SOCIO REVIEWER

Characteristics of Collective Behavior

Represent the actions of groups of people, not individuals.
Involve new relationships that arise in unusual or unexpected circumstances.
Capture the changing elements of society more than other forms of social action.

Crowds: Involve groups of people coming together.

Usually transitory, volatile, and have a sense of urgency.
Distinctly social, not individual, forms of behavior.

Three factors characterize panic situations:

A perceived threat.
Possible entrapment.
A failure of front-to-rear communication - people at the rear of the crowd push to the front of the crowd.

Three Types of Riots

Commodity riots - property, not people, is the object of attack.
Communal riots - violent outbursts in which civilians riot against other civilian groups.
Political riots - against a government policy or treatment by government officials.

Types of Collective Preoccupations

Fads provide a sense of unity and a sense of differentiation.
Examples: inline skates, hula hoops, streaking, popular heroes, words and phrases (yo!, cool).
Fashion can mark inequality between groups.
Examples: hairstyles, clothing, jewelry.
Hysterical contagions involve the spread of symptoms of an illness when there is no disease present.
Scapegoating commonly targets racial minority groups and other groups perceived by the dominant group to be a threat.

Stages in Social Movements

Preliminary stage - wide spread unrest, becoming aware of a problem
Coalescence stage – getting organized to publicize a problem
Institutionalization stage – organizational structure develops.

THE GOVERNMENT:

President is the head of the Executive Branch.

Must be a natural born citizen
Must be at least 40 years old
Must be a resident of 10 years
Must be a registered voter
Literate (able to read and write)
Elected by large plurality
Term is for 6 years - only 2 in a row

Types of Governments
In a democracy, the government is elected by the people. Everyone who is eligible to vote has a chance to have their say over
who runs the country. It is distinct from governments controlled by a particular social class or group (aristocracy; oligarchy) or by
a single person (despotism; dictatorship; monarchy).
A democracy is determined either directly or through elected representatives.

Autocracy
Government by a single person having unlimited power; despotism (domination through threat of punishment and violence) .

Oligarchy
A government in which a few people such as a dominant clan or clique have power.

Monarchy
A monarchy has a king, queen, emperor or empress.
The ruling position can be passed on to the ruler’s heirs.
In some traditional monarchies, the monarch has absolute power.
But a constitutional monarchy, like the UK, also has a democratic government that limits the monarch's control.
Dictatorship
A country ruled by a single leader. The leader has not been elected and may use force to keep control.
In a military dictatorship, the army is in control.

Anarchy
Anarchy is a situation where there is no government. This can happen after a civil war in a country, when a government has
been destroyed and rival groups are fighting to take its place.
Anarchists are people who believe that government is a bad thing in that it stops people organizing their own lives.

Capitalist
In a capitalist or free-market country, people can own their own businesses and property. People can also buy services for
private use, such as healthcare.
But most capitalist governments also provide their own education, health and welfare services.

Communist
In a communist country, the government owns property such as businesses and farms.
It provides its people's healthcare, education and welfare.

Republic
A republic is a country that has no monarch.
The head of the country is usually an elected president.

Revolutionary
If a government is overthrown by force, the new ruling group is sometimes called a revolutionary government.

Totalitarian
This is a country with only one political party.
People are forced to do what the government tells them and may also be prevented from leaving the country.

Education: is a gradual process which brings positive changes in the human life and behavior. We can also define education as “a
process of acquiring knowledge through study or imparting the knowledge by way of instructions or some other practical
procedure”.

Formal Education
Formal education or formal learning usually takes place in the premises of school, where a person may learn basic, academic, or
trade skills. Small children often attend a nursery or kindergarten but often formal education begins in elementary school and
continues with secondary school.

The formal education is given by specially qualified teachers they are supposed to be efficient in the art of instruction. It also
observes strict discipline. The student and the teacher both are aware of the facts and engage themselves in the process of
education.

Examples of Formal Education

Learning in a classroom
School grading/certification, college, and university degrees
Planned education of different subjects having a proper syllabus acquired by attending the institution.

Characteristics of Formal Education

Formal education is structured hierarchically.
It is planned and deliberate.
Scheduled fees are paid regularly.
It has a chronological grading system.
It has a syllabus and subject oriented. The syllabus has to be covered within a specific time period.
The child is taught by the teachers

Informal Education
Informal education may be a parent teaching a child how to prepare a meal or ride a bicycle. People can also get an informal
education by reading many books from a library or educational websites.
Informal education is when you are not studying in a school and do not use any particular learning method. In this type of
education, conscious efforts are not involved. It is neither pre-planned nor deliberate. It may be learned at some marketplace,
hotel or at home.

Examples of Informal Education

Teaching the child some basics such as numeric characters.
Someone learning his/her mother tongue
A spontaneous type of learning, “if a person standing in a bank learns about opening and maintaining the account at the bank
from someone.”

Characteristics of Informal Education

It is independent of boundary walls.
It has no definite syllabus.
It is not pre-planned and has no timetable.
No fees are required as we get the informal education through daily experience and by learning new things.

