties: General Tab
The General tab on the Chiller form contains inputs which describe the general nature of the
chiller being defined. In the General tab name the chiller “30XA 160 A - C Screw”. Notice the
chiller type has been identified by the archive as “A/C Packaged Screw”

Design Inputs completed
by archive
Tab 2: Design Inputs
The Design Inputs tab on the Chiller form contains items which describe the full load
performance of the chiller. The content of this tab varies depending on the type of chiller being
defined. The layout of the tab shown above is for an air-cooled screw chiller. Different sets of
inputs are required for other types of chillers. For workshop # 5, define the minimum load as 15%.
HAP will calculate a representative value for the chiller anyway. Notice all other inputs have been
automatically completed by the import data contained in the archive.
Performance Map not

displayed when chiller
data provided by import
Tab 3: Performance Map
The Performance Map tab on the Chiller form defines the off-design and part-load performance
of the chiller. Performance Map tab data is not displayed when using a chiller import in HAP. The
map data exists in the Carrier Electronic catalog program.
At this point we have completed the library entry for a packaged air-cooled screw using a
Carrier electronic catalog program import file. The library chiller can now be used to create a
chiller plant. We will discuss chiller plants in detail in Workshop # 6.

The next step for workshop # 5 will be to add a variable speed, water-cooled screw chiller to
the library.
As with the air-cooled design case, we will determine the plant load first, then select the chiller.
This design case serves air systems C1-C8 (omit C7). These air systems comprise a mix of
constant volume chilled and hot water rooftop units and 4-pipe fan coils.
Double click on <new default plant>

and pull down the “generic”
chilled water plant” model from the “Plant
Type” pull down. Label the
plant “C - Alt 2 - 23 XRV WC Rotary Screw”.
In the Systems tab, add the C1-C8

Air systems (omit C7) as shown below.
Say “OK”, right click on the plant to run the
load.
.
Assign air systems C1-C8

Ask for the Cooling Plant Sizing Summary in the Plant Design Reports screen.
Plant Design Reports
C Alt- 2 23 XRV W/C

Rotary Screw plant size
Cooling Plant Sizing Summary
Cooling Plant Sizing Summary Comparison Class Discussion

The maximum plant load for the water-cooled design case using air systems C1-C8 is 264.7 tons.
Note some of these air systems are 4 pipe fan coil units.
For the air-cooled design case using air systems A01-A10, the plant load was 307.1 tons.
Some of these air systems are VAV. Both plants serve identical 59,553 square ft. areas.
What contributes to the load difference between the plants?
The answer can be found by comparing the Air System Design Load Summaries for the two plant
types. (Not done as part of this workshop).The air-cooled chiller plant requires more ventilation air
than the water-cooled chiller plant. That is the primary reason for the tonnage increase.
Sum of ventilation air amounts for A01-A10 = 37,198 cfm or .62 cfm/sq ft
Sum of ventilation air amounts for C1-C8 = 27,762 cfm or .47 cfm/sq ft
The ventilation sizing method selected was ASHRAE 62-2001 for all air systems in both plants.
However, each VAV air system serves multiple zones so the ASHRAE 62-2001 multiple space
equation is applied to the VAV systems. In order to satisfy the critical zones requirements and
comply with ASHRAE 62-2001, the VAV air systems fan must over-ventilate the other zones. The
result is more total ventilation and a greater total load.
Add a Chiller To The Library Via TEMPLATE
The second method of adding a chiller to the library is the Chiller Template. Template can be
used for both Carrier and non-Carrier chillers. This method uses full load and IPLV or NPLV data.
With this data, the Chiller Template button is used to auto-generate a complete part-load
performance map for a chiller.
To use the Template feature, enter a name for the chiller and then press the Chiller Template
button. The template function is currently offered for modeling these chillers:
W/C Centrifugal
W/C Rotary Screw
W/C Packaged Screw
W/C Packaged Reciprocating
Enter a single 265 ton water-cooled rotary screw for workshop # 5.

The chiller we will use is a new technology variable speed screw which falls under the “rotary
screw” category. “Rotary screw refers to a “built to order” type chiller versus “packaged screw”
which tends to be “off-the-shelf “.
Double click on < New default Chiller> to bring up the Chiller Properties input screen.

Chiller Properties
Select the Chiller Template button. Then, select W/C Rotary Screw from the drop down, and
enter the following full load data which came from an actual selection from our Carrier
engineering representative. Some of this data will be entered in
Chiller Design Inputs
Chiller Name Variable Speed Screw

Full Load LCHWT ................................ 44.0 °F
Full Load ECWT .................................. 85.0 °F
Full Load Capacity ................................ 265 Tons
Full Load Power ……………………….0.599 kW/Ton
Minimum ECWT ................................. 60.0 °F
Minimum Load ..................................... 15.0 %
Cooler Flow Rate .............................. 635.0 gpm
Cooler Pressure Drop ......................... 19.2 ft wg
Condenser Flow Rate ....................... 795.0 gpm
Condenser Pressure Drop ................... 16.0 ft wg
75%..................................................... .452 kW/ton
50%...................................................... .346 kW/ton
25%....................................................... .451 kW/ton

Enter the data from above
into the chiller template
form.
Tab1: General (Chiller Template)
Check to see that all inputs from the General tab were transferred into Design Inputs. Enter the
cooler and condenser pressure drops as shown below. These pressure drops apply to the chiller
cooler and condenser vessels, not the entire water circuit resistance.
Enter the vessel

pressure drops.
Tab 2: Design Inputs

Tab 3: Performance Map
The Performance Map tab shows points filled in by HAP for the 265-ton variable speed screw
chiller. The chiller Performance contains chiller input power data for off-design and part-load
conditions. In this table, each row contains performance data for a different entering condenser
water temperature. Each column contains part load data at specific points. Together the rows
and columns in this table define a "map" of performance data across the range of expected
condenser water temperatures and part-load conditions. During energy simulations, HAP will use
this data to perform 2-way interpolations to determine chiller input power at specific combinations
of condenser temperature and part-load ratio. .
Existing Library Chillers For Workshop #5
At this point we have added two chillers in the library. The first, a Carrier air-cooled packaged
screw, was IMPORTED with an archive from the Carrier Chiller Builder selection program. The
second, a water-cooled variable speed screw, was added via the TEMPLATE method.
Adding a Chiller to the Library via CHILLER TYPE Dropdown (not required for Workshop #
5).
The Chiller Type dropdown permits chiller modeling when an archive is not available to import or
when the full load and part load points required for the Template method are not known. The
Chiller Type dropdown contains built-in chiller data for numerous chiller types as shown below.
New choices are available not offered with Import or Template method such as absorption chillers
and engine driven chillers.
This method can also be used if the user knows the full load kW/ton along with all the part
load points (more than just the PLV points required by Template method). In this case, sufficient
part load points must be known to define the chiller performance map.
Method 3, Chiller
Type Dropdown
Chiller Type Dropdown Choices
Following is an example of how to model a 265 ton air-cooled screw chiller knowing only the full
load kW/ton. No IPLV or NPLV values or any other part load points are known.

Tab 1: General (not required for workshop # 5)
Tab 2: Design Inputs (not required for workshop # 5)
For this example we have input these full load conditions. Note the full load power of 1.2 kW/ton.
Tab 3: Performance Map (not required for workshop # 5)
The resulting HAP generated full and part load performance map is shown here. This map was
generated based on the 95F ambient and full capacity 1.2 kW/ton value input on the previous tab.

COOLING TOWER LIBRARY
The next step in creating our chilled water plant is to add a cooling tower for the water-cooled
screw chiller. The cooling tower flow must match the condenser water flow of the connected
chiller(s) exactly.
Double click on <New default Cooling Tower> and enter the following data into the Cooling
Cooling Tower Properties
There are several important terms related to cooling towers that we should understand.
1. Entering Wet Bulb temperature is an important parameter in tower selection. For most
areas in North America, an entering wet bulb temperature of 78° F is common.
2. Approach is the difference between the water leaving the tower and the entering wet bulb
temperature of the air. A 7°F approach is common in HVAC systems with a 78° F entering
wet bulb and 85° F water leaving the tower. (85° F - 78° F = 7° F)
3. Range is the difference in temperature of water entering the tower and water leaving
the tower. An approximate 10° F range is most common in HVAC applications and
reflects approximately 3 gpm/ton on the condenser loop.
Check with your local cooling tower representative to confirm the design entering wet bulb and
approach values for your area. The tower range must match the chiller condenser delta T.

BOILER LIBRARY
Similar to a chiller plant, the boiler plant may be comprised of one or more boilers from the library.
The boiler(s) are placed in a plant which is linked to the air systems requiring the hot water, just
as the chilled water plant was linked to air systems requiring chilled water. The boiler plant size
reflects the largest peak heating load of all air systems connected to it.
For workshop # 5, to create a library boiler, we must first size the boiler using a generic hot water
plant like we did for the chiller plants.
Double click on < New default Plant> and label our first boiler plant “A Base Boiler Plant
AC Chillers”
Plant Properties “Generic Hot Water Plant” For Sizing
Now assign the “A” air systems to the boiler plant as shown below:
Air System Assignments To Boiler Plant

Run the “A Base” Boiler plant load:
Print/View Design Data For Generic Hot water Boiler Plant
Check the Heating Plant Sizing Summary:
Plant Design Reports For Boiler Plant Sizing

Notice the A Base boiler plant has a required capacity of 3,223.6 MBH.
Heating Plant Sizing Summary For “A Base” Boiler Plant
Now that we have run the load, we can add boilers to the library to meet the capacity
requirements. The plant load was 3,223.6 MBH so we choose to use boilers of 3600 MBH output
which provides some extra capacity. We will use an overall plant efficiency of 82% at all load
points.
Whether the plant is comprised of a single boiler or multiple boilers, the “overall” efficiency value
entered in HAP should reflect the entire plant at each load point.

Double click on <New default Boiler> and enter these values:
Boiler Properties For “A Base 3600 MBH Boiler”
At this point we have sized the hot water plant and created the library boiler for the “A
Base” air- cooled chiller design case. Next, we will size the plant and create a library boiler
for the “C Alt-2 23 XRV Rotary Screw Chiller design case.
Use air systems C1-C8 (omit C7) size the hot water plant and create the library boiler.
Answers are shown on the next page.

C Alt 2 Plant Properties
Heating Plant Sizing Summary For “C Alt - 2” Boiler Plant

The plant load was 2584.7 MBH so we choose to use boilers of 2800 MBH output which provides
a little extra capacity. We will use an overall plant efficiency of 82% at all load points.
Boiler Properties For “C Alt - 2 2800 MBH Boiler”
Chillers
Boilers
Tower
Library Chillers, Boilers And Tower Created In Workshop # 5

Workshop # 6 Inputs

Workshop # 6 – Finalizing Chiller and Boiler Plants
Plants Created For Plant Load Sizing In Workshop # 5
A Plant is the equipment and controls used to provide cooling or heating to coils in one or more
air systems. Examples include chiller plants, hot water boiler plants and steam boiler plants.
This workshop consists of finalizing the two chiller plants and two boiler plants that were used in
workshop # 5. The base design case chiller plant consists of two Carrier 30 XA A/C (air-cooled)
packaged screw chillers. The air systems served by this plant include all “A” designated air
systems. The configuration of the chiller plant is two chillers sequenced. The pumping and piping
distribution system will be a Primary/Secondary, variable speed secondary system with a 12°UT
and 2% piping heat gain factor.
The “Alternate” chiller plant serves the “C” designated 4PFCU air systems. This plant consists of
one 265 ton Carrier 23XRV water-cooled, variable speed rotary screw chiller and a cooling tower.
The pumping and piping distribution system will be a primary only variable speed system with a
12°UT and 2% piping heat gain factor.
For heating plants, the base case and alternate cases consist of a 3600 MBH and a 2800 MBH
natural gas boiler respectively. All appropriate air systems are assigned to the plants. The
distribution system is defined as, primary only constant speed pumping 40°UT and 2% piping
heat loss factor. The inputs for four (4) plants are on the following pages. There are two additional
plants configured in the next archive we will retrieve into our project and no additional input is
required on these imported plants. They will be used in the final workshop for energy
comparisons.
For workshop # 6, first step is to modify the generic plants from workshop # 5 by changing
from “Generic” to Chiller or Hot Water Plant in the pull down. Then complete workshop # 6
inputs for the (4) plants on the following pages.
Change Plant Type from

Generic Plants
Plant Properties Tabs

Chiller Plant Inputs – A Base 30 XA Air-Cooled Chiller Plant With A01-A10 Air Systems

Chiller Plant Inputs – 23XRV WC Rotary Screw with 4PFCU Air Systems

Boiler Plant Inputs, A Base Case 3600 MBH Boiler Input Data With A01-A10 Air Systems
Boiler Plant Inputs, C Alt- 2 2800 MBH Boiler Input Data With 4PFCU Air Systems
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Workshop # 6 Solutions
Run all four Plant Simulation reports for the two chiller plants. For the two boiler plants
omit the Daily and Hourly Simulation results.
Plant Simulation Reports
On the pages that follow we will show the Plant Simulation Reports For the chiller plants first,
followed by the boiler plants.
Monthly Simulation Results For A - Base Air-Cooled Chiller Plant
Daily Simulation Results For A - Base Air-Cooled Chiller Plant (Month Of August)
Hourly Simulation Results For A - Base Air-Cooled Chiller Plant (August 1st)
Unmet Load Report for A Base Case 30XA Air Cooled Chiller Plant
Monthly Simulation Results for A Base Case Hot Water Boiler
Monthly Simulation Results for A Base Case Hot Water Boiler
Workshop # 7 Inputs
Workshop # 7 – Utility Rate Modeling
The final Library items to define are the electric and fuel rate structures, required for simulating
the building energy. This workshop consists of modeling one electric rate, one fuel rate and
adding a time-of-day utility rate schedule.
Electric Rates
Highlight Electric Rates in the Library and Double click on <New default Electric Rate>
then enter the following (reference input screens on following pages)
Demand Units: KW
Fixed customer charge: $ 50.00
Minimum Charge: $ 0.00
Tax rate: 7%
Seasonal Schedule: Summer – May through September
Winter – October through April
Time of day schedule: Create a new schedule – Utility time of day; refer to
details on next page.
Demand Clause: Ratchet clause, 80% multiplier
Peak Months: May to September
Applies: October to April
Define the energy charges
Check the box to based on the step type,
expand the number of season, period, block size,
rows block units and $/unit
Check box to
include demand
charges details
Define any additional
demand clauses for the
complex rate structure
Highlight Fuel Rates in the Library and Double click on <New default Fuel Rate> and enter
the following:
Select “Simple” rate

type radio button for
natural gas utility
Workshop # 7 – Defining and Simulating Buildings
Defining “Buildings” In HAP
For workshop # 8, we will compare the annual operating costs of four design scenarios, three of
which were created in previous workshops. Each design scenario will be modeled as a separate
“building”. A yearly operating cost will be calculated for each building scenario
The first step in this workshop is to retrieve HAP 43 Advanced Archive 3 into the project.
However, before actually working with this archive, we will discuss how HAP uses the term
“building”.
A building in HAP is the “container” holding all the HVAC and non-HVAC systems for one design
scenario. When performing energy analysis, annual energy costs are computed for the building’s
energy consuming systems. During system design load analysis in HAP, elements, spaces,
zones, air systems, and plants are created like in the previous workshops. A "building" however,
is only created when performing annual energy analysis.
Taken literally, a building represents one individual structure, however, in HAP, the definition of a
building is flexible. It can also represent a group of structures. For example, a "building" could
represent a campus in which all the structures are served by central steam and chilled water plant
equipment. Keep in mind, a design case can contain part of an actual building, a complete
building, or many buildings.
Here are the four design scenarios that will comprise the four buildings for workshop# 8.
I. Building Name: A-Base PFPMXB-Complex Rate

Cooling Plant: (2) 30 XA 165 Air- Cooled Chillers
Heating Plant: 3600 MBH Capacity Gas Boiler(s)
Air Systems: A01-A10
Air System Types: VAV PFPMXB , SZCV
Ventilation Control: Constant
Ventilation Sizing: ASHRAE 62-2001
II. Building Name: B Alt-1 PFPMXB- Complex Rate

