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RELEASE NO: 79-108
CONTENTS
GENERALRELEASE................................
1-11
ENCOUNTER PROFILE .................................. 12-26
SATURN..............................................
32-39
EARTH, JUPITER, SATURN COMPARISON
TABLE ............ 40
THE SATELLIES OF SATURN ............................ 41-44
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ii
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<R qFw"
, O
Firs Decade...
ab\AN,,L
Lunar
Landing
in~g
Naticnal Aeronautics and
Space Administration
News
r 1969-1979 Washington D C 20546
AC 202 755-8370
/1.
For Release
Nicholas Panagakos
Headquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE
(Phone: 202/755-3680)
Peter Waller
Calif.
Ames Research Center, Mountain View,
(Phone: 415/965-5091)
ringed planet.
Center in Mountain
Controllers at NASA's Ames Research
the spin
View, Calif., fired Pioneer's two thrusters to tilt
axis,
axis by 1.2 degrees. (The antenna, aligned with the spin
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Augs 1979
.--. - - ".
- - -.-----
---
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of the ringed planet. The huge, swirling gas ball will pull
than a penny.
the images will grow larger and more clear. By Sinday, Aug. 26,
they will begin to be better than any ever taken from Earth.
-end-
Firsecade... NSA News
emTLa;di,-
4, National Aeronautics and
nd ing Space Administration
N969-1979 Washington, D C 20546
1969197 AC 202 755-8370
For Release
Mary Fitzpatrick
Headquarters, Washington, D.C. IMMEDIATE
(Phone: 202/755-8370)
in Washington.
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were aerothermodynamics,
Olstad's fields of specialization
numerical analysis
heat transfer, applied mathematics,
radiation
programs. He
the management of research and development
ar.d
papers.
or co-authored more than 40 technical
has authored
and Rockets,
editor for the Journal of Spacecraft
Associate
and
of the American Institute of Aeronautics
he is a member
Committee
and serves with that group's Technical
Astronautics
on Space Systems.
are the
and his wife, the former Helen H. Thompson,
He
Nicholas Panagakos
Headqua~rters Washington,
(Phone: 202/755-3680) D.C.
WEDNESDAY,
August 22, 1979
Peter Wailer
Ames Research Center,
Mountain View, Calif.
(Phone: 415/965-509l)
PIONEERTOENCOUNTERSATURN
ON
SET 1
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August 22,
1979
, .C Pe , , .' -
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in part, and probably mostly, water ice. They may also con-
tain metals, perhaps from the core of a broken-up moon. There
is little rock. Most authorities think the particles range
from snowball-sized to automobile-sized pieces with a few
having a diameter of a mile or more.
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full disc, without the rings, will be made. Two hours before
closest approach to Saturn itself, Pioneer will make its most
detailed picture, resolving cloud features 80-100 km (50-60
mi.) in size.
observations.
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4,I
4T,
77
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--
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Pioneer 11 is expected
to return approximately
150 pic-
tures of Saturn, with
the first transmission
scheduled for
Aug. 20 at a distance
of about one million
km (634,000 mi.)
from the planet.
About two-thirds of
the 150 images expected
by project
scientists at the Ames
Center will show more
detail than is
possible through observations
made from Earth. These
high
resolution photographs
will be received at
Ames from Aug. 26
until Sept. 8. The
smallest object visible
will be about 95 km
(50 mi.) in diameter.
A ."
-9-
A sister spacecraft, Pioneer
10, flew past Jupiter for
the first time in history
in December 1973, and is
now on its
way out of the solar system,
the first manmade object
to do so.
Pioneer lO's solar system
exit path is almost opposite
to
Pioneer Saturn's, and it
has already reached the
orbit of Uranus.
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Pioneer's 2 .7 5
-meter
(9-foot) dish antenna looks
back at
Earth throughout the mission
-- adjusting its view by changes
in spacecraft attitude as
the spacecraft and home planet
move
in their orbits around the
Sun.
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* Measure light intensity and
polarization from the
mysterious ninth moon, Iapetus,
which is six times as bright
on its leading hemisphere
as its trailing one; first
findings
of mass and density of the
moon, Rhea; and confirm and
improve
these measurements for Titan.
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ENCOUNTER PROFILE
Encounter Sequence
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TITAN| +9 HOURS//
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\2 HOURS
TITAN ORBIT
SATURN PICTURE
LOCATIONS ----
-48 HOURS
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Trajectory Selection
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ENCOUNTER TIMELINE
Notes:
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(N<a-i -,-t
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6:34 p.m.