Non-formal Education
Non-formal education includes adult basic education, adult literacy education or school equivalency preparation.

In nonformal education, someone (who is not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or job skills.

Home education, individualized instruction (such as programmed learning), distance learning and computer-assisted instruction
are other possibilities.

Examples of Non-formal Education

Boy Scouts and Girls Guides develop some sports program such as swimming comes under the nonformal education.
Fitness programs.
Community-based adult education courses.
Free courses for adult education developed by some organization.

Characteristics of Non-formal Education

The nonformal education is planned and takes place apart from the school system.
The timetable and syllabus can be adjustable.
Unlike the theoretical formal education, it is practical and vocational education.

Types of Family

Nuclear Family
The nuclear family is the traditional type of family structure. This family type consists of two parents and children. The nuclear
family was long held in esteem by society as being the ideal in which to raise children. Children in nuclear families receive
strength and stability from the two-parent structure and generally have more opportunities due to the financial ease of two
adults. According to U.S. Census data, almost 70 percent of children live in a nuclear family unit. A typical nuclear family is made
up of a biological father, mother and child or children.

Single Parent Family

The single parent family consists of one parent raising one or more children on his own. Often, a single parent family is
a mother with her children, although there are single fathers as well. The single parent family is the biggest change society has
seen in terms of the changes in family structures. One in four children is born to a single mother. Single parent families are
generally close and find ways to work together to solve problems, such as dividing up household chores. When only one parent
is at home, it may be a struggle to find childcare, as there is only one parent working. This limits income and opportunities in
many cases, although many single parent families have support from relatives and friends.

Extended Family
The extended family structure consists of two or more adults who are related, either by blood or marriage, living in the same
home. This family includes many relatives living together and working toward common goals, such as raising the children and
keeping up with the household duties. Many extended families include cousins, aunts or uncles and grandparents living together.
This type of family structure may form due to financial difficulties or because older relatives are unable to care for themselves
alone. Extended families are becoming increasingly common all over the world.

Grandparent Family
Many grandparents today are raising their grandchildren for a variety of reasons. One in fourteen children is raised by his
grandparents, and the parents are not present in the child's life. This could be due to parents' death, addiction, abandonment or
being unfit parents. Many grandparents need to go back to work or find additional sources of income to help raise their
grandchildren.

Grandparent families are recognised where there is a grandparent-grandchild relationship in a family and no parent-child
relationship.

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

 Humankind’s most basic and oldest social unit is the family. It is a social institution primarily established by society to ensure
its continuity and to regulate the sexual behavior of its members.
 The family is the primary group where the child is initially socialized and initiated in the ways of life of his group. The family
provides the child’s social, psychological, and emotional needs – warmth, intimacy, affection, love, nurturance, care and
security.
 Marriage is another human construction to insure the continuity of the family and the eventual perpetuation of the human
specie.
 The New Family Code of the Philippines, which became effective on August 3,1998, defines Marriage as a special contract of
permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and
the family life.

Family planning involves the rational utilization of effective contraceptive methods by married couples so they space and limit
their children to a desirable size in order for them to attain quality life.

Contraceptive means prevention of unwanted pregnancy, while responsible parenthood means responsible pro-creation and
socialization of children. As responsible parents, married couples are prepared for the responsibility of rearing a child who can
be properly fed, clothed and educated.

NORMS ON FAMILY PLANNING

1. Sociological Norms
Family planning is the process whereby, through interaction, married couples arrive at an intelligent decision in the number
of children they could provide with quality life.
2. Medical Norms
Family planning through the use of contraceptives provides protection against unwanted pregnancies. Contraceptives work
to prevent the meeting of the egg sperm. Family planning is concerned with the regulation of human reproductive capacity.
It involves the prevention of unwanted births by contraceptive techniques, or by reducing the length of exposure to
pregnancy in order to protect the well-being of the mother, of the family, or of the larger population.
3. Legal-Juridical Norms
Government support of family planning is reflected in Article XV, Sec. 10 of the Philippines Constitution to achieve and
maintain population levels most conducive to the national welfare. Measures to assure its implementation have been made
in law and practice. The Labor Code of the Philippines requires the employer of more than 200 workers to provide for family
planning services to their employees and their spouses ( Sec. 11, Rule VII, Book III of the Implementing Rules ).
4. Ecclesiastical Norms
All the major religions of the world believe in the guiding principle that a couple has a right to limit family size. The Roman
Catholic Church is not against family planning but categorically condemns the use of artificial methods as they are against
the natural laws. The Catholic Church only accepts the withdrawal, abstinence, and rhythm or calendar method. 5.
5. Psychological Norms
Family planning has psychological bearing on problems which confront the young today brought about by their development
stage and the sexual revolution in the present times. Marlyn Benoit, Executive Director of the Devereux Children’s Center in
Washington, D.C. agrees that changes in society and family structure have led to more sexual activity among teenagers.

 Another aspect of family planning is birth control. Various methods and techniques of contraception are available today.
These include: Chemical Method, Sterilization or Surgical Method, Mechanical or Barrier Methods, Natural Family Planning
Methods, and the Intra-Uterine Devices.