Cooling Plant: (2) 30 XA 165 Air- Cooled Chillers
Air Systems: B01-B10
Air System Types: VAV PFPMXB , SZCV
Ventilation Control: Demand Controlled Ventilation
III. Building Name: C Alt-2 4PFCU/VSS - Complex Rate

Cooling Plant: (1) 23 XR variable Speed Screw Water-Cooled Chiller
Air Systems: C1-C8
Air System Types: 4- Pipe Fan Coil Units, SZCV
Ventilation Control: Constant (dedicated ventilation for 4PFCU)
IV. Building Name: D Alt-3 SZCV/RTU- Complex Rate
Cooling Plant: None (Integral to RTU- Air Cooled DX)
Heating Plant: None (Integral to RTU -Gas Combustion)
Air Systems: D01-D36
Air System Types: SZCV RTU
Ventilation Control: Constant
Notice the “B Alt-1” scenario utilizes demand controlled ventilation. Otherwise it is identical to the
“A-Base” scenario. However, the use of DCV should result in overall energy savings due to the
reduction in ventilation air at partial people occupancy.
The “C Alt-2” scenario uses a high efficiency screw chiller to supply chilled water to 4-pipe fan coil
units and single zone air handlers. The fan coil systems utilize a common (dedicated) ventilation
air system which results in a reduction in peak total ventilation airflow versus the A and B
scenarios.
The “D-Alt 3” scenario utilizes multiple packaged single zone constant volume RTU units. The
rooftop units use self-contained DX cooling with gas heating so are not connected to a chilled
water or hot water plant.
Double click on <New default Building> and select these plants for the first building.
Call it “A Base PFPMXB- Complex Rate”
Check the box for the

plants to include in this
base case design scenario
Building Properties
Add air system A08 – RTU C5 –
Mech/Storage to the building
design scenario. This is a
packaged unitary rooftop unit
not assigned to a plant.
Building Properties- Systems Tab
Miscellaneous Energy Tab
In order to save time, the schedules and profiles applicable to the miscellaneous energy items
have been completed as part of the archive # 3.
In the Miscellaneous Energy tab, enter the following data.
Name Energy Type Peak Use Schedule

Parking Lot Lights Electric 5.0Kw Parking Lot Lights
Domestic Water Heating Natural Gas 400MBH Domestic Hot Water
Aerobic Pool Heater Natural Gas 600MBH Aerobic Pool Heater
In each row for the check box enter the Left click on the “Edit” button to
information for the additional building assign a fractional schedule for
energy users not defined in the space input each misc. energy item.
forms. Examples include: Domestic water
heating, outdoor security lighting etc.
Select the energy type, define the peak

energy usage and then define a schedule.
Misc Energy Tab
The following pages include screen captures of the schedules, profiles and assignments for the Misc.
Energy items. DO NOT re-input this data, it already exist in the archive.
(end of archived data for Misc Energy tab.)
Meter Tab: For workshop # 7, link the “A Base” building to an electric and a gas meter.
Building Properties Meter Tab
At this point, the first of four buildings is completed. It is necessary to perform the same
steps outlined above for each of the remaining building design alternatives.
Check the B- Alt – 1 plants.
Building Properties Plants Tab
Complete the Misc. Energy
and Meters tabs before
going on to the “C Alt -2 ”
design case.
Add system B08-RTU C5 to

the building design.
Next, check the C Alt –2 plants.
Add air system C7-
RTU C5 to the design
scenario
Alternate “D-Alt 3” consists of SZCV/RTU – Complex Rate and is the final building design case
Note: There are no

plants to link to the D
Alt-3 design scenario.
Highlight and ADD
all “D” designated
RTU Packaged
Rooftop air systems
Remember to complete all four tabs for all four building scenarios.
Buildings Created In Workshop # 7
At this point we have created 4 buildings, each one a different design scenario. We will now run
the building simulations and preview the results.
Highlight all four buildings and run simulation reports. Check the two comparative reports
and preview the results.
Building Simulation Reports
Workshop #7 Solutions
Annual Cost Summary Table 1,2
C-Alternate 2 – 4PFCU/VSS is the lowest Annual Operating Cost scenario.
Annual Cost Summary Table 3
Annual Energy and Emissions Summary Table 1
Annual Energy and Emissions Summary Table 2, 3
Annual Energy and Emissions Summary Table 4,5
Run the following simulation reports on the C-Alt 2 4PFCU/VSS Building. This
scenario had the lowest annual operating cost.
Building Simulation Reports
Appendix “A”
Air Systems
Schematics
APPENDIX B
HAP/Windows Software
Basics
Windows Software Basics
This topic provides a brief introduction explaining how to use Windows programs. This
introduction is intended for readers who are new to Windows software. Understanding the
principles discussed below will make it much easier to learn and use HAP. Please note that this
introduction is by no means a comprehensive guide. Readers who feel more information is
needed are encouraged to consult one of the many Windows training guides, which are available
in bookstores.
Learn Once; Use Anywhere. One of the basic principles involved with Windows software is that
all software programs should use common elements with standard operating rules. Therefore, if
you learn how to operate one Windows program, you will know the basic techniques of using any
Windows program. The successful application of this principle relies on using standard interface
elements, which operate according to standard rules. It also relies on users of the software
recognizing visual cues, which indicate which kind of interface element is being used, which in
turn implies the operating rules.
Mouse Input. Your mouse can be used to navigate, choose options, select items and press
buttons in a Windows program. A mouse has two or three buttons designated button #1, button
#2 and button #3. Mouse button #1 is typically the left-hand button and button #2 is the right-hand
button. In all subsequent discussions, and throughout the HAP help system, we will use the
following common notation when referring to use of the mouse:
• Click means to press the left-hand mouse button once. We assume left-hand button =
button #1.
• Double-Click means to press the left-hand mouse button twice in quick succession. Again,
we assume left-hand button = button #1.
• Right-Click means to press the right-hand mouse button once. We assume right-hand
button = button #2.
• Common tasks you can perform with your mouse are as follows:
• To choose a menu option or an item on a list, click on the option or item.
• To display a pop-up menu, right-click on an item.
• To press a button (such as an OK button), click on the button.
Keyboard Input. Keys on your keyboard can also be used to navigate, choose options, select
items, input data and press buttons in a Windows program:
• To move the cursor from one item to the next, press the [Tab] key. To move the cursor
from one item to the previous item, press [Shift] and [Tab] together.
• To choose a menu option, first press [Alt] and the access key for the menu. For example,
if the letter "P" in the name of the Project menu is underlined, "P" is the access key for this
menu. Press [ALT][P] to display the Project menu’s options. To choose an option on a
menu, press the access key for the desired item.
• To select an item on a list, use the up and down arrow keys to move the cursor through
the list. When the desired item is highlighted, press the [ENTER] key.
• To enter data, simply type the numeric or text information using the keyboard. When
finished, DO NOT press [ENTER]. Instead use the TAB key or the mouse to move to
another input item. [ENTER] very often will execute the default command button, which
may cause you to exit to a different part of the program.
• To press a button (such as an OK button), use the [Tab] keys to navigate to the button
and then press the [ENTER] key.
• Using Forms and Controls. In Windows programs, information is presented on one or

more "forms.” In HAP, the main program window is an example of one kind of form, which
is used to perform basic tasks. HAP input forms are another example of a kind of form
which is used to enter information. Individual items that appear on a form, or entire
regions of a form are referred to as "controls.” For example, on the HAP main program
window, the left-hand panel in the center part of the window is a "tree view" control, which
is used to switch between different categories of HAP data. A particular type of control
always operates according to one consistent set of rules. Efficient use of Windows
programs relies on quickly recognizing different kinds of controls and understanding how
each kind of control is used. This sub-section summarizes the controls most frequently
used in HAP.
• Pull-Down Menus. Pull-down menus typically appear toward the top of a form in the
"menu-bar.” To display the menu’s options, click on the menu name, or use press [ALT]
and the menu’s access key. To select a menu option, click on the option name or use the
arrow keys to move the highlight bar to the desired item and then press [ENTER]. An
example showing HAP’s Project menu appears below.
• Toolbar Buttons. Toolbar buttons typically appear toward the top of a form and are used to
perform common program operating tasks. Each toolbar button contains a picture that
indicates its function. If you are uncertain of a button’s function, position the mouse cursor
over the button. A "tool tip" - a short description of the button’s function - will appear. To
press the button, use the mouse to click on the button. An example showing HAP’s toolbar
appears below.
• Tree View. A tree view displays the relationships between data items in the form of a tree.
For example, in Windows Explorer, the folder structure of your hard disk is shown in a tree
view control. Branches of the tree represent folders on your hard drive and sub-folders
beneath each of these folders. A tree view control is often accompanied by a list view
control. In Windows Explorer, you use the tree view to locate a specific folder, and the
accompanying list view displays the files in that folder.
• In the HAP main program window, a tree view is used simply to show the categories of
program data. You can perform the following tasks with this HAP tree view:
• Click on the category name to display its data in the list view. For example, clicking on the
Space category name displays a list of spaces in your project in the list view.
• Right-click on the category name to display the pop-up menu for the category. Options on
this menu perform work on all data in a specific category. For example, if you choose the
Print Input Data option on the Space category pop-up menu, data for all spaces in your
project will be printed.
• List View. As its name implies, a list view contains a list of items that can be selected and
used for various tasks. The list view can be displayed in four different formats: list, details,
large icons and small icons. These formats show the contents of the list as line items or
icons arranged in column or row format. The example below shows a list view from HAP
containing spaces. This example uses the details format.
Standard procedures are used to select items in a list view:
• To select a single item, click on the item. It will be highlighted to indicate it is selected.
• To select multiple, consecutive items, click on the first item in the series. Hold the [Shift]
key down and click on the last item in the series. All the items in the series you selected
will be highlighted.
• To select multiple, non-consecutive items, hold the [Ctrl] key down and click on each item
you wish to select. Each selected item will be highlighted.
• Other tasks that can be performed with list view items are:
In some programs double-clicking on an item in the list view performs a special function.
In HAP, double clicking on an item allows you to edit its data.
In addition, right clicking on an item often displays its pop-up menu. In HAP, this feature is
offered for all categories of program data.
• Text Boxes. A text box is used to enter numeric or text data. Its appearance is shown
below. When you move to the text box by clicking on it or using the [Tab] key, the
existing value in the text box will be highlighted indicating you are in replace mode. If
you begin typing, the existing value will be replaced with the new information you
enter. To modify individual characters or numerals in the text box, click on the text box
a second time or press the right or left arrow key. A blinking cursor will appear. In edit
mode, you can move the cursor to a desired position in the box and insert or delete
individual characters or numerals. When finished entering data, DO NOT press the
[ENTER] key. In Windows software the [ENTER] key has no effect on a text box.
Instead, it will often execute the default command button. Rather than [ENTER]
moving you to the next input item, it will send you elsewhere in the program. Instead,
use your mouse or the [Tab] key to move to the next input item.
• Spin Buttons. As shown below, spin buttons sometimes accompanies text boxes. Spin
buttons provide an alternate way to change data in a text box. If you click on the up
button, the value in the text box will increase by a predetermined amount. If you click
on the down button, the value will decrease. In the example below, the spin one uses
buttons to increment or decrement the window quantity each time a spin button is
pressed.
• Drop-Down Lists. Drop-down lists are used to choose from a list of items. The
example shown below is a drop-down list used to choose the overhead lighting fixture
type in HAP. To display the list, click on the down arrow at the right-hand end of the
control. Once the list appears, click on the desired item or use the arrow keys to move
the highlight bar to the desired item and then press [ENTER].
• Combo Boxes. A combo box is a modified version of a drop-down list. In addition to

choosing from a list of items, a combo box allows you to enter your own item. The
example shown below is a combo box for the city name from the Weather form in
HAP. With this combo box, you can select from a list of pre-defined cities, or you can
type in a city name of your own.
• List Boxes. A list box contains a list of items from which you can select one or more
items. Standard procedures are used to select items (see List View below).
Sometimes you must scroll the list to see all of its items. The example below shows a
list box used to select spaces included in a zone in HAP.
• Check Boxes. A check box is typically used to indicate on/off or yes/no selections. In
the example below, the box will be checked if you want the program to model glass as
shaded all day, and will be unchecked if the glass is to be modeled as un-shaded.
Clicking on the box changes a check box.
• Radio Buttons. Radio buttons are used for selecting one item from a group of mutually
exclusive choices. In the example below, only one of the four floor types can be
selected at one time. To select an item using radio buttons, click on the button
opposite the desired name or on the name itself. A black dot will be placed next to the
item you choose, and the dot for the prior selection will be removed automatically.
• Command Buttons. Command buttons are used to perform various tasks in a

Windows programs. The example below shows the three command buttons that
appear on all HAP input forms. Pressing the OK button, for example, saves the current
data and returns to the HAP main program window. To press a command button, use
your mouse to click the button, or use the [Tab] key to navigate to the button and then
press [ENTER]. In some situations, a command button is highlighted in some manner
to show it is the default for a form. In the example below, the OK button has a
darkened outline indicating it is the default. Pressing [ENTER] from anywhere on the
form has the same effect as pressing the default button.
Using HAP 4.4 for System Design Loads
This is a quick tutorial on using HAP to estimate heating and cooling loads and design systems
and plants. It is designed for readers who want a quick description of how to use the program and
are already familiar with the design load process, HAP terminology and the basic principles of
operating Windows programs.
When you start HAP, the main program window appears. At this point, the design process
involves the following five steps to design systems and two additional steps to design plants:
1. Create a New Project

• Choose New on the Project menu. This creates a new project. A project is the
container which holds your data
• Choose Save on the Project menu. You will be asked to name the project. From here
on, save the project periodically.
2. Enter Weather Data·

• Click on the "Weather" item in the tree view in the main program window. A "Weather
Properties" item appears in the list view
• Double click on the "Weather Properties" item in the list view. The Weather input form will
appear.
• Enter weather data.
• Press the OK button on the Weather input form to save the data and return to the main
program window.
3. Enter Space Data

