Instrument and Essential Services IP 16-8-1

INTERNATIONAL Power Supplies Page 1 of 17

PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

Changes shown by ç

SCOPE
I ç 1.1 This practice covers the design of systems and equipment for supplying power to essential instrumentation
and other essential services. This practice does not cover d-c power supplies internal to or integrated within
instrument, control and protective systems but does cover the a-c feeds to these systems, see IP 15-7-1.
I 1.2 An asterisk (V ) indicates that additional information is required. If a job is contracted, this additional
information is furnished in the Job Specification.

SUMMARY OF ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

I 2.1 ANSI Standard Y32.2, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams shall be used with this
practice.
I 2.2 Control center power supply switchgear and essential services switchgear shall be per IP 16-12-1,
Switchgear, Control Centers and Bus Duct, except as modified herein.
I 2.3 System Design Responsibility. For the instrument and other essential services power supply, the
contractor shall assume overall responsibility for the system design including any Vendor engineered
subsystems.

DEFINITIONS
V
I 3.1 Essential Instrumentation and controls when specified include the following:
a. Transmitters, controllers, recorders, indicators
b. Computers, digital control systems, and related equipment unless otherwise specified
c. Stream analyzers unless otherwise specified
d. Startup, sequence, shutdown, and emergency trip systems
e. Actuators
f. Annunicators, monitors, alarms, telemetry
g. Drives in purging, pressurizing, and air conditioning systems necessary to instrumentation
V
I 3.2 When specified, other essential services that may be fed from the instrument and essential services power
supply, include (but are not limited to) the following:
a. Radio or other communications equipment needed during a power outage.
b. Control house (or room) emergency lighting.
c. Drives in purging, pressurizing, and air conditioning systems necessary for maintaining a non
hazardous (unclassified) building area classification.
d. Boiler drum gage glass lighting.
e. Motor operated valves in emergency service.
I 3.3 Non-essential services are those loads which are not required during general power outages, and whose
loss may also be tolerated during infrequent maintenance and repair of their power supply.
I 3.4 Tolerable transfer and outage times are the longest supply interruption which will not have a significant
effect on process or equipment operation.
V
I 3.5 Each unit or group of units considered critical and independent to plant operations will be specified by
the Owner's Engineer. As a guide for large plants, a unit or group of units are defined as critical and
independent if they can operate without the other(s) and they represent or are needed for 20% or more of
plant throughput. The unit(s) can be process units, utilities, or other non process units. Facilities not
meeting the 20% rule may also be defined as critical and independent for commercial reasons.

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 IP 16-8-1 Instrument and Essential Services
Page 2 of 17 Power Supplies INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

DOCUMENTATION
O,M 4.1 One-line diagrams shall cover all equipment up to and including distribution panels, and shall show the
following:
a. All power connections
b. Metering
c. Identification of normal and standby equipment and circuits, and means of initiating switching to and
from standby
d. Transformer connections (delta, wye)
e. System grounding
f. Bus ampere ratings
g. Breaker and fuse ratings
O ç 4.2 Equipment ratings, provided with the one-line diagram, shall include:
a. Batteries: Ampere-hour rating along with discharge rate and ambient temperature at which it applies,
number of cells, recommended float voltage, maximum ambient temperature, and maximum equalize
voltage.
b. Battery chargers and rectifiers: Maximum output current at rated voltage, maximum output voltage.
c. Inverters:
1. Output voltage, frequency, watts, and volt-amperes.
2. Maximum steady state tolerance, at any load from zero to rated, for percent harmonics, voltage
deviation and frequency deviation. Also, provide the range of load power factor, input (d-c)
voltage, and ambient (room) temperature for which these tolerances hold.
3. Minimum and maximum voltage, and time to recover rated voltage, upon sudden application or
removal of rated load at rated power factor.
d. Stabilizers:
1. Output voltage, watts, and volt-amperes.
2. Maximum steady state tolerance, at any load from zero to rated, for percent harmonics (a-c
stabilizers) and voltage deviation. Also, provide the range of load power factor (a-c stabilizers),
input voltage, input frequency (a-c stabilizers), and ambient (room) temperature for which these
tolerances hold.
3. Minimum voltage, and time to recover rated voltage, upon sudden application of rated load at
rated power factor.
e. Transfer and Bypass Switches: Amperes, switching time
f. Generators:
1. Voltage, number of phases, output power, and power factor.
2. Maximum steady state tolerance, at any load from zero to rated load/phase, for percent
harmonics and voltage deviation both for balanced load and for single-phase load only.
3. Minimum and maximum voltage, and time to recover rated voltage, upon sudden application or
removal of rated load.
4. Rated voltage (saturated) subtransient, transient, and synchronous reactance; rated current
(unsaturated) subtransient, transient, and synchronous reactance.
5. No load and full load current decrement curves for 3-phase, line-to-line, and line-to-ground short
circuits. Curves shall be provided for operation with and without the effects of the voltage
regulator.
O 4.3 A load list covering each load shall include the following:
a. Load classification per Par. 5.1.
b. Voltage, frequency, and total harmonic distortion tolerances, if critical.
c. kVA (rms) at full load, and inrush on energizing.
d. Range of power factor from no load to full load.
e. Crest factor (peak current/rms current) at full load and minimum load.
f. Peak current at full load and minimum load.
g. RMS current at full load.