(E -39 hours) Pioneer completes last
image of full planet
with rings, twice the best
Earth resolution.
8/31/79
, , 4--
-29-
7:34 a.m.
(E -2 hrs,) Best picture resolution (objects 80-100 km,
or 50-60 mi. in size), 2Q times best Earth
resolution.
7:35 a.m.
(9:01 a.m. ERT) Pioneer crosses Saturn's ring plane on its
descent toward the planet. (Critical event.)
(112,000 km, or 70,000 mi., above clouds.)
8:09 - Flight under Saturn's rings (lit side),
11:05 a.m. 3,500 km (2,200 mi.) away. 1 hr. 20 min. be-
foze occulation to 10 min. after occulation.
9:04 a.m.
(E -½ hr.) Closest approach to Saturn's fifth satellite,
Dione, (diameter 1000 km, or 620 mi.) at
291,100 km (180,482 mi.). (Photometry
measurements.)
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W s1,1 w11pio,: - ,; - is J
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11:33 a.m. Pioneer crosses Saturn's ring
(E +2 hrs.) ascent away from the planet. plane on its
(12:59 p.m. ERT) (Critical
event.) (112,000 km, 70,000 mi.)
11:33 Closest approach to Saturn's
third satel-
lite, Enceladus, (diameter
1100
680 mi.) at 225,200 km (139,624 km, or
(Ultraviolet measurements.) mi.).
12:34 p.m.
(E +3 hrs.) Resume close-up views of rings
(unlit side).
3:34 p.m.
(E +6 hrs.) Closest approach to Saturn's
sixth satellite,
Rhea, (diameter 1600 km, or
1000 mi.) at
341,900 km (211,978 mi.).
ultraviolet measurements.) (Photometry and
6:34 p.m.
(E +9 hrs.) Resume half-ring plus planet
view (1/3 disc).
9/2/79
cnin
LOl
Xal
CA
-'
-- ----------. ,- -
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SATURN
Saturn is
than water. It the only planet in the solar
but a maess only has a volume 815 times system less dense
planet. Saturn's 95.2 times greater than Earth's
greater. It is
The polar radius equatorial radius is 60,000 the second largest
(33,430 mi.). is considerably km (37,300 mi.).
smaller
rapid rotation The dynamic flattening, -- 53,500 km
greatest of any and increased by its caused by Saturn's
planet yet measured. low density, is
the
Saturn's
Galilei aimed rings were discovered in
the first astronomical
Even Galileo didn't 1610 when Galileo
telescope
seeing "cup handles" realize what they were. at Saturn.
ortyhe fing years in his less-than-adequt He reported
the rings' true later, in 1655, Christian telescope.
form. Huygens described
A day on Saturn's
-- 18.5 minutes equator is only
pletes one orbit longer than a day on Jupiter. 10 hours, 14 minutes
averaae distance of the Sun in Saturn com-
receives only of Saturn from 29.46 Earth years. The
the Sun
strikes Earth. about l/lOOth of the Sun's is 9.5 A.U.* Saturn
intensity that
Saturn, like the
semblance to other outer giants,
Jupiter -- enough bears some re-
together as the that they are
apparently has Jovian planets. often coupled
no solid Like Jupiter,
a thin outer atmosphere surface, but changes Saturn
to the core, which through gradually from
may be a smallProgressively denser layers
chunk of iron
When scientists and rock.
generally restrict discr-- the planet's atmosphere,
varies from 1,000 their attention to a they
region where pressure
atmosphere (10-10).Earth atmospheres to one
10-billionth
Like Jupiter,
Saturnian atmospherethe principal constituents
Three molecules are thought of the
have definitely to be hydrogen and helium.
atmosphere: hydrogen been
Radisobservatis (H ), methane detected in Saturn's
provide indirect (CH4 ) and ethane
at atmospheric evidence (C H6 ).
levels inaccessible
No other molecular for ammonia 2 (NH
or atomic speicesto optical measurements. 3)
has been detected.
*An astronomical
Sun to the Earth unit (A.U.) is the mean
-- :49,600,000 distance from
km (92,960,000 the
mi.).