• Click on the "Space" item in the tree view in the main program window. Space information
will appear in the list view.
• Double-click on the "<new default space>" item in the list view. The Space input form will
appear.
• Enter data for your first space. While entering spaces, you may need to create
schedules, walls, roofs, windows, doors or external shades. You can do this by
choosing the "create new …" item in drop-down selection lists. For example, when
entering overhead lighting data, you must choose a schedule. In the schedule
drop-down list, choose the "create new schedule" item to create a schedule and
automatically assign it to overhead lighting. Similar procedures are used for walls,
roofs, windows, doors and external shades. An alternate approach is to create
schedules, walls, roofs, windows, doors and external shading before entering
space data.
• Press the OK button on the Space input form to save your data and return to the
main program window.
• To enter another space, in the list view right-click on the name of the space you
just created. The space pop-up menu appears.
• Choose the Duplicate option on the pop-up menu. A copy of the original space will
be created and its input form will appear. This is a quick way of generating new
spaces based on defaults from the previous space.
• Enter data for this new space.
• Press the OK button on the Space input form to save your data and return to the
main program window. · Repeat the previous four steps to enter data for as
many spaces as you need.
4. Enter Air System Data
•Click on the "System" item in the tree view in the main program window. System
information will appear in the list view.
• Double-click on the "<new default system>" item in the list view. The System input
form will appear.
• Enter data for your first system. While entering the system, you will need to create
a fan/thermostat schedule. You can do this by choosing the "create new schedule"
item in the fan/thermostat schedule drop-down list. This will create a schedule and
automatically assign it to your system. An alternate approach is to create this
schedule before entering air system data.
• Press the OK button on the System input form to save your data and return to the
• To enter another system, in the list view right-click on the name of the system you
just created. The system pop-up menu appears.
• Choose the Duplicate option on the pop-up menu. A copy of the original system
will be created and its input form will appear. This is a quick way of generating new
systems based on defaults from the previous system, if successive systems are
similar. If they are not, use the "new default system" option to create each new
system. · Enter data for this new system.
• Press the OK button on the System input form to save your data and return to the
• Repeat the previous four steps to enter data for as many systems as you need.
5. Generate System Design Reports
• Click on the "System" item in the tree view in the main program window. System
information will appear in the list view.
• Select the systems for which you want reports.
• Choose the "Print/View Design Data" option on the Reports menu.
• On the System Design Reports form, choose the desired reports.
• To view the reports before printing, press the Preview button.
• To print the reports directly, press the Print button.
• Before generating reports, HAP will check to see if system design calculations
have been performed. If not, HAP automatically runs these calculations before
generating the reports.
6. Enter Plant Data (if necessary)
• Click on the "Plant" item in the tree view in the main program window. Plant information
• Double-click on the "<new default plant>" item in the list view. The Plant input form will
appear.
• Enter data for your first plant. For plant design load purposes users will only need to select
from the first three plant types (Generic Chilled Water, Generic Hot Water, Generic
Steam). HAP users have additional options for specific types of chilled water, hot water
and steam plants, but these require extra data not relevant to the design load calculation.
Therefore, it is best to use the Generic plant types for design loads. Later Generic plants
can be converted into specific plant types without loss of data.
• Press the OK button on the Plant input form to save your data and return to the main
program window.
• To enter another plant, in the list view right-click on the name of the plant you just created.
The plant pop-up menu appears.
• Choose the Duplicate option on the pop-up menu. A copy of the original plant will be
created and its input form will appear. This is a quick way of generating new plants based
on defaults from the previous plant, if successive plants are similar. If they are not similar,
use the "new default plant" option to create each new plant.
• Enter data for this new plant.
• Press the OK button on the Plant input form to save your data and return to the main
program window.
• Repeat the previous four steps to enter data for as many plants as you need.
7. Generate Plant Design Reports (if necessary)
• Click on the "Plant" item in the tree view in the main program window. Plant information
• Select the plants for which you want reports.
• Choose the "Print/View Design Data" option on the Reports menu in the menu bar.
• On the Plant Design Reports form, choose the desired reports.
• To view the reports before printing, press the Preview button.
• To print the reports directly, press the Print button.
• Before generating reports, HAP will check to see if plant design calculations have been
performed. If not, HAP automatically runs these calculations before generating the
reports.
Using HAP to Perform Building Simulations
This is a quick tutorial on using HAP for estimating annual building energy use. This tutorial is for
readers wanting a quick refresher on how to use HAP for building simulation and the proper
procedure for entering data. The reader should already be familiar with the design process, HAP
terminology and the basic principles of operating Windows programs.
Certain steps in the building simulation process are similar to that of system design (loads)
process. Building energy analysis uses data entered for system design loads.
All analysis work performed in HAP requires following the same general five-step procedure:
1. Define the Problem. First, define the scope and objectives of the Building Analysis. For
example, what type of building is involved? What type of systems and equipment are required?
Which alternate designs or energy conservation measures to compare in the analysis?
2. Gather Data. Gather information about the building including its environment, HVAC and
non-HVAC equipment and cost for energy before simulating the building. This step involves
extracting data from building plans, evaluating building usage, studying HVAC system needs and
acquiring utility rate schedules. Specific types of information needed include:
• Building site climatic data
• Building construction material data:
• Walls and Roofs
• Windows, Doors and Exterior shading devices
• Floors Interior partitions
• Building size and layout data including wall, roof, window, door and floor areas, exposure
orientations and external shading features
• Internal load characteristics determined by levels and schedules for occupancy, lighting
systems, office equipment, appliances and machinery within the building.
• Data for HVAC equipment, controls and components
• Data for chilled water, hot water and/or steam plants as applicable
• Data for non-HVAC energy-consuming equipment
• Utility rate information for electric service, and fuel sources
3. Enter Data Into HAP. Next, enter

data into HAP for the analysis. When
using HAP, your base of operation is
the main program window. From the
main program window, first create a
new project or open an existing project.
Then define the following types of data
needed for the building analysis:
Enter Weather Data. Weather
data defines the temperature,
humidity and solar radiation
conditions the building
encounters during the course of
a year.
These conditions influence loads and system operation throughout the year.
• Select Design Weather
• Select Simulation Weather
• Define Holiday calendar.
Enter Space Data. Describe all elements affecting heat flow in space. Space information
is stored in the project database and linked to zones in an air system.
Enter Air System Data. An Air System is the equipment, controls used to provide
cooling, and heating to a region of a building.
Enter Plant Data. A Plant is the equipment and controls used to provide cooling via
chilled water or heating via hot water or steam to coils in one or more air systems.
Enter Utility Rate Data. Utility rate data defines the pricing rules for electrical energy use
and fuel use.
Enter Building Data. A Building is simply the container for all energy-consuming
equipment included in a single energy analysis case. Create one Building for each design
alternative in the study.
4. Use HAP to Generate Simulation Reports.
Using the Reports Menu, select and generate simulation reports.
5. Evaluate Results. Finally, use data from the simulation reports you generated to draw
conclusions about the most favorable design alternates. Copies of the typical HAP Simulation
Reports are included on the Hand-out CD.
APPENDIX “C”
HAP Application Topics
Appendix “C”
The Sizing Dilemma
In HAP, users are asked to choose among four different methods of sizing zone and space
airflow rates. This discussion explains why different sizing methods are used and summarizes the
four methods offered in the programs.
The Sizing Dilemma. The key issue is that there is not a single “correct” way to size space
airflow rates. In fact, no sizing method can guarantee comfort in all spaces at all times when a
zone contains multiple spaces. The reason for this is that each zone has a single thermostat to
control the comfort conditions in all the spaces in that zone. The space that contains the
thermostat will maintain comfort conditions, but the other spaces in the zone will receive
conditioning based on the load in the space containing the thermostat. Because of this imperfect
situation, designers’ use different approaches to size space airflow rates in order to minimize
conditioning problems in the spaces that do not contain the thermostat. Which approach is best
varies by application. Ultimately, the choice of a sizing method depends on the designer’s
judgment and experience.
Sizing Method #1:
• Zone airflow computed using peak zone load.
• Space airflow computed using zone CFM/sq.ft. or L/s/sqm.
With this method, the zone airflow is computed using the maximum zone sensible cooling load.
The zone airflow is divided among spaces in the zone on the basis of zone CFM/sq.ft (L/s/sqm).
Therefore, space airflow is not related to space loads unless all spaces in the zone have a
consistent load density in BTU/hr/sq.ft (W/sqm).
Sizing Method #2:
• Space airflow computed using coincident space loads.
With this method the zone airflow is calculated from the maximum zone sensible cooling load.
The zone airflow is divided among spaces in the zone on the basis of the ratio of coincident
space sensible cooling loads to peak zone sensible load. By “coincident,” we mean the space
load computed for the month and hour when the zone sensible load peaks.
Sizing Method #3:
• Space airflow computed using peak space load.
With this method, the zone airflow is computed using the maximum zone sensible load. Required
space airflow rates are computed using the maximum sensible load for each individual space.
Note that if spaces experience peak loads at the same time the zone peak occurs, the sum of
space airflow rates will equal the zone airflow rate. Otherwise, the sum of space airflows will
exceed the zone airflow rate.
Sizing Method #4:
• Zone airflow computed using sum of space airflows.
• Space airflow computed using peak space load.
With this method, required space airflow rates are computed using the maximum sensible load for
each individual space. The zone airflow rate is calculated as the sum of space airflows for all
spaces in the zone.♦
Which Sizing Method To Use?
By John Deal, Regional Sales Manager, Carrier Software Systems.
The previous article titled The Sizing Dilemma discusses in detail the four sizing methods in HAP.
The problem confronting the designer is that one of the four methods must be chosen and some
thought is required to determine which method to use. The purpose of this article is to share
some ideas to assist your decision on which sizing method to use.
The four methods summarized in the previous article (The Sizing Dilemma) are those requested
by our HAP customers. If someone has another sizing method, we certainly would like to hear
about it! I think we can safely say that every designer uses one of these methods almost
exclusively and probably was not aware of the three alternatives until forced by an impudent
software program to make a choice. The method one uses is probably from a habit formed when
a load estimating methodology and calculations were first learned or passed on from a teacher, a
mentor or a boss.
Methods 1 and 2 give results similar to those of “hand” calculation methodology expectations.
Simplifying assumptions were made because of the amount of time it took to perform the number
crunching. One could not afford the time necessary to calculate loads over a number of hours or
to break up the building into numerous design zones and spaces. So, results were obtained in a
simplified fashion that could be easily applied throughout the design such as CFM/sq.ft (L/s-sm),
heat loss of BTU/hr/linear ft (W/m) of exposure and so forth.
Methods 3 and 4 give results expected of a methodology that can only be done on a computer.
Calculating 12 months 24 hours a day to find peak loads for fans, coils, zones and spaces is a
reasonable expectation. Crunching the numbers on hundreds of spaces collected into a hundred
or more zones in a dozen air systems is a reasonable expectation.
I am going to make a provocative statement to start your thought process on which methods to
use. If you are doing detailed final design calculations, methods 3 and 4 are the ones to use and
the type of system under design will dictate which one. Variable air volume (VAV) systems use
method 3. Constant volume systems use method 4.
The key function that these two methods share is that the space peak sensible load is found and
reported. This gives the designer the information about the peak design parameters for every
space defined. With this information, the designer can get a better handle on the magnitude of the
compromises that must be made with the control zone layouts, duct design and terminal
equipment sizing.
Using method 3 for a VAV terminal zone sizes the “box” for a VAV diversified CFM. The spaces in
the zone are sized for their peak so no matter which space the thermostat is placed in that space
can be controlled. If future reworking of zones is done, the space duct and terminal sizing is still
valid. The key to good zoning practice is to have spaces with similar thermal load profiles on the
same thermostat. With this method the time and month that each space peaks is reported. This
helps in the decision whether the spaces have similar thermal load profiles. If all the spaces in the
zone peak in the same month around the same time of day, this indicates a good probability of
similar thermal load profiles for the spaces. If one or more spaces peak at different times of the
year than the other spaces this indicates dissimilar load profiles and some thought should be
given to “re-zoning."
Using method 4 for constant volume systems is good practice since these types of systems
normally should not be sized with diversified or block load air quantities. Let us discuss one of the
most common systems, the packaged rooftop unit. In HAP language, this is a single zone
constant air volume system. If the designer takes the time to describe the various areas served
as spaces, some valuable information can be gained. An example is the amount of air needed in
different places so diffusers and the duct system can be designed with some knowledge of the
actual requirements. Again, if some of the spaces were peaking at different times of the year than
others this would indicate the need for better zoning (another unit if you can afford it). At least you
will know that the job probably will not work very well at this stage. This method also sizes the
rooftop unit CFM (L/s) undiversified. This is good since it seems you need to get all the air you
can on these types of jobs.
We hope that this article has helped you think about the choices of space descriptions, zoning
and sizing methods you must make. Make your choices with a purpose in mind. I am sure many
of you may have differing thoughts and we would like to hear them. Even with faster computers
and more complex software, system design still has a lot of art and designer experience involved.
Remember this old saying: If a job is to work correctly, it must be designed right one time. The
problem is when! ♦
Putting Load Calculation Methods in Perspective
By Rudy Romijn, Regional Sales Manger, Carrier Software Systems
Over the years, our industry has used many methods for performing cooling load calculations.
Comparing these methods provides a useful perspective on the benefits of the methods currently
employed by engineers, and ultimately helps in understanding output data provided by
engineering software like HAP.
Those of us who started in this business before the age of computers can appreciate Figure 1
shown below. It illustrates the relationship between complexity and accuracy that many of us
have had to grapple with for five of the principal load methods that have been used over the years
Load Estimating M ethods
ASHRAE Heat
Balance Method
A
C
C ASHRAE Transfer Functions
U ASHRAE RTS
R
A ASHRAE CLTD/CLF
C
Y Carrier E20 Method
Instantaneous Q=U A TD
INCREASING COM PLEXITY
Figure 1. Load Estimating Methodologies

Long ago loads were calculated by hand using the “instantaneous method” which assumed heat
gains were instantly converted to cooling loads. This method was simple and fast, but was
unreliable because it ignored processes such as heat storage and radiation transfer, which affect
the rate at which heat gains become cooling loads.
In 1960, Carrier published its System Design Manual, which included tables of Equivalent
Temperature Differences (ETD) and Storage Load Factors (SLF). These factors were used to
predict cooling loads, which incorporated the effects of heat storage by building materials, and the
effects of building orientation and occupancy cycle. Later, in the 1970s ASHRAE published its
CLTD/CLF method, which incorporated the same kind of considerations. As hand calculation
procedures, both methods did a good job of balancing complexity (and therefore effort) with
accuracy. However, both methods lacked flexibility. Building loads are affected by a wide variety
of factors involving design, construction, environment and building use. Table-based hand
calculation methods typically dealt with a fixed set of basic conditions (such as envelope loads for
July 40 degrees north latitude) and then attempted to handle other conditions via correction
factors. Ultimately, this approach introduced error and reduced accuracy when compared with
methods that are more complex. Some way of calculating loads specific to each design
application was needed.
The Heat Balance Method, the most rigorous method of calculating building loads, provides one
solution to this problem. Heat balance is actually the foundation of all the other methods of
calculating building loads. The heat balance method evaluates each conductive, convective,
radiative and heat storage process that occurs in the building using the fundamental laws of heat
transfer and thermodynamics. Using the heat balance method to determine building heat transfer
requires an equation written for each surface and mass element considering each process
involved. By solving all heat balances equations simultaneously, the total rate of heat
transferred to room air can be determined and the dynamic ebb and flow of heat in the room can
be successfully evaluated. The Heat Balance method can be highly accurate but it is also
complex and requires powerful computer hardware, detailed inputs and long calculation time.
An alternate solution is the Transfer Function Method which is endorsed by ASHRAE as the
preferred method of calculating loads, and which is used in the HAP, System Design Load, Block
Load and Block Load Lite programs produced by Carrier. The Transfer Function Method uses
some mathematical “tricks” to simplify the heat balance solution process, thereby yielding
calculation times that are faster than those of the Heat Balance Method without sacrificing too
much of its accuracy. The Transfer Function procedure calculates how heat gains from sources
such as warm ambient air, solar radiation, lights, people, etc. are converted to cooling loads via
conduction, convection, radiation and heat storage processes. The procedures therefore account
for the dynamic heat transfer found in a “real world” building. Further, calculations account for
specific design, construction, environmental and building usage conditions and are therefore
customized to each building application. Thus, for the current state of technology of computerized
engineering tools, Transfer Functions provide a good compromise between complexity and
accuracy.
Figure 2. Lighting Heat Gains and Loads
When using programs that employ the Transfer Function Method, remember that nearly all loads
involve dynamic heat flow. Heat gain received from a source such as lighting is not immediately
converted to a cooling load. Rather, the portion of the heat gain that is thermal radiation is
transferred to massive building elements such as floors and walls, and may be stored for a period
of time before being released to air in the building. Once heat is transferred to the air, it is a load
that must be removed by the air conditioning apparatus. Figure 2 shows a sample relationship
between lighting heat gain and load. When the lights are first turned on, a significant portion of
the lighting heat gain is absorbed and held by the building mass. Over time, this stored heat is
discharged to air in the building, but additional radiant heat is received. When the lights are
turned off, the stored heat continues to be discharged. Thus, loads continue even after the heat
gains cease. All heat sources that involve a radiant component exhibit similar behavior. These
include loads for walls, roofs, windows, partitions, people, lights and electrical equipment.
Transfer Function calculations account for these dynamic processes. Remembering this is often
very helpful when analyzing load calculation outputs.
The Radiant Time Series method was introduced in ASHRAE 2001 Handbook of Fundamentals.
It is a dynamic way of calculating loads, but is not as complex to calculate and is easier to
understand than the TFM. It is a good method to obtain sizing data for a typical building.
However, it is not a good method to simulate system operation. ♦
The Benefits of the Transfer Function / Heat Extraction
Load Calculation Method
The previous article (Putting Load Calculation Methods in Perspective) describes the transfer
function and heat extraction procedures used to calculate loads in HAP. While the benefits of this
calculation method for energy analysis are evident, customers often question whether such
advanced calculation methods are worth using for system design applications, or whether simpler
methods would be sufficient. Carrier feels that advanced methods such as transfer functions/heat
extraction should be used because the method provides several important benefits to users.
These include:
1. Accuracy. Advanced methods such as Transfer Functions account for the dynamic heat flow
processes which occur in buildings and which significantly influence design loads and system
behavior. Simpler methods either ignore these dynamics, or analyze them in much less detail
than Transfer Functions. Advanced methods therefore can provide results that are more
accurate.
2. Pull down Loads. One of the most important aspects of dynamic heat flow is the pull down
load. Pulls down loads have a significant influence on system sizing results and therefore
need to be considered. Advanced methods such as Transfer Functions/Heat Extraction are
the only way to adequately account for pull down loads. Simpler methods can only make
gross estimates of the effect of pull down loads.
3. Flexibility. Advanced methods such as Transfer Functions/Heat Extraction customize
calculations to the application. Since loads are dynamic, loads in one hour are influenced by
conditions in both the current hour and previous hours. The nature of 24-hour profiles of solar
radiation, ambient temperature and internal heat gain need to be considered to accurately
predict loads in any one hour. Transfer functions use the solar, temperature and internal gain
profiles defined by the user for each specific application. Therefore, loads are customized to
each application. Simpler table-based methods make assumptions, such as a standard
operating profile or the use of July 40 deg N latitude for solar radiation. In some cases,
correction factors are used to try to adjust for actual conditions. These adjustments are often
not adequate and produce less accurate results than methods that customize calculations to
each application. ♦
Diagnosing the “Thermos Bottle Effect”
Q. I’m using HAP to analyze the benefits of various energy conservation measures for a
commercial building. One measure being considered is the addition of insulation to the roof. I
expected energy consumption for cooling and heating to be reduced. While my heating energy
was substantially reduced, my cooling energy increased. How can this be?
A. What you are seeing is a phenomenon that has been dubbed the “thermos bottle effect.”
Adding insulation to a roof reduces heat flow through the roof assembly and serves to reduce
cooling coil loads during summer months. However, the added insulation can also prevent
internally generated heat from escaping from the building in the spring, fall and winter months,
and this can increase cooling coil loads during off-peak months. The following example
demonstrates how this can happen.
Example. For this example, a 14,000-sqft (1,300-sqm.) single-story retail store was evaluated.
The building is located in Chicago and therefore experiences hot summers and cold winters.
Large internal heat gains are present due to lighting, occupants and electrical equipment. The
original construction uses a roof assembly with a U-value of 0.104 BTU/hr/sq.ft/F (0.18 W/sqm-K).
Space conditioning is provided by a constant volume packaged rooftop unit, which includes
electric heat without an economizer cycle.
As an energy conservation measure, insulation was added to the roof to improve its U-value to
0.042 BTU/hr/sq.ft/F (0.073 W/sqm-K). When HAP simulations for the U= 0.104 (0.18 W/sqm-K)
and U= 0.042 cases were run, the following results were obtained:
Case Cooling kWh Heating kWh Total kWh