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PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

O,M ç 4.4 Operation and maintenance manuals shall be furnished by the vendor supplying each (a-c or d-c) system.
Manuals shall be written specifically for the equipment being furnished and shall contain (but not be limited
to) the following information:
a. Procedures for the installation, commissioning, operation and shutdown of the system.
b. Procedures for maintenance and trouble-shooting of the system utilizing shop test results as a basis.
c. Results of shop tests.
d. Complete Bill of Materials, Parts List and set of final “as-built" drawings.
e. Full description of each alarm including initiating conditions, effects on transfer status and further
implications.
f. Full description of all conditions that will initiate or inhibit transfer.
R,O 4.5 A coordination study shall be prepared and shall demonstrate the selectivity of circuit protective devices
throughout each system. The study shall consider all protective devices in the system, including those
protecting individual loads and subfeeders downstream of the distribution panel in the stabilizing and
distribution section. Where system components have a current limiting effect, the study shall include the
bases other than time - current curves used to establish selectivity. The study shall identify any fault
locations, and ranges of fault current, for which fault clearing time exceeds the tolerable outage time of any
affected instrumentation (as established by the load classification per Par. 5.1). The effect of battery
internal resistance shall be considered in the study. The coordination study shall be furnished on two
occasions:
a. Before final protective device characteristics are specified. This issue of the coordination study is
preliminary and need only be complete and accurate enough to verify that proper ranges and types of
protective devices have been selected.
b. When the coordination study is presented for final approval.
R,O 4.6 Each designated a-c and d-c power supply vendor shall furnish the o
f llowing information for use by
contractor in preparing the coordination study:
a. Time vs. current characteristic curves of all protective devices in the equipment components furnished.
b. Data to assist the contractor in selecting protective devices for the battery which will be selective with
other protective devices in the stabilization and distribution sections.
c. Data to assist the contractor in selecting protective devices for the branch circuit feeders in the power
distribution section panels which will be selective with upstream devices in the distribution and
stabilization sections.
d. Time-current characteristics of batteries (when supplied by designated vendor), battery chargers,
inverters and voltage stabilizers under short circuit conditions.

LOAD CLASSIFICATION
R,O 5.1 Classification of a-c essential instrumentation and other essential services loads shall be based on
the tolerable time of transfer between normal and standby supplies, as follows:

TOLERABLE TRANSFER TIME, seconds CLASS

0.005 (approx. 1/4 cycles) or less I
over 0.005 to 0.2 (10-12 cycles) II
over 0.2-10 (1) III
Transfer to Standby Not Required Non-essential services

Note:
(1) Nominal transfer time approximately 10 seconds for diesel driven standby generator and may be 30
seconds or more if repeat start attempts are required.
V
R 5.2 Classification of d-c instrument power loads shall be by specification of tolerable outage time for each.
Particular attention shall be given to devices in shutdown circuits.

SOURCES OF POWER
R,O 6.1 Sources of power for control center power supplies shall be selected according with Figures 1a, 1b,
and 1c.

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 IP 16-8-1 Instrument and Essential Services
Page 4 of 17 Power Supplies INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

R,O ç 6.2 Control center power supply arrangements shall be provided per the following:
a. Figure 1d for control centers without standby generation
b. Control centers shall be provided with a standby power generator and essential services switchgear
per Figure 1e if any of the following conditions exist:
1. Instrument power is required for the control instruments or shutdown systems of boilers.
Examples of such loads are firewater, instrument air compression, or cooling water.
V 2. Instrument power is required for the operation of process, manufacturing, or utility units or any
essential services for which continuous operation during main power supply failure is specified.
O 6.3 Sizing of standby generator shall be based on total non diversified load of instruments and other loads
connected to essential services switchgear Bus A and B of Figure 1e.
R ç 6.4 A withdrawable type ASCO transfer switch, or equivalent, shall be used to supply essential services
switchgear unless it is not large enough to serve the expected load.
V
O,C 6.5 Generator driver shall be a diesel engine unless otherwise s pecified.
V
R ç 6.6 The driver for the standby instrument power generator shall be arranged for automatic starting. Manually
operated start and stop controls shall also be provided. Location of these controls will be specified.

SUPPLY TO ESSENTIAL SERVICES

R,C 7.1 A-c essential services, other than instrumentation, control room (or house) emergency lighting, and boiler
drum gage glass lighting, shall be supplied directly from the essential services switchgear as shown in
Figure 1(e). These loads shall be capable of tolerating Class III transfer times, and essential services
bus(es) voltage and frequency deviations.
R 7.2 D-c essential services other than instrumentation shall be served from a d-c supply similar to the supply
specified in this practice for d-c instrument loads. This essential service supply shall be separate from the
instrument supplies.

