SDH Principle

Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

Chapter3 Overhead & Pointers

Emergence of SDH

What is SDH?
---- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
---- It defines frame structure, multiplexing metho
d, digital rates hierarchy and interface code patte
rn.

Why did SDH emerge?

---- Need for a system to process increa
sing amounts of information.
---- New standard that allows mixing equ
ipment from different suppliers.
Advantages of SDH ( Interfaces )

 PDH  SDH

Electrical interfaces Electrical interfaces

--- Only regional standards. 3 PDH r --- Can be connected with existin
ate hierarchies for PDH: European (2.0 g PDH signals.
48 Mb/s), Japanese, North American (1.
544 Mb/s).
Optical interfaces
Optical interfaces
--- Can be connected to multiple
--- No standards for optical line equi vendors’ optical transmission equipment
pments, manufacturers develop at their s.
will.
 Disadvantages of PDH (Multiplexing methods )
 PDH : Asynchronous Multiplexing
 The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is neither regular nor predictabl
e.

140 Mb/s 140 Mb/s

34 Mb/s 34 Mb/s

8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s
de-multiplexer multiplexer

de-multiplexer multiplexer

de-multiplexer multiplexer

2 Mb/s level by level

Not suitable for huge-volume transmission
 Advantages of SDH (Multiplexing methods )

byte interleaved multiplexing method

Low rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from

A STM-1 B
A A
( STM-1→STM-4→STM-16→STM-64 )

B …
B B 4:1
STM-4
C
C
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and fl
D exible mapping structure
D --- Use multistage pointer to align PDH lo
What about PDH? ads in SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and
-insert capabilities
Advantages of SDH (OAM function )

 PDH  SDH

 Weak Operation, Admi  Abundant overheads by

nistration & Maintenan tes for operation, admin
ce function. istration and maintenan
ce.
 About 5% of the total b
ytes are being used
 Advantages of SDH ( Compatibility )

PDH, SDH, AT
M, Ethernet
packing

package STM-N SDH STM-N package

network
transmit receive Processing
Processing
unpacking

PDH, SDH,
ATM, Ethernet
Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

Chapter3 Overhead & Pointers

 SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:

1. One frame lasts for 125 mic

123456789
roseconds (8000 frames/s)
2. Rectangular block structur
e 9 rows and 270 columns
(STM-1)
9 rows
3. Each unit is one byte (8 bits)
4. Transmission mode: Byte b
y byte, row by row, from lef
t to right, from top to botto
m

270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000
 SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us

 Three parts:

123456789
 SOH
RSOH
− RSOH
− MSOH AU-PTR Information Payloa
9 rows
d
 AU-Pointer
MSOH
 Information Payload

270 Columns
 SDH Frame Structure
Information Payload
√ Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
√ Used to transport low speed tributary signals
√ Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
√ Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR

RSOH
package
AU-PTR
HPOH

9 rows Payload low rate signal

MSOH
package

LPOH, TU-PTR
9 1 Data pac
kage
270 Columns
 SDH Frame Structure
Section Overhead

Functions : Fulfills the section layer OAM

Types of Section Overhead
123

RSOH
1. RSOH monitors the regenerator
56789

AU-PTR Information Payloa section

9 rows 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexin
d
g section
MSOH Location:
1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns
SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR

RSOH
Function:
Indicates the first byte of VC4
4 AU-PTR Information Payloa
9 rows
Location: d
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
MSOH

J1

270 Columns
SDH Multiplexing Method

 SDH Multiplexing includes:

 Low to high rate SDH signals ( STM-1  STM-N )

 PDH to SDH signals ( 2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N )
 Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals ( IP  STM-N )
 Some terms and definitions:

 Mapping
 Aligning
 Multiplexing

Go to glossary
 SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c
STM-64 AUG-64
×4
×1 ×1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 ×1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal

×3

Mapping ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 E3 signal
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2

Go to glossary TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal

×3
 SDH Tributary Multiplexing (140M)

140 Mbit/s to STM-N

C4 VC4
1
1
H
Rate adaptatio Add HPOH Next
140M P
n page
O
H
9 Mapping 9
1 260 261
1
125 μs 125μs
 SDH Tributary Multiplexing (140M)

AUG-1 1 STM-1 270

10 270

RSOH
Add Add Info
AU-PTR AU-4
AU-PTR AU-PTR Payload
×1 SOH
MSOH
9

Aligning Multiplexing
1 STM-N
AUG-N 270X N

One STM-1 frame can load only one 140Mbit/s Add

Signal SOH
9
 SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)

34 Mbit/s to STM-N

C3 VC3

1 1
L
34M Rate Adaptati Add LPOH P Next
on page
O
H
9 9
1 84 Mapping 1 85
125μs 125μs
 SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)

TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4

1 86 1 86 1 3 261
1 1 1
H1 H1
H2 H2
H3 H3 P
Fill
1st ×3 O R
gap R
align H
R

9 9 9

Aligning Multiplexing Same pro

cedure
as 140M
 SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)

2 Mbit/s to STM-N

VC12 TU12
C12

1 4 1 LPOH 4 1 4
1 1 1

Next
2M Rate Adapta Add LP Add
tion OH TU-PTR page

9 9 9

125μs Mapping Aligning TU-PTR

SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)

TUG-2 TUG-3

1 12 1 86
1 1

R R
×3 ×7

9 9

Same proced
Multiplexing Multiplexing
ure
as 34M
Questions

 What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?

 What is the transmission rate of STM-4?How to calculate?