U=.104 71,571 9,260 365,633
U=.042 75,720 693 361,214
While the heating energy use has been reduced substantially (93%), the cooling cost has
increased by 6%. Investigation of energy consumption results for the building, plant and air
system showed the root of the problem lay in the air system. Air system simulation results show
that the annual heating coil load dropped from 62,972 (66,439 MJ) to 12,172 kBTU/yr (12842
MJ), but the annual cooling coil load increased from 776,844 (819,614 MJ) to 809,200 kBTU/yr
(853,751 MJ). An examination of how cooling coil loads are distributed during the year begins to
provide clues to why this happens.
Figure 1 is a plot of monthly total cooling coil loads for the original U= 0.104 and renovated U=
0.042 scenarios. This figure shows that the renovated case has lower cooling coil loads in the
summer months, but higher cooling coil loads in the spring, fall and winter months. Increases in
cooling loads during these off-peak seasons are larger than reductions in cooling loads during the
summer months, so the annual effect is a net increase in cooling coil load.
Examination of hourly system performance provides further clues to what is happening. Figure 2
shows hourly cooling coil load profiles for July 19, a moderately sunny summer day in which the
ambient temperature ranges between 69 F (20.5 C) and 82 F (27.8 C.) Cooling loads for this day
are uniformly higher for the U=0.104 case than for the U=0.042 case.
Finally, Figure 3 shows hourly system performance for March 19, a moderately sunny day with
ambient temperatures ranging between 35 F (1.7 C) and 50 F (10 C.) On this day the relationship
between cooling coil loads is reversed. Coil loads for the original U= 0.104 case are uniformly
less than those for the renovated U= 0.042 case.
With this system performance data as evidence, we can begin to deduce what causes the overall
cooling cost to increase:
• Because this is a single story building with a large roof area, the roof is a dominant pathway
for envelope heat flow. Adding insulation to the roof serves to reduce heat flow through the
roof.
• When the direction of heat flow is from outside to inside, such as on a warm, sunny summer
day, the added insulation reduces the heat flow and therefore reduces the cooling coil load,
as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
• When the direction of heat flow is from inside to outside, such as on a cold winter day, the
added insulation reduces heat loss. Normally we only think of this in terms of reducing system
heating coil loads, which it does. However, in a building with large internal heat gains,
envelope heat loss allows internal heat to escape from the building. Added insulation prevents
the escape of this internal heat. Therefore, heat that would normally have escaped naturally
from the building must be removed by mechanical cooling. Evidence of this is shown in
Figures 1 and 3.
Increasing envelope insulation has this effect in many types of buildings. But generally, the
summer cooling savings far outweighs increases in off-peak cooling loads due to their small size
and infrequent occurrence. It is in buildings with large internal heat gains and frequent cooling
loads in off-peak months that this “thermos bottle effect becomes prominent and cause an overall
increase in cooling cost. ♦
Using Outdoor Ventilation Control Options
When defining air-handling systems in HAP, users can choose among four different options for
controlling outdoor ventilation air:
• Constant Airflow
• Proportional to Supply Air
• Scheduled
• CO2 Sensor
This article briefly describes these options and their intended applications. Each control option will
be discussed separately below.
Constant Airflow Control maintains outdoor ventilation at the design airflow rate for all occupied
period hours and for unoccupied period hours when the ventilation dampers are open. For
constant volume systems, constant ventilation airflow can be maintained without special controls
and is the most common control option used for CAV systems. For VAV systems, it is assumed
special damper controls or booster fans are used to maintain a constant ventilation rate as the
supply fan airflow varies.
Note that this control also allows the user to specify whether ventilation dampers are open or
closed during unoccupied periods. Thus, this control provides simple scheduling capabilities for
eliminating ventilation airflow for unoccupied times.
“Proportional to Supply Air” Control represents the use of uncontrolled or partially controlled
ventilation airflow for VAV systems. With this option, ventilation airflow varies naturally as the
supply airflow changes. Uncontrolled outdoor airflow tends to vary as a constant percentage of
supply air. Thus, if the supply fan has throttled to 60% of its design value, ventilation air is 60% of
its design value also. As with Constant Airflow control, the user has the opportunity to schedule
the ventilation dampers open or closed during unoccupied period hours as necessary.
CO2 Sensor Control provides a simple model for outdoor ventilation air control based on a CO2
sensor. Actual controls vary ventilation air to maintain indoor air quality based on measured C02
levels in the building. To model this control on a simple basis, the program assumes CO2 levels
are directly related to the number of occupants in a zone. The program therefore varies
ventilation airflow using a constant CFM/person value and the number of occupants in the
building for the current hour.
Scheduled Control is used when special controls are used to vary the outdoor ventilation airflow
according to a predetermined time-clock schedule. For example, based on the time clock
schedule, ventilation dampers might modulate to provide 1000 CFM (472 L/s) of ventilation air
from 6am to 9am, 1500 CFM (708 L/s) from 9am to 12 noon, and 1250 CFM (590 L/s) from 12
noon to 5pm. When this control option is used, the user specifies how ventilation air varies by
choosing one of the schedules stored in the program schedule database. This schedule selection
is made on the same input screen where you choose the method of ventilation control in HAP 4.0
for Windows.
It is important to note that the “Scheduled Control” option should not be used simply as a means
of eliminating ventilation air during unoccupied times. This can be done much more easily using
the “Constant Airflow” and “Proportional To Supply Air” control options. Many users often
overlook this and mistakenly use the “Scheduled Control” option when “Constant Airflow” or
“Proportional to Supply Air” would be a more appropriate selection. ♦
Demand Controlled Ventilation Control
Introduction. Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) control uses zone CO2 sensors to control
ventilation air. This help topic explains how HAP simulates DCV control.
HAP performs an iterative calculation to determine the steady state CO2 levels for each hour of
operation simulated and the resulting control of outdoor airflow rates. This involves estimating the
CO2 level in each zone. The zone CO2 levels determine how the outdoor ventilation damper is
positioned. Outdoor ventilation airflow in turn influences CO2 levels in the system. Thus,
elements of the analysis are interrelated and an iterative solution is needed to consider all
feedback issues in the system. The following sections discuss each element in this calculation.
A. CO2 Generation by Space Occupants.
Occupants are the primary source of CO2 generation in occupied spaces. Further, occupants
produce a predictable amount of CO2 based on activity level. The total CO2 generated by
occupants of a zone is calculated as the sum of CO2 generated by occupants in all spaces in the
zone:
Vzone = S (Vspace)(Mspace), all spaces
The CO2 generated in each space is calculated as the number of occupants present times the
CO2 generated per person:
Vspace = Nocc Vocc
Where:
Vzone = Total volume of CO2 produced by occupants in a zone, CFM or L/s.
Vspace = Total volume of CO2 produced by occupants in a single instance of a space,
CFM or L/s
Mspace = Space multiplier. The number of spaces of this type in the zone.
Nocc = Number of occupants in the space for the current hour. This is the product of the
maximum occupants times the hourly schedule factor for the current hour.
Vocc = Total volume of CO2 produced by one occupant in the space, CFM or L/s. This
value depends on the occupant activity level as described in the following paragraphs.
The calculation of CO2 generation for a single occupant is based on the fact that human activity
is related to respiration. That is, the higher the level of activity or exertion, the higher the level of
respiration. During respiration, the occupant exhales air that contains CO2 generated in the
lungs. In HAP the relationship between occupant activity and CO2 generation is calculated as
follows:
Vocc = Qtot (K) / [M At]
English Units: Vocc = Qtot (0.00002667) CFM
SI Metric Units = Qtot (0.0278) L/s
Where:
Vocc = Total volume of CO2 produced by one occupant in the space, CFM or L/s.
Qtot = Total heat gain per occupant, BTU/hr/person or W/person. This is the sum of
sensible and latent heat gains defined by the occupant activity level, or directly specified by the
user.
K = Curve fit coefficient. 0.00883 CFM/Met in English or 0.25 L/s/Met in Metric. Figure C-2
"Metabolic Data" from ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2001, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality, plots the relationship between metabolic level and CO2 generation. The relationship can
be represented as the following equations: CO2 generation in CFM = 0.00883 x MetsCO2
generation in L/s = 0.25 x Mets
M = Heat flux for one metabolic unit or "Met", 18.4 BTU/hr/sqft or 5.39 W/sqm, where the sqft
or sqm area refers to body surface area At.
At = Body surface area for one "typical" occupant, sqft or sqm. For this analysis, HAP
assumes the average adult male has a body surface area of 19.4 sqft (1.8 sqm) and the average
adult female has a body surface area approximately 85% of that for the male (16.5 sqft or 1.53
sqm). HAP considers the typical space occupant to be an average of male and female body
areas: 18.0 sqft or 1.67 sqm.
The equations above are the combination of two separate equations. Stating the equations
separately helps to understand the formulation better. First, the heat flux per person in Mets is
calculated as:
M = (Qtot BTU/hr/person) [1 Met / (18.4 BTU/hr-sqft)] [1 / (At sqft)]
Example: One occupant with activity level of "office work" has a sensible heat gain of 245
BTU/hr/person and a latent heat gain of 205 BTU/hr/person. Therefore, the total heat gain is 450
BTU/hr/person and the metabolic rate per person is:
M = (450 BTU/hr/person) (1/18.4 BTU/hr/person) (1/18.0 sqft) = 1.36 Met/person
Second, the correlation between metabolic rate and CO2 generation, obtained via a curve fit of
ASHRAE Standard 62 data is:
CO2 generation in CFM = 0.0088 x M
CO2 generation in L/s = 0.25 x M
B. CO2 Mass Balance for Zones
Once the CO2 generation rate for zone occupants is known, a CO2 mass balance can be
performed for each zone in the system to estimate the CO2 level measured by a CO2 sensor in
the zone. This mass balance assumes a steady state level of CO2 will be reached each hour.
The mass balance is as follows:
0 = CO2 in supply air entering zone
- CO2 in direct exhaust air leaving zone.
- CO2 in return air leaving zone via the return plenum or return duct.
+ CO2 in infiltration air entering the zone.
- CO2 in exfiltration air leaving the zone.
+ CO2 generated by occupants in the zone.
To solve this equation for the zone CO2 level, the CO2 level in supply air is assumed. Later this
assumption will be checked and if necessary, the calculation will be repeated with an adjusted
assumption. Knowing the supply CO2 level, all the airflows and the CO2 generation by
occupants, the equation can be solved for the zone CO2 level.
C. Determining Outdoor Damper Position and Outdoor Airflow
To determine outdoor damper position the DCV controller will first scan CO2 measurements by all
zone CO2 sensors and identify the highest CO2 level. It then uses this CO2 reading to determine
the indoor-outdoor CO2 differential:
CO2 Differential = (Highest Zone CO2 Level) – (Outdoor Air CO2 Level)
This CO2 differential is used with the DCV control profile to determine the required outdoor
ventilation airflow.
The figure below shows a sample control profile. In this example the outdoor CO2 level is 400
ppm. The minimum CO2 differential is 100 ppm, which equates to a CO2 level of 500 ppm and
corresponds to a base ventilation rate of 810 CFM. The maximum CO2 differential is 700 ppm,
which equates to a CO2 level of 1100 ppm and corresponds to a design ventilation rate of 2700
CFM. The DCV controller sets the outdoor damper position as follows:
• If the CO2 differential determined by the DCV controller is less than the minimum setting
of 100 ppm (which equals a CO2 level of 500 ppm), the outdoor dampers will be set to
provide the base ventilation rate of 810 CFM.
• If the CO2 differential is greater than the maximum setting of 700 ppm (which equals a
CO2 level of 1100 ppm), the outdoor dampers will be set to provide the design ventilation
airflow of 2700 CFM.
• If the CO2 differential is between the minimum and maximum settings, then the outdoor
dampers will be set to provide the airflow corresponding to the control profile. Thus,
outdoor airflow is a linear function of CO2 differential in this range and ranges between
the minimum (810 CFM) and maximum (2700 CFM) values.
D. Calculation of System CO2 Levels
Next, the program uses the zone CO2 data from part C and the outdoor ventilation airflow data
from part D to calculate CO2 levels in the remainder of the system. This requires starting at the
return grilles of all zones and working along the airflow path to determine CO2 levels at all state
points in the return portion of the system, and then into the supply portion of the system.
For example, return air from the zones mixes in the return plenum or duct to yield a mixed CO2
concentration in return air. Return air mixes with outdoor air, to provide a mixed CO2
concentration in supply air, which is delivered to the zones.
E. Evaluation of Results and Iteration
Finally, the supply air CO2 level produced by part D is compared with the initial assumption for
supply air CO2 level that was made at the start of the CO2 balance calculation in part B. If the
two values differ by more than 10 ppm, the calculation in parts B, C and D is repeated using the
new supply air CO2 value. In this way the program iterates to converge on a solution in which the
outdoor air flow, system CO2 levels and zone CO2 levels are all balanced and consistent for the
hour.
Understanding Zone Loads and Zone Conditioning
Have you ever examined a HAP Air System Design Load Summary output and wondered ‘what is
zone conditioning and why is it different from the total zone load?’ Judging from questions our
support staff receives, many people have wondered the same thing. The answer to this question
requires an explanation of the ASHRAE Transfer Function and Heat Extraction methods.
Understanding the calculation methods used by computerized engineering tools is vital to the
successful use of these tools. As these tools use increasingly complex analytical methods, the
methods become more difficult to grasp. This article attempts to aid understanding of the load
calculation method used in Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) by explaining the transfer
function and heat extraction methods in plain language and without the use of mathematical
equations. If at the end of this discussion you understand what “zone conditioning” and “zone
load” refer to and why they are different, the article will have been successful.
Objectives. First, we need to clarify our objectives for a load calculation tool. As HVAC system
designers, we want:
• A calculation tool which will account for all of the processes involved with building heat flow,
• A tool that is fast,
• A tool that is easy to use, and
• A tool that provides accurate, reliable results.
Understanding the Processes at Work. Providing accurate, reliable results requires accounting
for all of the complicated heat flow processes occurring in the building. For the explanations of the
Transfer Function and Heat Extraction Method later in this article to make sense, we first need to
provide a quick refresher on the heat flow processes that occur in a building.
First of all, our ultimate interest is in cooling or heating loads. A “load” is the rate of heat transfer
to or from the air in the building. Heat transferred to air in a room changes the room air
temperature. These changes are sensed by a thermostat, which sends a signal to the HVAC
equipment to provide cooling or heating.
Secondly, we are all familiar with the different sources of heat gain or loss, which influence
cooling or heating demands in the building. These include solar radiation, temperature gradients
across walls, heat gain from lighting, people, etc.
Therefore, we know where the heat originates (the sources) and we know where it ultimately
ends up (in the air in the building). The challenging part of this engineering problem is analyzing
how heat travels from its source to its destination.
As an example, let us consider the wall component of a cooling load. First, the outside surface of
the wall is warmed by solar radiation and ambient air. This initiates heat flow across successive
layers in the wall assembly. Heat does not flow instantaneously from outside to inside surfaces of
the wall. Instead, it takes time. In addition, the amount of time depends on the intensity of heat
flow at the outer surface plus the thickness, density, specific heat and thermal conductivity
properties of material layers in the wall assembly.
Ultimately, heat reaches the inside surface of the wall where it raises the wall surface
temperature. At this point two things happen. First, a portion of the heat is convected to air in the
room, raising the air temperature. Thus, this heat has become a cooling load. Second, a
substantial portion of the heat at the wall surface is transferred as thermal radiation to other wall,
ceiling and floor surfaces in the room. This raises the temperature of the other surfaces and
triggers convection to room air, heat storage within the material and further radiative exchanges
within the room. Eventually most or all of the original heat flow becomes a cooling load, but the
complete conversion of the heat to cooling load takes time.
The same sort of thermal processes occur for heat flow through roofs, windows, doors and
partitions. Heat from other sources such as solar, lighting, electrical equipment and occupants is
introduced directly into the room, and once in the room it undergoes the same sort of room heat
transfer processes described for walls. This is because all these heat gains are comprised of
separate convective and radiative components. The convective components immediately become
cooling loads. The radiative components are transferred directly to surfaces in the room and then
undergo further radiant, convective and heat storage processes.
In addition, an important factor governing heat flow to the air in the room is the temperature of the
room air. The temperature difference between wall, ceiling and floor surfaces and the room air
govern convection. Thus, for a cooling scenario, convective heat flow from warm room surfaces
decreases as the room air temperature rises. As room air temperature falls, convective heat flow
from warm room surfaces increases. Recognizing this is important for two reasons. First, all
thermostats have a certain operating range within which they attempt to maintain room air
temperature. Thus, room air temperature varies within this operating range and this influences
convective heat flow. More importantly, nighttime setup control or equipment shutdown can cause
room temperature to vary by 10 F (-12.2 C) or more during a 24-hour operating cycle. A large
increase in room temperature greatly reduces convective heat flow. Heat is essentially “trapped”
in the massive elements in the room, and the surface temperatures of these elements rise. In the
morning when cooling equipment is turned on and room air temperatures are quickly reduced,
there is a “rush” of convective heat flow due to the large temperature difference between room air
and the surfaces in the room. This is what is known as a pull down load.