SUPPLIES TO D-C INSTRUMENT LOADS

V
S,R ç 8.1 Each unit (or group of units) specified as critical and independent per Par. 3.5 shall have a normal
dedicated d-c power supply, per Figure 2(a), as required for control, alarms, and protective shut down
systems.
V
S,R ç 8.2 Each boiler specified as critical per Par. 3.5 shall have a dedicated normal d-c power supply per Figure
2(a), as required for control, alarms, and protective shutdown systems.
S,R 8.3 A backup supply shall be provided for all normal d-c power supplies, such that each d-c bus has two 100%
sized sources connected in parallel, each having separate supplies from the main a-c system. Backup
supply shall have adequate short-circuit current capacity or other means to ensure selective operation of the
d-c system protective devices when the normal supply and its battery are out of service.
C ç 8.4 A common backup supply is acceptable, as shown in Figure 2(a), if all of the following conditions are met:
a. All normal supplies and the backup supply have the same output voltage with stabilization of the same
precision and adjustability. The backup supply output voltage is to be adjusted for no load when all
normal supplies are maintaining voltage.
b. Backup supply size equals at least the size of the largest normal supply backed up.
c. Coordination of protective devices assures that a single sustained short circuit anywhere in the system
shuts down or causes loss of control to not more than one boiler or one critical independent process
unit or group of units.
d. Backup supply is equipped with overvoltage protection (limiter or shutdown) independent of the main
voltage regulator circuit.
R,O 8.5 Voltage stabilization shall be provided to maintain voltage within tolerable limits of the loads served,
considering battery voltage variable from fast and/or equalizing charge voltage down to end-of-discharge
voltage at design load.
R 8.6 The d-c system shall be ungrounded (isolated), and a ground detector shall be provided for each load
bus. Ground detector shall be sensitive enough to operate for a ground fault having a fault resistance of
6000 ohms or less.
O ç 8.7 Metering shall be per Figure 3. Voltmeters shall have accuracy of ± 1 percent.

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PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

V
O,M 8.8 Ground fault location. When specified by the Owner's Engineer, facilities shall be provided for each d-c
instrument power supply to allow maintenance personnel to locate and repair ground faults with minimum
shutdown time of operating circuits. Design of such facilities shall be approved by the Owner's Engineer.
M ç 8.9 The blocking diodes shown in Figure 2(a) for each incoming line supplying the d-c distribution panels
shall be physically located and mounted so that they may be safely removed and replaced with the panel
energized.

SUPPLIES TO A-C INSTRUMENT LOADS

V
R,O ç 9.1 A control center or remote instrument building serving a single unit, a group of units, or multiple
units specified as critical and independent shall have a-c instrument power supplied per Figure 2(b).
R,S ç 9.2 Boiler flame detectors requiring a-c power shall be supplied per Figure 2(b). The two flame detectors
provided for each burner shall be supplied one each by individual branch circuits fed from distribution panels
as shown.
O 9.3 Voltage stabilization shall be provided in the normal and alternate supplies, to maintain voltage within
tolerable limits of the loads served, taking account of the calculated variation of a-c source voltages and of
voltage drop variations due to load changes.
S,R ç 9.4 Transfer switches shall operate immediately upon drop of voltage below lower tolerable limit of the loads
served.
O 9.5 Transfer switches shall have the capability of manual initiated transfer and automatic retransfer. When
specified, automatic retransfer of all transfer switches back to the normal supply after a transfer to the
standby supply shall operate as follows:
a. A two-position “AUTO-STANDBY" retransfer selector switch shall be provided for each transfer switch
to control the automatic retransfer operation.
b. When the retransfer selector switch is in the “AUTO" position, retransfer back to the normal supply
shall occur automatically whenever the normal supply voltage has returned and has been sustained for
two seconds.
c. When the retransfer selector switch is in the “STANDBY" position, retransfer back to the normal supply
shall occur automatically only if the standby supply voltage has been lost and normal voltage is present
on the normal supply.
O,M ç 9.6 Manual bypass switches shall be provided for all automatic transfer switches per Figure 2(e). Bypass
switches for Class II and III electromechanical transfer switches shall have break-before-make
operation, with a switching time of less than 200 milliseconds.
V Bypass switches for Class I solid-state transfer switches shall have make-before-break operation.
Alternative bypass switch designs must be approved by the Owner's Engineer.
O ç 9.7 A white “sources synchronized" pilot light shall be provided adjacent to the operating handle of the
manual bypass switch serving each solid-state transfer switch. Light shall be energized when normal and
standby sources are in synchronism. A nameplate per Figure 4 shall be mounted near the operating
handle.
S,R ç 9.8 The a-c system shall be grounded per Note 5 of Figure 2(d).
R 9.9 Convenience outlets shall not be used in circuits supplied from Class I & II instrument load distribution
panels.