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CLEAR UPPER
ATMOSPHERE
(primarily hydrogen/
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CLEAR ATMOSPHERE (primarily hydrogen/heliumn)
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SATURN
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-- TRANSITION
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EARTH
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ROCKY CORE
(ESTIMATED - INNER
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SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
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200
160
80
40
40
80
120
160
RS= 60,000 km
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THE EXPERIMENTS
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The instrument weighs 1.6 kg (3.6 lb.) and uses 0.7 watts
of power.
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CELESTIAL MECHANICS
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Images will be made in both red and blue light, and these
will be superimposed, providing "color pictures" using red
and blue data plus amounts of green based on Earth telescope
pictures.
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The instrument weighs 4.3 kg (9.5 lb.) and uses 2.2 watts
of power.
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ENCOUNTER OPERATIONS
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THE SPACECRAFT
Pioneer 11 and Pioneer 10 are
to travel into the outer solar the first spacecraft designed
system and operate there for
many years. They must have extreme
cations systems for distances reliability, have communi-
of billions of miles, and employ
non-solar power sources. Designers
for its simplicity and effectiveness.chose spin stabilization
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4
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-64-
THE HELIOSPHERE
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particles travel
There is evidence that solar storm
the Earth's long-term
through the heliosphere and trigger
weather cycles.
as a huge laboratory
The heliosphere can be thought ofsimulated on Earth.
be
where phenomena occur that cannot
particles in Earth lab-
For example, man cannot accelerate
reached by galactic
oratories to the near-light speeds are observed by
cosmic ray particles. These particles
Pioneer instruments.
Cosmic Rays
Solar Wind, Magnetic Field, and Solar
solar wind varies from
Near the Earth, the speed of the
to 2,000,000 mph),
one to three million km/hr (600,000 temperature varies
the Sun. Its
depending on activity of
C (18,000 to 1,900,000
from 10,000 to 1,000,000 degrees due to features of the
degrees F). The wind also fluctuates
and because of
rotating solar corona, where it originates,
various wave phenomena.
jet out from the
The fastest solar cosmic ray particles
150 millic. km (93 million
Sun in streams which can cover the Slower particle
mi.) to Earth in as little as 20 minutes.
reach Earth.
streams take one or more hours to
90 per cent protons
The positive ions from the Sun are nuclei of
occasional
and 10 per cent helium nuclei, with
heavier elements.
flare events on the
There are from none to hundreds of
energy solar particles,
Sun each year which produce high peak of the 11-year
at the
with the largest number of flares
cycle.
making up the
The best resolution yet seen of elements
obtained by Pioneer 10
solar high energy particles has been
It identified sodium and
from the August 1972 solar flare. relative abundances
aluminum for the first time, determined
fluorine, neon, sodium,
of helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
coming from the Sun.
magnesium, aluminum, and silicon nuclei
orbit, is
The solar wind, as viewed near the Earth's up to
high speed,
most dramatically seen as containing
(1,566,000 mph) streams embedded in slower
2,520,000 km/hr
streams. These high-
speed, 1,000,000 km/hr (624,000 mph)
high temperature
speed streams are presumably caused by
regions in the solar corona.
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PIONEER EXPERIMENTERS
Magnetic Fields
Iistrument: Magnetometer
Plasma Analyzer
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Reimer Lust
Max Planck Institute fur Physik
und Astrophysik
Institute fur Extraterrestrische Physik
Munchen, Germany
Devrie Intriligator
University of Southern California, L.A.
William C. Feldman
Los Alamos Scientific Labom-tory, N.M.
Harold R. Collard
Ames Research Center
John D. Mihalov
Ames Research Center
Darrell D. McKibben
Ames Research Center
Anthony J. Tuzzolino
University of Chicago
William R. Webber
Editond C. Roelof
University of New Hampshire, Durham
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*"
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Charged Particles
Trapped Radiation
Meteoroid Detection
Celestial Mechanics
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Ultraviolet Photometry
Imaging Photopolarimetry
Robert F. Hummer
Santa Barbara Research Center
Stillman C. Chase
Santa Barbara Research Center
Laurence M. Trafton
University of Texas, Austin
S-Band Occultation
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S-Band Occultation
S. Ichtiaque Rasool
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
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I
I;
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NASA Headquarters
Office of Space Science
Dr. Thomas A. Mutch Associate Administrator
for Space Science
Andrew J. Stofan Deputy Associate Administrator
for Space Science
Dr. Adrienne F. Timcthy Assistant Associat~e Adminis-
trator for Space Science
Angelo Guastaferro Director, Planetary Programs
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Department of Energy
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