Therefore, in summary:
• There are many factors involved in building heat flow.
• This heat flow occurs over time rather than instantaneously.
• Room air temperature governs heat flow from surfaces in the room to the air in the room.
• The nature of the thermostat control in a room influences the rooms cooling loads by affecting
convective heat flow.
Calculating Building Heat Flow. Now, in order to calculate realistic, accurate building loads, we
need to account for all of the complicated processes we have just discussed. This is quite a
challenge. One way to do this is with the “Heat Balance Method” which is essentially the “mother
of all load calculation methods.” With this method, each of the heat flow processes is represented
by a mathematical equation drawn from the laws of conduction, convection and radiation and
from the first law of thermodynamics. The result is a large number of equations, and an equally
large number of unknown quantities. Typically, no one equation can be solved directly. Instead,
the whole set of equations must be solved simultaneously or by iteration. The results of this
calculation are the temperatures and heat flows at each surface in the room, and ultimately the
temperature and heat flow to room air, which tells us the cooling load. Currently, we cannot
satisfy our original objectives of “fast” and “easy” with the Heat Balance Method because
computer software using this method requires too much calculation time and too much input data.
However, the day is fast approaching when this method will become feasible for everyday use on
desktop computers.
Until then, we need an alternate solution to our engineering challenge. That solution is the
Transfer Function Method, first developed by researchers in the late 1960s. The Transfer
Function Method uses several mathematical “tricks” to make solving heat balance equations
much faster. While this method is faster, it continues to account for the complex processes
involved in building heat flow and thus provides realistic, accurate results.
Here is how it works. Within the method, there are three kinds of transfer function equations used
to analyze different aspects of the building heat flow problem:
• Conduction Transfer Function Equations are used to analyze the conductive heat flow
through walls and roofs.
• Room Transfer Function Equations are used to analyze the radiative, convective and heat
storage processes for all load components once heat reaches the interior of the room.
• Space Temperature Transfer Function Equations (aka Heat Extraction Equations) are
used to analyze the effect of changing room temperatures on convective heat flow from
surfaces in the room to the room air. Included in this calculation is the behavior of the room
thermostat in controlling room temperature levels and communicating demands to the cooling
or heating apparatus.
These three kinds of transfer function equations are used in sequence to determine how heat
from various heat sources is converted into cooling loads in the building.
However, there is one complicating factor that is crucial to this whole discussion. It has been said
that there is “no such thing as a free lunch,” and that is certainly true in this case. As we noted
earlier, the Transfer Function Method uses mathematical tricks to simplify and speed up the
calculation process. The cost of increased speed is that the calculation has to be performed in
two distinct stages. There are simply too many factors involved to be able to solve the entire
problem in one pass when using the transfer function tricks.
In the first stage of this calculation process, we use the Conduction and Room Transfer Function
Equations to calculate room loads as if the room is held at precisely one temperature 24 hours a
day. For a design cooling calculation, the cooling thermostat set point is used as the fixed room
temperature for this calculation. Once room loads based on this simplifying assumption have
been determined, the second calculation stage “corrects” these loads to account for the true
behavior of the building (rising and falling room temperatures) using the Space Air Transfer
Function Equations.
In HAP, results of these two calculation stages appear throughout the system design reports. On
the Air System Design Load Summary, all the results in the top portion of the report down to and
including the “Total Zone Load” are from the first stage of the calculation, which assumed
constant room temperature. The terms “zone load” and “space load” are used throughout the
reports to refer to results from this first stage of calculations. The term “Zone Conditioning” is
used to refer to the results of the second stage of calculations. The “Total Zone Loads” are
corrected to produce “Zone Conditioning” by accounting for room temperature and thermostat
effects. As such, Zone Conditioning represents the true amount of cooling or heating a room
needs and is the basis for simulating operation of system components such as coils and fans.
Results from the system simulation appear in the lower part of the Air System Design Load
Summary. Differences between “Zone Loads” and “Zone Conditioning” are therefore due to the
room temperature effects on heat transfer such as pull down loads and temperature variations
within the thermostat throttling range.
Conclusion. The Transfer Function Method allows us to consider as many of the complex
aspects of building heat flow as possible to provide accurate results, and at the same time
provide a calculation tool that is fast and easy to use.
The price for these benefits is that the calculation must be performed in two distinct stages. The
first stage yields what HAP calls “zone loads” and “space loads” which are calculated assuming a
constant room temperature. The second stage yields what HAP calls “zone conditioning” which is
derived by correcting the original zone loads to account for room air temperature effects. Zone
conditioning represents the true demand for cooling or heating in a zone. Understanding this two-
stage process and the results it yields is important for successfully applying program results.♦
Pitfalls of Economizer Operation
Q. I am designing a single zone CAV air handling system that includes an integrated dry-bulb
economizer. When I run design calculations with HAP I find that the peak cooling coil load listed
on the Air System Sizing Summary is 23.2 Tons. Further, it occurs at the peculiar time of July
0900. I also notice that an unusually large portion of this coil load is latent cooling. If I run the
design calculations for the same system without an outdoor air economizer, the peak load is 17.0
Tons, it occurs at July 1500 and it has a more reasonable sensible heat ratio. This indicates that
an economizer increases rather than decreases the load, which is illogical. What is happening
here?
A. This case illustrates one of the pitfalls of outdoor air economizer operation. While economizer
controls can provide significant energy and cost savings, they can also cause problems under
certain conditions, increasing rather than decreasing mechanical cooling requirements. This
article explains how these problems occur and how such problems can be diagnosed and
corrected using HAP or the System Design Load Program.
Diagnosing the Problem. The peak coil load conditions described above represent snapshots of
system operation for single points in time. While such snapshots are useful for identifying a
problem, such as an unusual peak load time or an unusual sensible heat ratio, diagnosing the
problem requires more detailed data. When diagnosing results it is often useful to generate 24-
hour profiles of data to gain a broader view of operating behavior.
Figure 1 shows the 24-hour cooling coil load profiles for the system in this case study with and
without an economizer. Data in the graph was obtained from the Hourly Air System Design Day
Loads output. Figure 2 shows the 24-hour dry-bulb and wet-bulb profiles for the July design day.
This data is for Chicago and was obtained from the Cooling Design Temperature Profiles output.
In addition, the following outputs will be required to provide supporting data for our investigation:
• Air System Design Load Summary for July 0900.
• Hourly Zone Design Day Loads for July
Figure 1 shows that the system with the economizer experiences an odd increase in cooling
loads for 0700, 0800 and 0900. For the remainder of the day, coil loads for the systems with and
without economizer have identical values.
To determine the cause of this behavior, let us focus on system behavior for 0900. The Air
System Design Load Summary for the system with economizer shows that the ventilation and
supply airflow rates are equal for this hour. Therefore, the outdoor air economizer is operating
and is fully open. The Hourly Zone Design Day Loads output shows that the zone air is at 77.7 F
and 44% RH for 0900. Using plenum load data from the Air System Design Load Summary the
return air condition (after the plenum) can be computed. The return air condition is 80.2 F (26.8
C) dry-bulb, 63.7 F (17.6 C) wet-bulb. This equates to a specific humidity of 0.0091 lb/lb (kg/kg).
The outdoor air condition for this hour is 79.8 F (26.6 C) dry-bulb, 70.0 F (21.1 C) wet-bulb for a
specific humidity of 0.0138 lb/lb (kg/kg).
An integrated dry-bulb economizer activates whenever the return air dry-bulb is equal to or
warmer than the outdoor air dry-bulb. Therefore, for July 0900 the economizer control should be
activated. The economizer damper will modulate to the fully open position since it cannot
eliminate mechanical cooling completely for this operating condition. While this will reduce the
sensible cooling coil load by using outdoor air that is slightly cooler than return air, it introduces a
large volume of outdoor air with high moisture content. As a result, the latent component of the
cooling coil load soars. The increase in the latent load outweighs the reduction in the sensible coil
load, and the ultimate result is a large increase in the total coil load.
This case illustrates the fact that at marginal conditions in which the outdoor air dry-bulb is only
slightly cooler than the return air temperature, and outdoor air is relatively humid, integrated dry-
bulb economizer control can increase rather than decrease system cooling coil loads. This case
also illustrates one of the benefits of the system-based design approach used by HAP and the
System Design Load Program. By considering specific components and controls in the design
calculation, potential problems can be identified while the system is being designed
Correcting the Problem. There are several solutions to this problem:
• Use temperature cutoff limits on economizer operation. For example, if a cutoff of 75 F (23.9
C) is used, the economizer will not operate when the outdoor temperature is warmer than 75
F (29.3 C), even if the return air temperature exceeds the outdoor temperature. This cutoff
helps to prevent economizer operation for marginal situations that lead to the problems
discussed above. However, choosing a cutoff temperature, which will guarantee that all such
problem conditions are avoided, is difficult and is highly application-dependent.
• Use an integrated enthalpy economizer control. With this control, return air enthalpy is
compared with outdoor air enthalpy to determine when to activate the economizer. Because
enthalpy accounts for the sensible and latent heat of air, the marginal conditions that lead to
operating problems will be avoided.
• Use non-integrated control. This dry-bulb economizer control is only activated when the
outdoor air is equal to or cooler than the supply air temperature. Since this control will not
activate the economizer until all mechanical cooling can be eliminated, marginal situations
involving partial free cooling are avoided. However, this solution sacrifices the large number
of operating hours at warmer outdoor air temperatures for which an integrated economizer
can reduce mechanical cooling demands.
Other Problem Situations. A similar sort of problem can occur for integrated enthalpy
economizer controls used in hot, dry climates for marginal conditions. This type of control
activates when the return air enthalpy is equal to or greater than the outdoor air enthalpy. In a
hot, dry climate, it is possible for outdoor air enthalpy to be less than return air enthalpy; while at
the same time the outdoor air dry-bulb is warmer than the return air dry-bulb. The enthalpy
economizer will activate for such a condition, and will open fully. Outdoor air will eliminate the
latent component of the cooling coil load, but can cause the sensible component to increase
significantly.
The symptom of this problem in design load calculations is similar to that for integrated dry-bulb
controls - a peak load at an unusual time of day. The problem can be diagnosed using the same
procedures discussed for the dry-bulb economizer. And the solutions are similar: impose cutoff
points for operation, or switch to a different type of control better suited for the climate.♦
Differences Between Peak Coil Load CFM, Max Block CFM, Sum of
Peak Zone CFM
In the cooling coil section of the HAP Air System Sizing Summary printout, three coil airflow rates
are listed: (1) the coil airflow for the time when the maximum coil load occurs, and (2) the
maximum block airflow rate and (3) sum of the peak zone CFM (L/s). When analyzing VAV
systems, these three airflow rates can often differ. This article explains why. An accompanying
article provides recommendations for selecting equipment in these situations.
In most cases, the coil airflow rates differ in VAV applications for one of the following two
reasons:
• The peak cooling coil load and peak zone sensible load occur at different times, resulting in
different coil airflow rates at these times.
• Due to the ASHRAE sizing methodology used by HAP, the two airflow rates are computed
using slightly different considerations. This can introduce small differences between the two
airflow values even if the coil load and zone sensible load peak at the same time.
Each reason will be explained separately below.
Differences Due to Timing of Peak Loads. The maximum airflow rate required for the supply
fan and therefore for the central cooling coil depends on the cooling requirements in zones
served by the air system. The individual component loads in the zones such as wall, roof,
window, solar, lighting, people and equipment loads influence zone cooling requirements. These
loads vary due to changes in outdoor air temperature, solar radiation and internal heat gains
throughout the day.
While the maximum cooling coil load is influenced by these same zone cooling requirements, it is
also influenced by extra heat gains introduced by outdoor ventilation air, fan heat, return plenum
heat, and the latent components of the coil load.
Because extra factors influence the coil load, it is possible for the maximum coil load to occur at a
different time than the peak zone sensible load occurs.
In a VAV system, the coil airflow varies as zone cooling requirements vary. Therefore, if the peak
cooling coil load and peak zone sensible load occur at different times, the coil airflow rates for the
two times will differ. The following simple example illustrates how this situation can occur.
Example #1. Consider a 1-zone VAV system that serves an east-facing zone. Figure 1 shows 24-
hour profiles for the total cooling coil load and the zone sensible load for this system. The zone
has a large area of east-facing glass. Consequently, solar heat is the dominant load component
and causes the peak zone sensible load to occur at 9 am.
The total cooling coil load in this example is strongly influenced by ventilation loads, which peak
during the mid-afternoon hours. Since the outdoor air temperature is relatively cool at 9 am
versus mid-afternoon, the peak coil load occurs at 2 pm rather than 9 am. When the peak zone
sensible load occurs at 9 am, the zone requires 5154 CFM of supply air. When the cooling coil
load peaks at 2 pm, the zone sensible load has dropped to approximately 80% of its peak value
and the zone requires only 4100 CFM of supply air. For such a situation, HAP will report the
following data on the Air System Sizing Summary output
Peak coil load occurs at: ............. Jul 1400
Coil CFM (L/s) at Jul 1400: ......... 4100 CFM (1935 L/s)
Maximum block CFM (L/s): ......... 5154 CFM (2432 L/s)
Sum of peak zone CFM (L/s)……5369 CFM (2534 L/s)
The Sum of the peak zone CFM (L/s) is useful for judging diversity in VAV systems and for sizing
components for special periods when all VAV box dampers are full open at the same time.
Differences Due to Methodology. The ASHRAE design procedure, which utilizes the transfer
function method and heat extraction techniques, requires a two-stage calculation:
1. First, zone sensible loads are computed assuming the zone is held exactly at the cooling
thermostat set point 24 hours per day. Results from this analysis are used to determine peak
zone airflow rates and the peak central coil airflow rate.
2. Second, the program simulates system operation. When doing so, it takes the zone loads
calculated in the first stage and corrects them for the actual system operating conditions.
These corrections account for the use of different thermostat setpoints during occupied and
unoccupied periods or the shutdown of cooling during the unoccupied times, and for the
existence of a throttling range for the thermostat. Considering these real-life system operating
factors changes the thermal dynamics of the system, causing zone temperatures to vary
within the thermostat throttling range and introducing pulldown load components at certain
times of day.
The "Max block CFM (L/s)" is calculated in stage 1 and is therefore based on the idealized zone
loads computed in this stage. The coil airflow at the peak coil load time is obtained from stage 2,
and is therefore based on the corrected zone loads computed considering the actual system
operating conditions. Because the two airflows are computed using slightly different
considerations, differences between the two airflows often occur for VAV systems. The following
example illustrates these method-based effects.
Example #2. Consider a VAV system that serves four zones. Hourly profiles of the total coil load
and the zone sensible block load are shown in Figure 2. Here "block load" refers to the sum of the
sensible loads for all four zones. The maximum zone sensible block load occurs at 5 pm in July.
Based on this block load, the required coil airflow rate is 13269 CFM. The maximum cooling coil
load also occurs at 5 pm in July. For this hour the coil airflow rate is 12355 CFM.
Therefore, on the Air System Sizing Summary, HAP will report:
Peak coil load occurs at .............. Jul 1700
Coil CFM (L/s) at Jul 1700 .......... 12355 CFM
Max block CFM (L/s) ................... 13269 CFM
In this example, the 900 CFM (425 L/s) difference between airflows is due to the different
considerations used to calculate the required fan airflow in stage 1 of the analysis, and the coil
airflow during the system simulation in stage 2 of the analysis. Further investigation of the results
showed that the zone air temperatures are close to 76 F (24.4 C), which is the upper limit of the
thermostat throttling range for this example. For the initial zone loads calculated in stage 1 of the
analysis, a thermostat setpoint of 75 F (23.9 C) was used. The difference in zone air
temperatures used in the two calculations (75 F [23.9 C] versus 76 F [24.4 C]) and its effect on
zone thermal dynamics ultimately results in lower coil airflow.
The important thing to recognize is that each airflow is computed for different purposes and
therefore uses different considerations. The maximum coil airflow is derived as part of the zone
and fan airflow sizing calculation, which considers idealized conditions. The coil airflow at the time
of the peak coil load is derived as part of the cooling coil analysis. This analysis considers all of
the operating factors of the system, most notably the interaction between the zone thermostats
and the VAV box dampers, and between zone air temperature and room loads.
Further Information. Differences between maximum coil airflow rate and coil airflow rate for the
peak coil load time can also occur for Multizone, Bypass Multizone and Dual Duct CAV systems,
and for single-zone constant volume systems using fan cycling.
Selecting Equipment When Coil CFM (L/s) Differ