BATTERY SIZING
R,S ç 10.1 Design load for battery sizing purposes shall be:
a. For a-c systems. The full load rating of the inverter. Batteries supplying inverters shall not supply
other loads.
b. For d-c systems. The maximum demand of all loads supplied from the normal supply power
distribution panel of Figure 2(a).
S,R V 10.2 Batteries shall be sized for 1 hour operation at the end of design life (10 years minimum), without
charger, at design load, starting fully charged, and at specified minimum design ambient (1/2 hour is
sufficient if a standby generator is provided).

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 IP 16-8-1 Instrument and Essential Services
Page 6 of 17 Power Supplies INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

ALARMS
O,R ç 11.1 The following main power failure or standby power failure alarms shall be provided:
a. Loss of a-c to battery charger. The detecting device shall be connected to the load side of the
protective device or switch (including devices internal to the charger) closest to the charger in the
supply circuit.
b. Loss of a-c to d-c power supplies (same as for chargers).
c. Low battery voltage as measured on the charger side of the battery main fuse and switch.
d. Low a-c or d-c output voltage for voltage stabilizers.
e. Generator/driver trouble. Provide alarms for conditions of the generator and driver which could prevent
starting or cause improper operation or shutdowns (e.g., local generator breaker open, if any; regulator
switch off; low fuel supply, low lube oil pressure; high engine temperature; etc., as applicable. Provide
time delay alarms where necessary to prevent nuisance operations of alarms during driver startup).
f. Generator running
g. Generator startup failure
h. Transfer switch in “alternate" position (alarm for each switch)
i. Ground on battery or charger d-c circuits
j. Ground on load bus of d-c power supplies
k. Loss of synchronization for inverters
l. Essential services switchgear bus or generator fault
m. Essential services switchgear normal source or standby generator breaker out of position or cable tie
switch open.
n. Essential services switchgear transfer to generator
o. Essential services switchgear automatic transfer to normal source
p. Low battery charger or rectifier d-c output voltage
q. High battery charger or rectifier d-c output voltage
r. Bypass switch off normal position (alarm for each switch)
s. Battery discharging
S,O 11.2 Alarms specified in Par. 11.1 shall be supervised by local annunciators. A single alarm for each
annunciator shall be located in the control house (or room). Annunciators shall be provided with lamp test
facility for all alarms and with reflash facility to prevent initial alarm from blocking subsequent alarms. Local
annunication shall be provided by one of the following:
a. Annunciator panels located in the instrument power supply equipment room and in the generator or
essential services switchgear room (associated alarms only).
V b. When approved by the Owner's Engineer, one annunciator located in the instrument power supply
equipment room, if in close proximity to the generator and essential services switchgear.
c. The alarms displayed as an integral part of a vendor's equipment package and supplemental
annunication, if necessary. Vendor displayed alarms need not be duplicated in any supplementary
annunciator except for a common supervisory alarm.
S,R 11.3 Ionization type smoke detectors shall be provided per the following:
V a. Location. Smoke detectors shall be provided in each room containing control center or remote
instrument building essential services switchgear or instrument power supplies. The location and
number of smoke detectors shall be approved by the Owner's Engineer.
b. Installation. Smoke detectors shall be classified as safety critical devices. A common alarm for
each building's smoke detectors shall annunciate in the main control house (or room).

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PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT SUPPLY
R,O ç 12.1 A-c instrument power supplies. A single vendor shall be designated as the supplier for the a-c stabilizing
and distribution sections of Figure 2(b).
R,O ç 12.2 D-c instrument power supplies. A single vendor shall be designated as the supplier for the d-c stabilizing
and distribution sections of Figure 2(a).

VENDOR QUALIFICATION
R 12.3 Vendors of a-c and d-c power supply equipment including inverters, rectifiers, battery chargers, standby
generators, transfer and bypass switches shall, for each item to be supplied from the intended point of
manufacture, provide a user's list for comparable equipment. To qualify, the vendor must have at least two
applications of comparable equipment which have been in service for at least one year.