Glossary

 Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by addi
ng POH information

 Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in a Tribut

ary Unit (TU) or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the 1st byte of the
VC to be located

 Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple low-order path signals

are adapted into a higher-order path signal, or when high-order path sign
als are adapted into a Multiplexing Section
Back
Glossary

 C = Container

 VC = Virtual Container

 TU = Tributary Unit

 AU = Administrative Unit

 TUG = Tributary Unit Group

 AUG = Administrative Unit Group

 STM = Synchronous Transfer Module

 POH = Path Overhead

Back
Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

Chapter3 Overhead & Pointers

Section Overheads
R A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
S
O B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1
H
D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3

AU-PTR

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

M D4 D5 D6
S
O D7 D8 D9
H
D10 D11 D12

S1 M1 E2
STM-1 ∆ = Media dependent bytes
 A1 and A2 Bytes

 Framing Bytes – Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame

 A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)

 In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N

Finding frame head

A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing

N
Find
over 625us
A1,A2

OOF
Y
over 3ms

LOF

Next AIS
process
 D1 ~ D12 Bytes

 Data Communications Channels (DCC) Bytes

 RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 kbit/s ( 3X64 kbit/s )

 MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 kbit/s ( 9X64kbit/s )

NE NE NE NE

DCC channel
TMN OAM Information: Operation, Administration and mai
ntenance
E1 and E2 Bytes

 Orderwire Bytes
 E1 – RS Orderwire Byte – RSOH orderwire message
 E2 – MS Orderwire Byte – MSOH orderwire message

NE NE NE NE

E1 and E2

Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS
 B1 Byte

 Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte –

 A parity code (even parity), used to check the

 transmission errors over the RS
 B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE( performance event)

B1 STM-N B1 STM-N

Tx Rx
A1 00110011
A2 11001100
A3 10101010
BIP-8 Calculate 2#STM-N
A4 00001111 1#STM-N
BIP-8= A

B 01011010 Calculate
2#STM-N B1=A 1#STM-N
BIP-8=A1
Verify A1&A→B1 BBE
B2 Byte

 Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte

 BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS

 B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE( performance event)
 The mechanism of B2 is same as B1
 M1 Byte
 Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte

 A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors

 A count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors
 Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE

Traffic

Tx Rx

Return M1
Generate
MS-FEBBE Find B2 bit errors
MS-REI Generate MS-BBE
K1 and K2 (b1-b5)

Automatic Protection S
witching (APS) bytes

Transmitting APS protocol

Used for network multiplexing

protection switch function
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Start

 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8)="1
11“ Detect
 Generate MS-AIS ala K2 (b6-b8 110
)
rm
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8)="1
111
10"
Generate
 Generate MS-RDI ala MS-AIS
rm

Return Generate
MS-RDI MS-RDI
S1 Byte

 Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB): S1

 (b5~ b8)
 Value indicates the sync. level

bit 5 ~ 8 Description
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000 SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011 G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for sync (DNU).
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte
B3 Path BIP-8
C2 Path Signal Label
G1 Path Status
F2 Path User Channel
H4 TU Multiframe Indi
F3 Path User Channel
K3 AP Switching
N1 Network Operator

Higher Order Path Overhead

Path trace byte: J1

Detect J1
 > The first byte of VC-4

 > User-programmable

 > The received J1 should mat

ch with the expected J1 N Y
Match

Next proce
HP-TIM ss
B3 Byte

 Path bit parity

 code byte (even parity code) Verify B3

 Used to detect bit errors

 Mechanism is same as B1and B2

N Y
correct

HP-BBE Next proc

ess
 Signal label byte: C2
Detect C2

 > Specifies the mapping type in

the VC-n
 > 00 H  Unequipped N Y
00H
 02 H  TUG structure
Y N
 13 H  ATM mapping Match HP-UNEQ
 The received C2 should mat
ch with the expected C2
Next pro HP-SLM
cess

Insert AIS do
wnward
Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead

1 4
1 V5 J2 N2 K4

VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

9
500μs VC-12 multiframe
Path Overhead Bytes

 V5

 > First byte of the multiframe

 > Indicated by TU-PTR

 Functions: Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12

 b1- b2  Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)

 b3  Return Error detected in VC-12 (LP-REI)
 b4  Return Failure declared in VC-12 (LP-RFI)
 b5 ~ b7  Signal Label for VC-12
 b8  Indicate Defect in VC-12 path (LP-RDI)
Pointers

Pointers

AU-PTR TU-PTR
AU-PTR
1 RSOH Negative Positive
justification justification

4 H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 0¡ ª ¡ ª 1¡ ª ¡ ª ------ 86¡ ª ¡ ª

MSOH
9 435¡ ª ¡ ª 436¡ ª ¡ ª------ 521¡ ª ¡ ª 125us
1 522¡ ª ¡ ª 523¡ ª ¡ ª -----608¡ ª ¡ ª
RSOH
696¡ ª ¡ ª 697¡ ª ¡ ª ------782¡ ª ¡ ª
4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0¡ ª ¡ ª 1¡ ª ¡ ª ------ 86¡ ª ¡ ª

MSOH

9 250us
1 9 270
TU-PTR
1 4
1

VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

9 V1 V2 V3 V4

500μs VC-12 multiframe

TU POINTERS
Questions

 Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?

 What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?

 Which byte implements the RS(MS/HP) error monitoring?

Summary  SDH Overview

 SDH Frame Structure & Multiplexing

Methods
 Overhead & Pointers