The preceding article describes situations in which the maximum coil airflow rate differs from the
airflow rate at the time of the peak cooling coil load. When this happens, a design engineer is
faced with the dilemma of which airflow rate to use when selecting equipment. This article
provides recommendations for dealing with this equipment selection situation.
Central Cooling Coils in VAV Systems. First, the packaged unit or the cooling coil for a built-up
unit should be selected using the airflow at the time of the peak coil load [listed as "Coil CFM (L/s)
at month/hour" in Table 1 below]. This airflow is obtained from the system simulation and
corresponds to the total load, sensible load and entering and leaving temperature conditions in
the table. Thus, in order to use consistent coil performance data for selection, the "Coil CFM (L/s)
at month/hour" item must be utilized.
Second, use the fan motor BHP or fan motor kW data reported in the "Supply Fan Sizing Data"
section of the Air System Sizing Summary to select the fan motor.
Third, verify that the selected fan can operate at the maximum fan airflow rate without exceeding
its maximum RPM value. The maximum fan airflow is reported in two places on the Air System
Sizing Summary. It appears in the "Central Cooling Coil Sizing Data " table as "Max block CFM
(L/s).” It also appears in the "Supply Fan Sizing Data " table as "Actual max CFM (L/s)". The Sum
of peak zone CFM (L/s) is provided for those who wish to take further precautions.
Finally, in certain applications, it may be necessary to use product literature to verify that
excessive water carry-over will not occur when the coil experiences its maximum airflow rate.
Recommendations for Other System Types. Differences between the maximum coil airflow and
the coil airflow at the peak coil load time can also occur for Multizone, Bypass Multizone, and
Dual Duct CAV systems. For these systems, the cooling coil should be selected using the airflow
at the peak coil load time. Make sure the coil will not have excessive water carryover when
operating at maximum airflow. To select the fan, the maximum fan airflow should be used since
the fan supplies air to both cold and hot decks. ¨
Table 1
How Ventilation Loads are Calculated in HAP
Q. On the Air System Design Load Summary printout, the outdoor ventilation CFM and the
corresponding design cooling and heating ventilation loads are listed. I have not been able to
duplicate these load calculations by hand. Can you explain why?
A. On the Air System Design Load Summary report, the ventilation line item contains six separate
values:
• The cooling ventilation CFM (L/s)
• The cooling sensible ventilation load.
• The cooling latent ventilation load.
• The heating ventilation CFM (L/s)
• The heating sensible ventilation load.
• The heating latent ventilation load.
Equations and considerations involved in the calculation of these values are explained below.
With this information, you should be able to duplicate computer calculations by hand.
Ventilation CFM (L/s). The cooling ventilation airflow rate is for the month and hour for the
cooling data on this printout. A separate airflow is listed for the design heating condition. In
certain types of systems, the cooling and heating values will differ. For example, in a VAV air
system using proportional control for ventilation air, the outdoor ventilation airflow varies as a
constant percentage of supply fan airflow. Because the supply fan airflow rates for design cooling
and heating conditions differ, ventilation airflow rates will differ. It is important to use the
appropriate ventilation CFM (L/s) when calculating ventilation loads by hand.
Cooling Sensible and Latent Loads. A ventilation load is the net heat gain or loss for the
system due to outdoor ventilation air entering the system and exhaust air leaving the system. For
conditions at sea level in which no direct exhaust is used, the common ventilation equations are:
Qvs = 1.08 Voa (Toa - Tex)
Qvl = 4746.6 Voa (ωoa - ωex)
In SI Metric units, these equations are:
Qvs = 1.207 Voa (Toa - Tex)
Qvl = 2946.7 Voa (ωoa - ωex)
where:
Qvs = Sensible ventilation load, BTU/hr or W.
1.08 = Product of air density, specific heat of air and a units conversion factor in
English Units. For sea level conditions.
= (0.075 lb/cuft)(0.24 BTU/lb-F)(60 min/hr)
1.207 = Product of air density, specific heat of air and a units conversion factor in SI
Metric units. For sea level conditions.
= (1.201 kg/m3)(1004.8 J/kg-K)(m3/1000 L)
Voa = Outdoor ventilation airflow rate, CFM or L/s.
Toa = Outdoor air temperature, F or C.
Tex = Exhaust air temperature, F or C.
Qvl = Latent ventilation load, BTU/hr or W.
4746.6 = Product of air density, heat of vaporization for water and a units conversion
factor. For sea level conditions.
= (0.075 lb/cuft)(1054.8 BTU/lbm)(60 min/hr)
2946.7 = Product of air density, heat of vaporization for water and a units conversion
factor in SI Metric units. For sea level conditions.
= (1.201 kg/m3)(2453.5 x 103 J/kg)(m3/1000 L)
ωoa = Outdoor air specific humidity, lb/lb or kg/kg.
ωex = Exhaust air specific humidity, lb/lb or kg/kg.
When solving these equations, be aware of the following:
• The air density value used by the program is adjusted for site elevation. Thus, for sites not
located at sea level, factors other than 1.08, 1.207, 4746.6 and 2946.7 are used.
Equations used to adjust air density for elevation are discussed in the program help
system and the Design Load User's Manual for HAP.
• The value of Tex is sometimes difficult to determine. First, the zone air temperature is often
not equal to the cooling setpoint. Instead, it varies within the thermostat throttling range.
Both the System Psychrometrics and Hourly Zone Design Day Cooling Loads reports list
zone temperatures. For multiple zone systems, the mixed temperature for air exiting the
zones must be considered. The System Psychrometrics report lists this value for air mixed
from all the zones.
• In addition, after leaving the zone, air temperature can be affected by plenum heat gains
and losses, return fan heat gain, duct leakage and heat transfer in ventilation reclaim
devices. The effect of these heat gains or losses is shown on the System Psychrometrics
report, culminating in the calculation of the exhaust air temperature Tex.
• If direct exhaust air is used, air will be exhausted from the system at two or more different
temperatures (e.g. air directly exhausted from the zone and air exhausted after picking up
plenum and other heat gains). Equations used in this situation are discussed in program
help system and in the Design Load User's Manual for HAP.
Design Heating Sensible Load. The basic equations used for the heating analysis are the same
as for the cooling sensible analysis, but with one exception. The convention that a positive
heating load represents a heat loss requires that the position of the temperature and humidity
values in the equation be switched:
English Units: Qvs = 1.08 Voa (Tex - Toa)
Qvl = 4746.6 Voa (ωex - ωoa)
SI Metric Units: Qvs = 1.207 Voa (Tex - Toa)
Qvl = 2946.7 Voa (ωex - ωoa)
When solving these equations, be aware of the same considerations mentioned for cooling:
• Air density adjustment for altitude.
• Problems with determining Tex.
• Complications introduced by direct exhaust air.
As with cooling, the System Psychrometrics report lists the key temperature and humidity
components used in these calculations. ♦
System Based Design Load Calculations
In HAP, two of the important concepts in design load calculations involve the use of the ASHRAE
heat extraction method and "system-based" sizing techniques. Both are concepts that have been
used since HAP 3.0, but it is useful to review them since it is important to understand the
principles and procedures involved as well as their effects on results. In this article the system
sizing procedures used in HAP will be explained with emphasis on the roles heat extraction
calculations and system-based sizing play.
Definitions. Before beginning, it will be useful to provide brief definitions of heat extraction and
system-based sizing:
• Heat Extraction Procedures represent the second part of the two-step ASHRAE-
endorsed transfer function load method. The first part is the basic transfer function
calculation, which accounts for the transient nature of the processes that convert heat
gains to cooling loads. Heat gains usually do not instantly become cooling loads, but
rather involve a time delay due to heat storage. However, the loads calculated with the
basic transfer function equations are based on the idealized assumption of a constant
room temperature 24 hours per day. Heat extraction procedures are used to take the
calculation one step further considering the effect of varying zone temperatures during the
day (such as set-up or shutdown periods at night) and how air-conditioning systems and
thermostat controls respond to load conditions. The most compelling reason to include
heat extraction in design calculations is that they provide a way to obtain realistic,
accurate estimates of pulldown loads.
• System-Based Design considers system specifics when sizing systems. Many load
estimating programs deal with systems in a generic manner. Thermostat setpoints, supply
air controls and fan characteristics are specified without being associated with a specific
system control such as variable air volume (VAV) or constant air volume (CAV). However,
different sizing procedures are needed for VAV and CAV. With a generic approach, it is up
to the user to decide how to use program outputs to size a specific type of system. With
HAP, sizing calculations and outputs are tailored to the system type specified by the user,
thus making the results more accurate and easier to use.
Sizing Overview. In HAP, sizing calculations are performed for all system types using the
following three-step procedure:
• Size Zone Airflows. Zones are dealt with separately to determine peak sensible loads and
required airflow rates.
• Size Supply Fan Airflow. Zone airflow requirements are then combined to determine the
maximum supply fan airflow requirement.
• Size Coils. Given user specifications of air system characteristics plus the calculated zone
and fan sizing data, the program simulates operation of the system for design cooling
conditions each month. A simulation is also performed for the design heating condition. Coil
loads resulting from these simulations are inspected to identify the maximum load for each
coil in the system. These are reported on program outputs.
In the paragraphs below, each of these steps will be discussed in detail.
Step 1: Zone Airflow Sizing. The goal of this step is to identify the maximum sensible load and
maximum airflow rate for each zone in the system. To do this the program deals with each zone
separately. Using space and zone input data and ASHRAE transfer function procedures; the
program calculates heat gains for all heat sources in a zone and converts the heat gains to
"cooling loads". Per ASHRAE procedures, these cooling loads are based on the assumption that
cooling equipment operates 24 hours per day and that the zone is maintained exactly at the
cooling thermostat setpoint. Thus, these cooling loads are idealized unless the system will
actually operate this way. This simplifying assumption will be compensated for later during the
coil simulations using the heat extraction procedure.
After calculating loads for all design cooling months specified, the program searches the data to
identify the maximum zone sensible cooling load. For a given supply air temperature, the program
calculates the required airflow rate to satisfy this load.
Results of the zone airflow sizing analysis appear on the Zone Sizing Summary report. Zone
sensible loads from this analysis also appear on the Air System Design Load Summary, Zone
Design Load Summary and Hourly Zone Design Day Loads reports. On these reports, the cooling
loads are interchangeably referred to as "zone load" and "zone sensible.”
Step 2: Fan Airflow Sizing. The goal of this sizing step is to determine the maximum airflow
requirement for the central supply fan. This is the first calculation in which system-based sizing is
involved. For a CAV system, the program adds peak CFMs (L/s) for all zones to determine the
required supply fan airflow. For VAV systems, the program identifies the peak coincident CFM
(L/s). This is done by first using zone sensible load data from the previous step to determine
require airflow rates for each hour of the day. Hourly airflow requirements for each zone are then
added together to build a fan airflow profile. Finally, the program searches this profile to find the
maximum airflow rate.
Figure 1 illustrates this calculation for a VAV system. Zone airflow rates are shown in this figure
for an east-facing zone and a west-facing zone. For each hour, the sum of east and west zone
airflow rates is the required fan airflow rate. In Figure 1, the east zone peaks at 0900 with a 6252
CFM (2950 L/s) requirement, the west zone peaks at 1700 with a 6989 CFM (3298 L/s)
requirement, and the supply fan peaks at 1600 with a 10213 CFM (4820 L/s) requirement. Note
that this VAV fan airflow is 23% less than the 13241 CFM (6248 L/s) that would be required for a
CAV system. Because a VAV system can take advantage of load diversity, its design airflow can
often be less than the sum of peak zone CFMs (L/s). When a VAV air system is specified in HAP,
the system-based sizing procedure automatically considers this.
Step 3: Coil Sizing Calculations. The goal of the final sizing step is to determine maximum
loads for all coils in the air system. Performing detailed simulations of air system operation for
each design cooling month and the design heating condition does this. Air system input data, the
airflow rates and zone sensible load profiles calculated in steps 1 and 2, and ASHRAE heat
extraction procedures are used to perform these simulations. Simulations are specific to the type
of system being dealt with and consider all system components and controls specified.
The zone sensible load profiles calculated in step 1 are the basis for system simulations. As
noted earlier, these load profiles were calculated assuming 24-hour equipment operation and a
constant zone temperature equal to the occupied cooling thermostat setpoint. Consequently,
these load profiles must be adjusted using the ASHRAE heat extraction equations if cooling
equipment is operated for less than 24 hours, if an unoccupied period set-up temperature is used,
if cooling equipment is shut down during the unoccupied period and if a thermostat throttling
range other than 0 F (-17.8 C) is used. The heat extraction calculations yield the amount of heat
the air conditioning system must remove each hour to maintain the zone in the thermostat
throttling range. Once zone heat extraction rates have been computed, this data serves as the
basis for calculations of airflow rates, temperatures and humidity at all points in the air system.
Finally, these results allow loads for coils in the system to be determined. For example, the
cooling coil inlet and outlet dry-bulb temperatures and the coil airflow rate are used to calculate
the sensible coil load.
Figure 2 provides sample results from a design simulation for a single-zone CAV air system. The
figure provides a useful comparison between zone sensible loads, heat extraction rates (called
"zone conditioning") and sensible and total cooling coil loads.
The "zone sensible" load profile represents sensible cooling loads assuming 24-hour equipment
operation and a constant 75 F (23.9 C) zone air temperature. The "zone conditioning" profile
represents heat extracted from the zone during the 6am-7pm operating period (from 8pm to 5am
the cooling system is off). During this operating cycle, the zone air temperature varies within in
the 75 F (23.9 C) - 78 F (25.5 C) throttling range during the 6am-7pm operating period, and floats
at higher temperatures during the nighttime shutdown period. Heat extraction method estimates
of zone air temperature are shown in Figure 3. As a result of this behavior, extra load is imposed
on the air conditioning equipment to pull down the zone air temperature and to remove heat that
has accumulated in the building mass during the nighttime period. This pulldown load is the
principal reason for differences between the zone sensible and zone conditioning profiles in
Figure 2. Note that these differences are most significant at the start of the operating period, but
also continue throughout the 13-hour operating period.
The coil sensible profile in Figure 2 represents the sensible heat that must be removed at the
central cooling coil. In addition to providing enough sensible cooling to meet zone-conditioning
demands, the coil must also provide cooling to offset fan heat gain, sensible ventilation load and
the portion of plenum heat gains that returns to the coil. These factors cause the coil sensible
profile in Figure 2 to exceed than the zone conditioning profile for all hours. Finally, the total coil
load profile in Figure 2 represents total heat removal at the cooling coil. The difference between
the total and sensible coil profiles is the latent cooling provided by the coil.
Results from the coil sizing analysis are reported on the Air System Sizing Summary. Zone
conditioning and coil load data are also provided on the Air System Design Load Summary and
Hourly Air System Design Day Loads reports. Zone temperatures and zone conditioning are listed
on Hourly Zone Design Day Loads reports.
Implication: Performance-Based Coil Estimate. While it is useful to understand the sizing
procedures used in HAP, it is even more important to recognize the implications of the
procedures. The most significant of these is that the system simulation technique used yields a
"performance-based" estimate of peak coil loads. By this, we mean that the calculation considers
all system controls and operating variables. Perhaps most important among these is the variation
of zone temperature.
As noted earlier, zone temperature will vary during the unoccupied set-up or shutdown period,
and within the thermostat throttling range during the occupied period. In Figure 3, for example,
zone temperatures lie toward the upper end of the 3 F (-16.1) thermostat throttling range during
the 13-hour occupied operating period. This is not necessarily always the case. If unoccupied
cooling at a set-up temperature was provided, or 24-hour cooling was provided, the pulldown load
component would be less severe or eliminated altogether and zone temperatures would tend to
lie closer to the bottom of the throttling range.
These temperature variations may or may not be desired by the designer. On one hand, some
designers wish to consider actual operating characteristics in the calculation, including zone
temperature variations, and are therefore comfortable with a performance-based calculation.
Others may want to use idealized conditions with the zone temperature fixed exactly at a single
setpoint temperature.
While the performance-based nature of the coil simulations cannot be eliminated completely,
using a throttling range of 0.1 F (-17.7 C) can minimize it. Note that a finite throttling range is
required by the heat extraction method. Without it, the analysis cannot be performed and
pulldown loads cannot be computed; 0.1 F (-17.7 C) is the minimum allowed by the program.
Using this throttling range will have an effect both on the zone conditioning and cooling coil loads
calculated, as well as the estimates of zone temperatures. Results from the single-zone CAV
example for both 3 F (-16.1 C) and 0.1 F (-17.7 C) throttling ranges are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
Use of the 0.1 F (-17.7 C) throttling range results in a peak cooling coil load that is 4% larger than
the 3 F (-16.1 C) throttling range case. It also results in estimated zone temperatures closer to the
75 F (23.9 C) cooling setpoint as shown in Figure 5.
Thus, system based design using the heat extraction method offers powerful, sophisticated
capabilities to user. But to successfully use the heat extraction method, a designer must
understand the procedure and its implications.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
APPENDIX “D”
Technical White Papers
Appendix “D”
The Benefits of System-Based Design
Introduction
In 1993 Carrier incorporated system-based design features in its Hourly Analysis Program
(HAP) software. At the time, system-based design was a new concept that allowed the computer
to do a more complete and accurate job of sizing equipment than the traditional load estimating
approach. Ten years later, this approach still yields significant benefits to HVAC system
designers because of the productivity advantage it offers. And even today it still serves to
differentiate HAP from other load estimating and system design software on the market.
This paper explains system-based design and its benefits. First the paper discusses how
traditional system design methods work and the shortcomings of the traditional approach. Next,
the concept of system-based design is explained, and the benefits it offers are explored.
How Traditional System Design Methods Work