BATTERIES, CHARGERS AND RECTIFIERS

V
R 12.4 Unless otherwise specified, batteries shall be one of the following:
a. Lead-acid
1. Calcium or selenium flooded cells with positive plate retention mat system.
2. Valve regulated recombination type.
b. Nickel-cadmium
S,R 12.5 Batteries are preferred with a dead top design including insulated links. Translucent jars are acceptable.
Containers for valve regulated batteries shall be PVC or equal to prevent electrolyte leakage through the
container (under pressure). Vent plugs shall be spray proof and flame arresting.
R 12.6 Battery cells mounted on racks in open air are preferred. Racks mounted against wall shall be one deep
front to back. Vendor proposals for valve regulated batteries installed in cabinets or other enclosures shall
specify the maximum enclosure outside air temperature required to maintain battery design life.
O 12.7 Automatic chargers shall be provided. Chargers shall be solid-state type, capable of rated output with
input voltage tolerance of +10%, -15%, and input frequency tolerance of ± 5%.
O ç 12.8 Charger output rating shall be adequate to continuously supply the design load of its associated battery
the battery trickle charge plus recharge a discharged battery to 90% of rated capacity in 8 hours.
O 12.9 Chargers for valve regulated lead-acid batteries shall have the following features:
a. Voltage compensation for temperature.
b. Ripple current filtering 0.5% maximum on float.
O 12.10 When required, battery chargers shall have adjustable equalize timers. Charger shall automatically
return to float charge at end of time interval selected. Automatic equalizing preferred adjustment ranges are
0-6 months for equalizing interval and 0-72 hours for equalizing duration.
O 12.11 Metering shall indicate output voltage, output current, and battery charge-discharge current (zero center
scale meter).
O 12.12 Ground detectors shall be provided for the d-c charger and battery circuits of a-c power supplies. Ground
detectors shall also be provided on d-c power supplies.
V
S 12.13 Main fused disconnect switch shall be provided for and located adjacent to the battery. When specified,
terminals for connection to a load test cell shall be provided on the battery side of the switch.

INVERTERS
V
C 12.14 Inverters shall be static type unless a non-static type is specified.
Where a static type is not available that meets the requirements of Vendor Qualification, a non-static type
may be proposed for approval by the Owner's Engineer. Inverters shall be sized to supply continuously their
instrument loads plus any a-c emergency lighting and boiler drum gage glass lighting they are to serve.

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Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

O,M ç 12.15 Static inverters shall have performance characteristics and s ynchronizing features as described below:
V a. Performance characteristics shall be as shown below for 0-100% load, at specified power factor
range and crest factor, for input voltage variations from the battery discharged or battery disconnected
value to the charger maximum output value, and for specified ambient temperature extremes:
Voltage ± 2%, steady state.
Frequency ± 1 Hz when operating on internal frequency reference.
Wave Shape (Output Voltage) Less than 5% Total Harmonic Distortion and no single harmonic to
exceed 3% rms.
Transient Maximum voltage variation after sudden application or removal of
full load shall not exceed the limits that can be successfully
tolerated by the loads served. Recovery to steady-state shall be
within 100 milliseconds.
b. Automatic synchronizing to maintain output voltage within ± 5 degrees of external reference signal,
provided the reference frequency stability is within ± 1 Hz. Upon failure of this reference, the inverter
shall maintain frequency as specified above until the external reference returns. The inverter shall then
automatically re-synchronize to the external reference. Rate of frequency change during synchronizing
shall not exceed 1 Hz.
O 12.16 Metering shall indicate output voltage, output current and output frequency.
O 12.17 Non-linear loads. Inverters shall be capable of supplying the actual load specified (including non-linear
loads e.g., switching-mode power supplies) without exceeding the performance requirements of Par. 12.15a.
If inverter rating is limited by peak amperes rather than rms amperes at the specified crest factor, then an
ammeter reading peak amperes shall be provided showing the maximum inverter rated peak amperes.

GENERATORS
R 12.18 Standby generators shall be brushless, a-c synchronous type, self-cooled and enclosed in a fully guarded
housing.
O 12.19 The vendor shall specify the capabilities of the generator and its excitation system, while under
automatic voltage regulator control, by providing: Percent of generator rated current that can be maintained
for a minimum of 2 seconds for any type of short circuit at the generator terminals.
R,O 12.20 Voltage regulation shall not exceed ± 5% for 0-100% of load rating and shall be by means of an electronic
regulator, preferably installed in the generator control panel.
O,M 12.21 Instruments, controls and indicators, readily accessible for maintenance and identified with permanently
affixed engraved nameplates, are required as follows:
a. Output voltmeter and ammeter (with phase selector switches if three phase).
b. Frequency meter with high and low alarm contacts.
c. Generator output voltage control adjuster.
d. Battery charger, d-c voltmeter and ammeter.
e. Alarm annunciator.
O 12.22 Speed governor for internal combustion engine drivers shall meet the following:
a. Adjustable Speed Range 30%
b. Maximum Steady-State Regulation 1.5%
c. Maximum Speed Variation ± 1.5%
d. Maximum Speed Rise 7%
e. Over-Speed Trip 110%
O ç 12.23 Synchronizing. Facilities shall be provided to allow one person at one location to perform the necessary
synchronizing and switching operations to momentarily parallel the incoming normal source and generator
circuit breakers on each bus of the essential services switchgear. Such operation is to permit manually
transferring from one source to the other on either bus without an interruption of load voltage. This only
applies to installations using circuit breakers rather than an ASCO transfer switch to power essential
services busses.

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PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

A-C VOLTAGE STABILIZERS

V
O 12.24 Resonant voltage type shall not be used unless approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
V
O 12.25 Performance characteristics shall be as follows for 0-100% load at specified power factor range and crest
factor, for input voltage variations of +10% -15%, and for specified ambient temperature extremes:
Voltage ± 2% when input frequency stability within ± 1 Hz.
Wave Shape Less than 5% Total Harmonic Distortion and no single
harmonic shall exceed 3%.
Transient Maximum voltage variation shall not exceed ± 10% after
sudden application or removal of full load. Recovery time to
steady-state shall be within 1.0 seconds.

D-C VOLTAGE STABILIZERS

V
O 12.26 D-c voltage stabilizers shall maintain steady-state output voltage within tolerable limits of the loads served,
considering variations in the battery voltage from fast and/or equalizing charge voltage down to end-of-
discharge voltage at design load. Stabilizers shall maintain maximum transient voltage variations and
recovery time at steady-state values within specified tolerable limits of the loads served.

TRANSFER SWITCHES
R 12.27 Electromechanical switches shall be of the mechanically-held two-position switch type or mechanically
interlocked, two-contactor type. Total transfer time, even after prolonged idleness, shall be less than 100
milliseconds including failure detection time.
O ç 12.28 Solid-state switches shall be fully rated, bi-directional, and without employing wraparound contactors. They
shall have performance characteristics equal to those of inverters. Overall design shall be such that no
single contingency failure mode of the static switch results in a half wave rectified output to the load.
O ç 12.29 The following controls shall be provided on all transfer switches and the actuating devices for these
controls shall be so located or guarded to prevent accidental operation:
a. Controls permitting manually initiated transfers to either source.
b. A two-position selector switch controlling the automatic retransfer operation as described in Par. 9.5.
c. A manual transfer to bypass must always be achievable, even when the standby and inverter supplies
are not in synchronism.
O 12.30 Front-of-panel indication shall be provided on each transfer switch to show switch position.
O ç 12.31 Pilot lights shall indicate the incoming voltage for both the normal and alternate supply. Lamps shall be
neon, LED, or similar long-life lamp type.
O 12.32 Operation of contactor type transfer switches whose magnet coils are energized from system voltage shall
be coordinated with system protective devices to prevent contactor drop-out (and possible subsequent cyclic
transfer-retransfer operation) during periods of reduced system voltages caused by faults on the system.

PANEL GRAPHIC DIAGRAMS

O 12.33 Each equipment assembly of the instrument power supply, including transfer switches, shall have a
front of panel graphic diagram incorporating symbols, operating switches and indicating lights showing all
the major components such as bypass switches, isolating links and fuses.

PHYSICAL LAYOUT FOR FAULT ISOLATION

R 12.34 Enclosures housing the instrument power supply equipment shall be compartmentalized to prevent
faults in one section from spreading to other sections.
R 12.35 Arc barriers shall be provided to prevent arcs occurring on busses in one compartment from propagating to
other busses in the same compartment or to busses in other compartments. Fully insulated busses satisfy
these requirements.

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 IP 16-8-1 Instrument and Essential Services
Page 10 of 17 Power Supplies INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

PHYSICAL LAYOUT FOR MAINTENANCE

M 12.36 Enclosures housing the instrument power supply equipment shall be compartmentalized to allow
access for maintenance to sections not in service without risk to personnel or continuity of system output.
For a-c supplies, bypass switches, distribution section panels, and standby transformers/voltage stabilizers
shall be in separate enclosures that are physically separated from the enclosures housing the battery
chargers, inverters and transfer switches.
O,M 12.37 Component replacement. The power circuit components shall be individually removable from their
enclosures without the use of special tools. Control modules shall be in a plug-in arrangement, designed to
allow troubleshooting by whole piece replacement. Removal or replacement of components in one section
shall not require access to another section.
S,M ç 12.38 Terminal blocks shall meet all of the following requirements:
a. Blocks shall be of the barrier type with screw terminals for use with spade or ring style lugs. Quick-
disconnect type terminal blocks are not acceptable.
b. Terminals of all circuits which are continued outside the equipment enclosure shall be clearly identified
with permanent markers located so such circuits can be quickly identified.
c. There shall be no common terminal blocks, i.e., each equipment section shall have its own blocks
arranged so that during maintenance all terminals can be de-energized.
d. Terminals for main and standby incoming supplies shall be physically separated and shall be clearly
labeled.
O,M 12.39 Test and adjustment. It shall be possible to test and adjust major components or circuits, without
disconnecting or removing them from the cabinet, and with only the use of a standard volt-ohm-milliammeter
and oscilloscope.

SUPPLY TO NON-ESSENTIAL SERVICES

C ç 13.1 Non-essential services may be fed radially.