Many computer programs used for HVAC system design are based on a traditional approach that
manual methods use. First, the engineer inputs weather data, information about the building
construction, internal loads and layout, and HVAC sizing parameters. The latter includes such
things as thermostat setpoints, the required supply temperature and the required outdoor air
ventilation rate. Using this data the program then:
• Computes zone sensible cooling loads for all zones for a series of design cooling months.
• Identifies the maximum zone sensible load for each zone in order to calculate required zone
airflow rates and the required supply fan airflow rate.
• Calculates central cooling coil loads for the months being considered in order to identify the
maximum cooling coil load.
• If the system also provides heating, calculations are performed to determine the maximum
heating coil load.
This procedure yields data useful for sizing terminal diffusers, the supply fan, the central cooling
coil, and the central heating coil.
Shortcomings of the Traditional Approach

It is important to note the traditional approach does not explicitly consider the type of HVAC
system being designed. This approach is acceptable when designing simple CAV or VAV
systems. However, when an HVAC system with special features, components or aspects of
operation is involved, the traditional approach has two important flaws.
First, it leaves a gap between what the engineer needs to design the system fully, and what the
program provides as sizing data. Different types of HVAC systems contain different components
which each need to be sized. Further, different types of HVAC systems require different sizing
procedures. Therefore defining the system type is necessary to determine the components to be
sized and the procedures to be used. The following examples illustrate this point:
• A single zone CAV system requires that the supply diffusers, supply fan and the central
cooling and heating coils be sized. The supply fan airflow is equal to the required airflow for
the single zone.
• A VAV Reheat system serving multiple zones requires that supply diffusers, the supply fan,
the central cooling coil and the terminal reheat coils be sized. The supply fan is sized for the
diversified peak airflow to zones, rather than the sum of zone airflows. The terminal reheat
coils are sized using a procedure that is different from sizing a central heating coil.
• A VAV Fan Powered Mixing Box system serving multiple zones requires that supply diffusers,
mixing box terminals, the supply fan and the central cooling coil be sized. Unlike other
systems, the terminal equipment for this system includes both a fan and a reheat coil, both of
which must be sized. Sizing procedures differ slightly depending on whether a series mixing
box or parallel mixing box terminal is used.
• A 2-Fan Dual Duct VAV system serving multiple zones requires that supply diffusers, mixing
box terminals, the cold deck supply fan, the hot deck supply fan, the cold deck cooling coil
and the hot deck heating coil all be sized. This system contains a unique configuration of
components not found in other systems. Procedures tailored to this type of system must be
used to properly size the equipment.
The second problem with the traditional approach involves accuracy. If the traditional approach is
used to size a system such as series Fan-Powered Mixing Box or 2-Fan Dual Duct, additional
hand calculations will be required to size components not addressed by the calculation. These
additional hand calculations make the design more difficult, more time consuming and prone to
error. In more complex situations, sizing is often approximated to save time. Thus, the traditional
approach plus hand calculations is often less accurate than a computerized approach that
considers system type and does a complete job.
System-Based Design and How It Works

The system-based design approach considers the unique features of the HVAC system being
designed and then tailors the load estimating and sizing procedures to that system. It can
therefore provide specific, accurate sizing information for each component of the system.
If a Series Fan Powered Mixing Box system is being designed, for example, the system-based
approach will provide the information necessary to size the terminal mixing boxes, their fans and
heating coils. It will also consider the special operating features of the system to determine
accurate primary supply fan and primary cooling coil sizes. In this way sizing methods and output
data are customized to each specific system type.
By providing system-specific sizing data, the system-based design approach can bridge the gap
between what an engineer needs and what a computerized system design program provides.
How It Works. The information a designer must supply to initiate the design process is similar to
the traditional approach. The engineer must:
• Input weather data.
• Input building construction, internal heat gain and layout information.
• Define the HVAC system. In addition to thermostat setpoints and sizing criteria, the engineer
specifies exactly what type of HVAC system is involved and its attributes. For example, it
could be VAV Reheat, VAV with baseboard heat, Series Fan Powered Mixing Box, Dual Duct
VAV, etc...
Next, the system-based design computer program calculates loads and sizes system
components:
1. Zone Load Calculation. The program first calculates hourly zone sensible cooling loads for
all zones for the design cooling months being considered.
2. Zone Airflow Sizing. The program then identifies maximum zone sensible loads in order to
determine required zone supply airflow rates and required central fan airflow rates. For some
systems, such as fan powered mixing box systems, special aspects of system operation may
influence the required airflow rates.
3. System Simulation. Once system airflows have been determined, the program simulates the
hour-by-hour operation of the HVAC system and all its components to determine loads for all
coils in the system. This mathematical simulation considers the interplay of component
operation for the specific system being studied. Simulations are performed for the range of
design cooling months specified by the designer and for the heating design condition.
4. Coil Sizing. Finally, the program searches results of system simulation to determine
maximum required size for each component coil in the system.
Benefits of System-Based Design

The major benefit of the system-based design approach, of course, is that it gives the engineer
exactly what is needed to design a system. Specific sizing data is provided instead of raw
material for further hand calculations. The result is increased productivity for the designer
because the computer is being put to work more effectively. The computer does a complete job of
system sizing, not a partial job.
A related benefit is that the system-based approach does a more accurate and therefore reliable
job of generating sizing data. This is because sizing calculations consider the specific operating
nature of the system, not the features of a simple, generic system. Further, the approach can
evaluate more operating conditions than can be checked by hand, so that the approach is more
thorough and comprehensive.
Finally, because detailed, dynamic system simulations are part of this approach, the method can
potentially be used to investigate the effect on sizing of such devices and controls as:
• Outdoor air ventilation energy recovery devices.
• Outdoor air economizers.
• Active dehumidification and humidification controls.
• Night-time free cooling controls.
Previously, such controls have only been evaluated in energy analysis simulations to determine
effects on operating costs. But each can also have an effect on sizing which in turn can have a
significant effect the first cost of the system.
CONCLUSION
Even though the concept is no longer brand new, system-based design still represents a
promising advance in the field of HVAC system design. It offers improvements in productivity and
accuracy, and opens new avenues of investigation to the designer in the pursuit of the optimal
design. Look for it when choosing your HVAC design tools.
The Benefits of 8760 Hour by Hour
Building Energy Analysis
Introduction influencing building loads and equipment
performance as possible. The ultimate result
As energy costs rise, building owners are of the analysis is a predicted operating cost.
becoming increasingly interested in An accurate cost prediction relies on energy
operating costs and energy efficiency. As a use data, which in turn relies on equipment
result, building energy analysis (BEA) is simulations, which must be based on
becoming an important tool in the HVAC building load predictions, all of which must
design field. Currently many BEA tools are be accurate. Concisely stated, high quality
available to engineers. Most are in the form results can be obtained when the analysis
of computer programs and employ a variety considers:
of methods with different benefits. Among
these, BEA tools such as Carrier's HAP 1. The Range and Timing of Weather
program that use the 8760 hour-by-hour Conditions. Varying levels of
method can offer the greatest benefits temperature, humidity and solar radiation
because they yield highly accurate, during the year influence building loads
sophisticated system comparisons. This and equipment performance. In each
article will discuss the benefits of 8760 hour geographical location conditions range
building energy analysis by first explaining from hot to cold, wet to dry and sunny to
the basics of building energy analysis and cloudy in different ways. Considering the
the requirements for high quality BEA actual ranges of these conditions and
system comparisons. Then, major BEA when they occur on a daily, monthly and
methods will be evaluated with special yearly basis is crucial to producing
emphasis on the benefits of 8760 hour-by- accurate energy use results.
hour versus reduced hour-by-hour methods.
2. The Hourly and Daily Variation in
Internal Loads. Patterns of building use
What Is Building Energy involving occupancy, lighting and
equipment operation can change
Analysis? significantly from one day to the next.
Building energy analysis is the technique of Considering these use patterns in their
estimating energy use and operating costs correct day-to-day sequence is important
for a building and its energy consuming in generating accurate load data.
systems. In our industry, particular emphasis
is placed on the energy use of a building's 3. The Dynamic Nature of Building Heat
HVAC systems. The purpose of BEA is to Transfer. The process of converting heat
compare the energy use and operating costs gains and losses to cooling and heating
of alternate system designs in order to loads is a transient rather than a steady-
choose the optimal design. The analysis state process. Heat gains occurring
mathematically simulates the thermal during one hour often affect loads over a
performance of the building to determine number of succeeding hours.
cooling and heating loads. It then Consequently, it is important to consider
mathematically simulates the performance of accurate sequences of heat gains
HVAC equipment in response to these loads occurring during the day. In addition,
to determine energy use over the course of a because weather conditions and building
year. Finally, energy data is used to use profiles vary from day to day,
calculate operating costs. sequences of heat gains can affect loads
from one day to the next.
Requirements for High Quality 4. The Response and Performance of