INSTALLATION
S 14.1 Ventilation. Provisions shall be made for sufficient diffusion and ventilation of the gases from the batteries
to prevent the accumulation of an explosive mixture in the room where the battery is installed.
O 14.2 Heating and Cooling. The room or rooms in which the instrument power supply components are located
shall be provided with heating and cooling to maintain the room temperature within the limits specified by the
instrument power supply and battery vendors at both maximum and minimum loading. Heat losses of all
components shall be considered in calculating needed amounts of artificial heating and cooling.

TESTING
R,O ç 15.1 Shop tests. Each instrument power supply system including inverters, a-c or d-c voltage stabilizers, and
transfer switches, shall be given a shop test which includes the following:
a. Full load heat run for 48 hours with determination of efficiency and losses.
b. Transient voltage response with step load changes up to 100% load.
c. Output short circuit tests to establish ability of equipment to clear downstream faults. This test shall
also be used to prove the selectivity between all protective devices for the normal and standby
stabilization sections and protective devices in the down stream distribution sections.
d. Measurement of total transfer time including failure detection period.
e. Check all voltage and current wave shapes. Ability of inverters to meet the harmonic distortion and
crest factor requirements with the shop load used in this test does not relieve the vendor of the
responsibility of meeting the harmonic distortion and crest factor requirements when the inverter
supplies the actual load at the plant site.
f. Ability to sustain full rated load within tolerances during transfer and retransfer.
I 15.2 Witnessing tests. If the instrument power supply system is to be inspected, shop tests shall be witnessed
by the Inspector.

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 Instrument and Essential Services IP 16-8-1
INTERNATIONAL Power Supplies Page 11 of 17
PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

Revision Memo
1/69 Original Issue of Basic Practice 1/75 Revision 4
6/69 Revision 1 1/81 Revision 5
1/71 Revision 2 6/82 Revision 6
1/73 Revision 3 12/93 Revision 7
3/98 Revision 0 - Original Issue of International Practice
6/99 Revision 1
Par. 1.1 added description of equipment not covered by this practice. Par. 4.2 added battery ratings in subpar. a. Par. 4.4 added
new subpars. e & f. Par 6.2 editorial change in subpar b. Par. 6.4 revised requirements for transfer switch and deleted reference
to Figures 2 and 6. Par. 6.6 deleted reference to Figure 6(f). Par. 9.4 deleted reference to different class loads. Par. 9.6 revised
allowable transfer time for electro-mechanical switches. Par. 11.1 added R code and defined types of alarms, added new subpar.
s. Par. 12.8 added battery recharge to 90% of rated capacity. Par. 12.15 added M code and added battery disconnected value to
subpar. a. Par. 12.23 added that requirements do not apply to ASCO switches. Par. 12.28 added additional static switch
requirements. Par. 12.29 added new subpar. c. Par. 12.31 added LED type of lamps. Par. 12.38 added new subpar. d. Par.
13.1 deleted reference to Figure 2. Par. 15.1 added new subpar. f. Par. 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.6, 8.7, 8.9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8
10.1, 12.1, 12.2, revised Figure number. Old Figures 2, 6 and 7 deleted. Figure 1 editorial change in notes. Figure 2 deleted
note 2 and revised note numbers in figure. Figure 5 deleted/revised symbols and functions.

Old Figure Numbers New Figure Numbers

3 2
4 3
5 4
8 5

© Exxon Research and Engineering Company, 1998, 1999

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 IP 16-8-1 Instrument and Essential Services
Page 12 of 17 Power Supplies INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

FIGURE 1
CONTROL CENTER POWER SUPPLY

Bus 1 2 Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 1 Bus 2

Process A B Process
a,b,c,d a,b,c,d B A
Process Process Process
A B loads To Control loads
a,b,c,d a,b c,d
Center Bus A,B To Control
To Control loads loads loads
Center Bus A,B
Center Bus A,B Units with Single Secondary Units with Multiple Secondary
Units with Single Selective or Spot Network Selective or Spot Network
Radial Source Substation Source Substation Source Substations
(a) (b) (c)
From Source
From Source Substation(s)
Substation(s)
Stand By
Bus 1 Bus 2
Bus 1 Generator
Bus 2
Normal
Source

Bus A Bus B Bus A Bus B

Control Control Other

Center Center Essential
Services Services Services

Non-
Essential
Process a,b,c,d Services Process a,b,c,d
Instrumentation Instrumentation
Control Center Power Supply Control Center Power Supply
Without Standby Generator With Standby Generator and
(d) Essential Services Switchgear
(e)

Notes:
(1) To a-c and d-c stabilizing and distribution sections of Figure 2.
* (2) Circuit breaker and terminals for connection of a load test cell when specified.
(3) Essential services switchgear with automatic transfer to standby generator.
(4) When approved by Owner's Engineer, Bus A and B loads may be supplied from upstream source secondary
* selective substations (Figure 1b or 1c).
160801f1

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 Instrument and Essential Services IP 16-8-1
INTERNATIONAL Power Supplies Page 13 of 17
PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

FIGURE 2
STABILIZING AND DISTRIBUTION SECTIONS
(See Figure 5 For Symbol And Function Legend)

(Note 2) (Note 2) (Note 2)

A B A B A B

(Note 4)

(Note 4) (Note 4)

Normal supply for each Normal supply for each Common backup supply
unit (or group of units) boiler (or group of boilers)
specified as critical specified as critical
and independent and independent

160801f2
(a) d-c loads for control, alarms, and protective (shutdown) systems

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 IP 16-8-1 Instrument and Essential Services
Page 14 of 17 Power Supplies INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

FIGURE 2 (Cont)

(Note 2) (Note 2) (Note 2)

A B B A A B

Stabilizing
Section

Class I Class I Class II

N A N A N A

S S E

Power Distribution
Class I,II Section
Instruments Loads Class II
(Note 1, 4, & 6) Instruments Loads

Boiler FD FD VDU VDU VDU VDU W/O

Typical Burner Typical Console Batt.
W/O
Flame Dectector Batt.
Typical Cabinet
(Dual Power Supply)
Typical Cabinet
(Single Power Supply)

With With
Batteries Batteries

Typical Cabinet Typical Cabinet

(Dual Power Supply) (Single Power Supply)

(b) a-c stabilizing and distribution sections for

control center or remote instrument building 160801f2a

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 Instrument and Essential Services IP 16-8-1
INTERNATIONAL Power Supplies Page 15 of 17
PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

FIGURE 2 (Cont)

V
A
A
A A
V V
SYNC
A
V F A
Class I V Class II
N A N A

WL S WL WL E WL

(c) Metering for a-c stabilizing and distribution sections.

Bypass Switch
(3 Position) Transfer Switch
Inverter
Stabilizer

2 3
1
Pos Function
1 Bypass loads to
alternate supply (stabilizer)
Distribution Panel 2 Normal
3 Bypass load to
normal supply (inverter)

Typical Feeder Circuits to Loads

(d) Bypass Switch and Neutral Grounding Details

Notes:
(1) Distribution Panel for Class l and ll instrument loads requiring battery backup.
(2) F r o m C o n t r o l C e n t e r B u s A a n d B i n F i g u r e 1 c o r 1d .
(3) B y p a s s s w i t c h a n d n e u t r a l g r o u n d i n g d e t a i l p e r Figure 2.
(4) Provide separate feeder circuits from distribution panels for each facility.
(5) Solidly ground the neutral of the a-c system at only one point on the load side of the
inverter and a-c voltage stabilizer. Provide accessible links or connection points at the
output of the inverter and stabilizer to permit removing the neutral ground during testing.
(6) Provide single pole switching devices for 2 wire single-phase grounded neutral systems.
(7) When specified, transfer switches shall be provided to facilitate maintenance of
distribution busses and manual bypass switches. 160801f2b

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 IP 16-8-1 Instrument and Essential Services
Page 16 of 17 Power Supplies INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 June 1999 PRACTICE

FIGURE 3
METERING FOR D-C SECTIONS
(See Figure 5 For Symbol And Function Legend)

WL WL WL WL

A V A

A
(a) Metering for d-c
Backup Supplies
V

(b) Metering for d-c

Stabilizing Sections
160801f3

FIGURE 4
BYPASS SWITCH NAMEPLATE (1)

WARNING

Do not bypass to source not

presently supplying load when
inverter synchronism light is out.

Note:
(1) Engrave white on red background
160801f4

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 Instrument and Essential Services IP 16-8-1
INTERNATIONAL Power Supplies Page 17 of 17
PRACTICE Rev. 1 June 1999

FIGURE 5
SYMBOLS
(USED HEREIN, NOT MANDATORY FOR VENDOR)

POWER TRANSFORMER DISCONNECT SWITCH

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER FUSE

CURRENT TRANSFORMER RESISTOR

GL GREEN
CIRCUIT BREAKER INDICATING LAMP RL RED
WL WHITE
CONTACT, OPEN WHEN DEVICE
DISCONNECTING DEVICE IS OPEN, DEENERGIZED, OR
IN NORMAL POSITION
RELAY OR METER COIL
Diode
METER TRANSFER SWITCH
PROTECTIVE DEVICE CROSSED LEADS, NO CONNECT
(FUSE OR CIRCUIT BREAKER)
CONNECTED LEADS

GENERATOR

BATTERY CHARGER
OR RECTIFIER

INVERTER

A-C VOLTAGE
STABILIZER
D-C VOLTAGE
STABILIZER

TRANSFER SWITCH
E - ELECTROMECHANICAL
S - SOLID STATE
N - NORMAL SUPPLY
A - ALTERNATE SUPPLY
STORAGE BATTERY

DISCONNECT SWITCH
AND FUSE
MANUAL SELECTOR SWITCH

LINK

NUMERAL SUBSCRIPT SHOWS

NUMBER OF DEVICES

160801F5

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EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY — FLORHAM PARK, N.J.