HVAC Equipment. How controls,
Results. systems and equipment respond to
Successful building energy analysis relies on demands for cooling and heating in a
considering as many of the physical factors building, and the factors that affect part-
load performance of the equipment must efficiency and equivalent full load hours to
be considered to yield accurate obtain annual energy use. In both cases, this
equipment energy use data. level of simplicity is achieved by using such
sweeping assumptions that the accuracy and
5. The Details Of How Utilities Charge reliability of these methods are very limited.
For Energy Use. Often prices for energy
vary by season and time of day. Further,
charges are often made for peak energy Simplified Multiple Measure Methods
usage. As a result, the analysis must not These methods involve calculations of
only be able to produce accurate energy use at several different conditions.
estimates of how much energy is used, With the Bin Method, for example, energy
but must also accurately determine when use is computed at a series of outdoor air
during the day energy is used. dry-bulb conditions. Results are then
Evaluation of BEA Methods weighted according to the number of hours
A wide variety of building energy analysis each dry-bulb condition is expected to occur
methods are currently available to HVAC to determine annual energy use.
engineers and range from simple to
sophisticated. The simplest methods involve For example, the temperature 47 F would be
the largest number of simplifying used to represent the range of conditions
assumptions and therefore tend to be the between 45 F and 50 F, referred to as a
least accurate. The most sophisticated "bin". Building loads and equipment energy
methods involve the fewest assumptions and use would first be calculated for the 47 F bin.
thus can provide the most accurate results. Next, energy results would be multiplied the
Generally, BEA methods are divided into number of hours per year temperatures are
three categories: expected to occur between 45 F and 50 F to
determine annual energy use for that bin.
a) Single Measure Methods (example: Similar calculations would then be repeated
Equivalent Full Load Hours) for all other temperature bins for the local
b) Simplified Multiple Measure Methods climate and would be summed to determine
(example: Bin Method) overall annual energy use.
c) Detailed Multiple Measure Method
(example: Hour by Hour) While the Bin Method provides a vast
improvement in sophistication over single
While methods in the first two categories measure methods, it has a fatal flaw. This
serve a useful role in providing quick, flaw is that it must decouple weather
preliminary energy estimates, the conditions, loads and system operation from
simplifications they involve impair their time. For example, hours in the 47 F bin,
accuracy. Each will be briefly discussed when the outdoor dry-bulb is between 45 F
below. The main focus of the following and 50 F, occur at a variety of times of day
discussions, however, will be the different and night, days of the week and months of
hour by hour methods contained in the third the year. Because a single calculation is
category. performed to represent energy use for all
these different times it is difficult or even
impossible to accurately:
Single Measure Methods
a) Link solar radiation and humidity
These methods involve one calculation of conditions to the bin.
annual or seasonal energy use. The Degree- b) Consider hourly and daily variations in
Day Method, for example, computes energy internal loads.
use by combining one degree-day weather c) Consider the transient hour to hour and
value with a load value and an efficiency day to day thermal performance of the
value to obtain seasonal or annual energy building.
use. Similarly, the Equivalent Full Load Hour
Method combines full load capacity, full load
d) Predict time-of-day energy use and peak weather profile is still used for all three
demands. typical day simulations each month.
Inevitably averaging assumptions must be b) Some methods also analyze equipment

made to shoehorn all these considerations operation for a hot and cold day each
into the framework of the bin analysis. And month in an attempt to improve
these assumptions impair accuracy. While estimates of peak electrical demand.
the Bin Method is useful for simple,
preliminary estimates of energy use and c) Some methods simulate building
operating cost, it cannot provide the level of operation for one 7-day week each
accuracy and sophistication offered by the month to try to account for day-to-day
detailed multiple measure methods. building dynamics. However, a one
average weather profile is still used for
all 7 days of the simulation.
Detailed Multiple Measure
The fundamental principle of this method is
Methods that building and equipment performance on
These methods perform energy calculations hotter and colder than normal days each
on an hour-by-hour basis. As a result, they month averages out so that monthly energy
have the potential to satisfy all the use can be accurately predicted by
requirements listed earlier for high quality simulating a small group of days using
energy analysis results. There is, however, a average weather conditions. The method
certain amount of variation among different offers the benefits of reduced calculation
detailed multiple measure methods, leading time and more moderate demands on
some methods to meet the accuracy computer memory and hard disk storage
requirements better than others. Within the space.
detailed multiple measure category are two
major sub-categories worth discussing: 8760 Hour-By-Hour Method:
How and Why?
a) The Reduced Hour-By-Hour Method This method simulates building and
b) The 8760 Hour-By-Hour Method. equipment performance for all 8,760 hours in
the year using the proper sequence of days
and actual weather data. No weighting of
Reduced Hour-By-Hour results or simplifications are necessary.
Method: How & Why? The fundamental principle is that the way to
This method typically uses one 24-hour produce the most accurate energy and
profile of average weather conditions per operating cost estimates is to mimic the real-
month. Energy simulations are performed for time operating experience of a building over
this average profile and results are then the course of a year. All the requirements
multiplied by the number of days in the listed earlier for high quality energy analysis
month to obtain monthly energy totals. Upon results can be met with this approach. The
this basic foundation, different reduced hour- actual weather data accounts for the range
by-hour methods make various and timing of weather conditions in great
improvements to enhance the accuracy of detail. Further, the hourly and daily variation
results: of building occupancy, lighting and
equipment use can be easily accounted for.
a) Some methods analyze building In addition, the full year simulation tracks the
operation for a typical Weekday, dynamic hour-to-hour and day-to-day
Saturday and Sunday each month since thermal behavior of the building, and the
building use profiles differ significantly response of HVAC equipment to this
between these days. One average behavior. The ultimate result is high-quality
data that can be utilized to produce accurate,
detailed data about the quantity and timing of days. Because only average winter weather
energy use. Both are requirements for is considered, most or all of the heating duty
accurate operating cost estimates. for the year may be missed by an average-
day simulation approach.
Comparison of Reduced and Finally, "linear" behavior is a requirement for

averaging to be accurate. For example, if
8760 Hour-By-Hour Methods cooling loads are 20% larger when the
While the Reduced Hour-By-Hour method temperature is 15 F warmer than average,
often provides accurate results, the 8760 and 20% smaller when the temperature is 15
Hour-By-Hour method can consistently F cooler than average, cooling loads are
provide superior accuracy and reliability. linearly proportional to outdoor temperature.
Among the reasons why, five stand out: Averaging of the warm day and cool day
loads will result in loads similar to those
1. Better Estimates of Monthly Energy produced by simulating only the average
Use. weather day. However, loads depend on
One of the flaws in the fundamental principle more than just outdoor temperature. Solar
of the reduced hour-by-hour method is that it radiation, internal loads and hour-to-hour
relies on building and HVAC system and day-to-day dynamic behavior also affect
behavior being "continuous" and "linear" loads and often result in non-linear behavior.
during the month. Often these requirements
are not met and this adversely affects Another example involves cooling
accuracy equipment. If equipment input kW decreases
8% for every 10% drop in part-load ratio,
"Continuous" is a mathematical term that in input kW and load are linearly proportional. If
this context refers to a consistent mode of this relationship holds true, simulation of
operation (it does not refer to constant 24- equipment performance for one average day
hour operation of equipment). For example, per month has the best chance of accurately
during a summer month HVAC system approximating equipment performance on
operation is continuous when cooling is the collection of hot, average and cool days
consistently done on all days whether hot, during the month. Unfortunately, the
cool or average weather conditions prevail. performance of equipment is often non-linear
In this situation simulation of system due to part-load, entering condenser
performance for one 24-hour average temperature and other performance factors.
weather profile has the best chance of Consequently, the accuracy of the average
approximating the total energy use for a day approach can be degraded when
month. equipment behavior is non-linear.
However, system operation is often not The 8760-hour method avoids these
"continuous" during a month, especially problems by simulating building and
during intermediate seasons. For example, equipment operation for the entire month.
during an autumn month, cooling may be Actual weather data used by the simulation
done on warmer than average days, consists of a collection of days, all with
economizer operation may occur on average different combinations of temperature,
days, and heating may occur on cooler than humidity and sunshine.
normal days. A simulation of one average
day for such a month may indicate little or no Figures 1 and 2 provide an example of this
cooling and heating because it does not kind of data for the month of September in
consider the warmer and colder than Chicago. Figure 1 demonstrates the way dry-
average conditions. bulb temperatures can vary during a month.
The dotted lines in this figure are the upper
In moderate climates this problem can and lower limits of the average temperature
become severe when the only time heating profile for the month that would be used by
occurs is on colder than average winter
the reduced hour-by-hour method. Further, because a full month of days are
Comparison of the average and actual data simulated, the appropriate factors influencing
shows a significant number of hours outside equipment performance are considered.
the range of conditions considered by the There is no reliance on the assumption of
average day simulation approach. "continuous" or "linear" behavior, and the
estimates of monthly energy use can be
highly accurate.
2. Higher Quality System Comparisons.

The issues discussed under item (1) affect
not only the accuracy of monthly energy
estimates, but also the quality of system
comparisons. This is because many of the
system design alternatives commonly
considered exhibit behavior that is both
discontinuous and non-linear.
Figure 1. Chicago Weather / September Dry Bulbs
"Discontinuous" refers to inconsistent
operation. That is, operation that starts and
stops rather than continuing for all operating
conditions during a month. "Non-linear"
refers to the fact that there is often not a
simple proportional relationship between
load or outdoor temperature and equipment
performance, as discussed in item (1).
A comparison of air handling systems with

and without a non-integrated outdoor air
economizer provides a good illustration of
this problem. With this type of economizer
Figure 2. Chicago Weather / September Solar
control, economizer dampers open when
outdoor air temperature drops below the
Likewise, Figure 2 demonstrates the
supply air temperature. The system can then
variation of solar radiation profiles during the
immediately use outdoor air for free cooling;
month. The dotted line indicates the
mechanical cooling can be turned off. For
maximum solar flux in the average day
this example, assume the supply air
profile used by the reduced hour-by-hour
temperature is 57 F and that we are
method. Once again, there are many
simulating system operation for the weather
conditions with greater sunshine and less
data shown in Figure 1. The dotted lines in
sunshine than considered by the average
this figure indicate the upper and lower limits
day approach. More importantly, comparison
of an average temperature profile for the
of the peaks and valleys in Figures 1 and 2
month. Because this average profile ranges
shows that hot days are not always sunny,
between 58 F and 75 F, a simulation using
and cool days are not always cloudy. The
the reduced hour-by-hour approach would
diverse collection of hot, cold, sunny, cloudy
never find a condition when the economizer
and in between conditions shown in these
dampers opened during September; free
figures illustrates the complex nature of
cooling would never be available. However,
actual weather data and provides evidence
with the 8760 hour method, the use of actual
that building loads will not be a simple linear
temperature profiles for the month result in
function of outdoor air temperature.
119 hours during 13 days when
By considering a diverse collection of
temperatures drop below 57 F. If cooling
weather conditions each month, the 8760
loads exist during these times, the
hour method produces a diverse, realistic set
economizer would operate to provide free
of cooling and heating loads for the month.
cooling. Therefore, because an economizer much energy is used, but when during the
exhibits discontinuous operation, turning on day and week the energy is used. When
and off at specific conditions, the reduced energy prices vary with time of day, accuracy
hour-by-hour approach may not be able to of the timing of energy use is critical for
successfully account for its operation. In our producing accurate operating cost data.
example the reduced hour-by-hour method
would underestimate the benefit of the 5. More Accurate Estimates of Peak
economizer. Demand.
Finally, by considering the full range of
Similar situations can exist for other system weather and operating conditions
components and controls that involve experienced by a building during a month,
discontinuous, on/off behavior. Examples the 8760 hour method is able to produce
include ventilation heat reclaim, supply air more accurate estimates of peak energy
reset, humidity control, cooling tower fan demand. When utility rates include a
cycling, and loading and unloading of chiller demand charge component, a significant
networks as well as many others. part of the energy cost can be due to the
peak energy use rather than the quantity of
3. More Accurate Load Histories. energy used. Many reduced hour-by-hour
The fact that the 8760 hour method methods must determine demands from
simulates building thermal performance day average day simulations which tend to
to day for the entire year means it can underestimate demand values. Those
correctly account for day to day dynamic methods that add consideration of hot and
load behavior. This results in more accurate cold day weather profiles can provide an
load profiles, which ultimately lead to more improvement in demand estimates.
accurate energy use predictions. However, it is important to recognize that
demand will be dependant on more than just
For example, on a Monday morning in the the outdoor air temperature. Solar radiation,
summer, pulldown loads tend to be larger internal loads, building use profiles and day
than on other days of the week due to the to day building dynamics also play an
heat accumulated by the building mass important role. The 8760-hour method is the
during the weekend. In addition to resulting only method that can simultaneously
in larger cooling loads, these conditions can consider all these factors.
sometimes set the monthly electric demand.
Thus, while the Reduced Hour-By-Hour
In reduced hour-by-hour methods that do not Method considers many of the factors
simulate a full week of operation, each day is required for high-quality energy estimates,
simulated separately from all other days. certain aspects of the method are flawed and
Consequently, day to day building dynamics can limit the accuracy of the method.
cannot be considered, and the building load Because the 8760 hour method uses a more
histories are more simplistic. In those detailed, comprehensive approach to
reduced hour-by-hour methods that do building simulation, it can consistently
simulate a 7-day sequence each month, overcome these problems to provide
results tend to be unrealistic since the same accurate, reliable energy estimates.
average weather profile is used for all 7
days. Conclusion
This article has discussed the important
4. Higher Quality Time Of Use Energy
benefits of the 8760 hour-by-hour building
Data.
energy analysis method. This method is
Because of the diverse weather conditions
certainly not new. Computer programs using
and operating conditions, and because of the
this method have been available for nearly
dynamic nature of building heat transfer,
three decades. However, because many of
8760 hour methods can produce energy use
these programs were developed on
data that not only accurately defines how
mainframe computers as research tools, the
programs, and by association, the 8760 hour
method itself acquired a reputation of being
complicated, difficult and impractical to use.
It is important to note that these are
problems with the implementation of the
8760 hour method, not with the method
itself. If the 8760 hour method is
implemented in a well-designed, well-
documented microcomputer program, the
8760 hour method can be as easy to learn
and use as reduced hour-by-hour methods.
In developing Carrier's Hourly Analysis
Program we have put two decades worth of
experience in the HVAC software field to
work to produce an 8760 hour energy
analysis tool that is both powerful and easy
to use. The resulting program maximizes the
benefits of the 8760 hour method while
minimizing or even eliminating costs
traditionally associated with use of this
method.
Notes
224
HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2006
© Carrier Corporation
P.O. Box 4808, Bldg. TR-4, Room 400A
Syracuse, NY 13221
Phone: 800.253.1794 • Fax: 315.432.6844
eMail: software.systems@carrier.utc.com
HAP 4.4-Advanced Manual 10_08_08

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Hourly Analysis Program

Advanced Training Seminar

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

For permission to use material from this text, contact us by

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 2 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 3 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Continuing Education Units (CEUs)

One (1) IACET CEU is equal to ten (10) contact hours of

Course Leaning Outcomes

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 4 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

This manual also includes three appendixes.

Project Data Management

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 5 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

How Project Data is Stored.

Recommended Project Management Practices.

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 6 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

What is New in HAP 4.4?

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 7 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 8 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 9 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 15 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 16 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Launch HAP on your training laptop. On the project

The program will look in the default location for the

Next, left click on “View/Preferences,” then in the

The next step is to add the following

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 17 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Weather reports are available

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 18 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

City Name ................................................................................................. St. Louis IAP

Design Day Maximum Solar Heat Gains

(The MSHG values are expressed in BTU/(hr-ft²) )

Month N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 19 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

City ............................................................................................................................... St. Louis IAP

Table 2. Dry-Bulb Temperature Statistics ( °F ):

Month Absolute Average Average Average Absolute

Table 3. Daily Solar Radiation Statistics:

Daily Total Solar on Horizontal ( BTU/ft² ) Daily Clearness Number (dimensionless)

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 20 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Month Highest Dry-Bulb Lowest Dry-Bulb Maximum Total Minimum Total

Table 5. Calendar Data:

Day of Week for January 1st .......................................................................................... Wednesday

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HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 23 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 24 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Profile #4 – Energy Weekend

Hours 00-23: 10%

Profile #4 – Energy Weekend

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 25 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Profile #4 – Energy Weekend

On the assignments tab, assign Profile #3 to day types

OCCUPIED (FAN/THERMOSTAT) SCHEDULE –

Profile #3 – Energy Weekday

Copies of workshop # 3 schedule input forms are displayed below.

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 26 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Lights - Classrooms (Fractional)

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 27 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

People - Classrooms (Fractional)

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 28 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008

Occupied Schedule - Classroom (Fan / Thermostat)

HAP V 4.4 Advanced Training Seminar 29 Copyright Carrier Corp. © 2008