EXPERIMENT NO.

:- 3

AIM:- TO STUDY THE WORKING OF A CARBURETOR USED IN

SCOOTER/MOTOR CYCLE. STUDY THE MPFI.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:- Carburetor of Scooter/ motor cycle, MPFI system.

THEORY:-
CARBURETOR:- A Carburetor is a device that mixes or blends air and fuel for internal
combustion engines in the proper ratio for combustion. To “carburate” or “carburet” means to
mix the air and fuel or to equip with a carburetor for that purpose.
PRINCIPLE:- The basic principle involved in the working of a carburetor is "Bernoulli's
Principle" which states: the faster air moves, the low its static pressure, and the higher its
dynamic pressure.Air moves faster which makes it speed up and causes its pressure to fall .The
falling pressure of the air creates a sucking effect that draws air in through the fuel pipe at the
side. And hence fuel particles mixes with air in fixed ratio.

PARTS OF CARBURETOR
1. Float Chamber:-
The float chamber serves as a storage tank of fuel for continuous supply of fuel. It contains a
float valve which maintains the level of fuel in float chamber. When the level of fuel
decreases in float chamber the float moves downward, which open the fuel supply valve and
allow flow of fuel into float chamber. As the fuel level increases, the float moves upward
which close and stop the fuel supply. This fuel level is maintained below the discharge
nozzle outlet hole to prevent overflow.

2. Strainer:-
It is a device which is used to filter the fuel before entering into float chamber.
It consist a fine wire mesh which filters the fuel and removes dust and other suspended
particles from it. These particles if not removed can cause blockage of nozzle.

3. Metering System:-
The metering system controls the flow of fuel into nozzle. It is responsible to form correct
mixture of air fuel. It consist two main parts, first one is known as metering orifice and
other one is known as fuel discharge nozzle. When the air passes through venturi, it
generates a low pressure field across throat compare to pressure at float chamber. Due to this
pressure difference, fuel is discharge into the air stream. The quantity of fuel is control by
the metering orifice and discharge hole at the exit of fuel discharge nozzle.

4. Idling System:-
It consist a passage directly from the float chamber to venturi tube. It provides rich mixture
during idling and at low speed. It works during idling or when the throttle is open below
15%.
5. Throttle Valve:-
 It is a butterfly valve situated at the exit of the venturi tube.
 It controls the speed of the vehicle by providing control amount of mixture.
 It controls the quantity of air fuel mixture.

o
 If throttle is fully opened, than more mixture drawn into cylinder and thus gives high output. But
if it is little opened, less mixture is drawn into the cylinder, which gives less power.

6. Choke Valve:-
 It is same as throttle valve in construction but situated at the entrance of venturi tube.
 It is used to provide very rich mixture during starting in cold season.
 It controls the quantity of air flow through the venturi tube.
 If the choke is fully open, normal amount of air flow through venturi, which forms a normal
mixture. But if the choke is partially closed, it results low amount of air flow through venturi and
large amount of fuel flow through discharge nozzle. It gives rich mixture.
WORKING:-
1. Air flows into the top of the carburetor from the
car's air intake, passing through a filter that cleans
it of debris.
2. When the engine is first started, the choke (blue)
can be set so it almost blocks the top of the pipe
to reduce the amount of air coming in (increasing
the fuel content of the mixture entering the
cylinders).
3. In the center of the tube, the air is forced through
a narrow kink called a venturi. This makes it
speed up and causes its pressure to drop.
4. The drop in air pressure creates suction on the fuel
pipe (right), drawing in fuel (orange).
5. The throttle (green) is a valve that swivels to open
or close the pipe. When the throttle is open, more air and fuel flows to the cylinders so the
engine produces more power and the car goes faster.
6. The mixture of air and fuel flows down into the cylinders.
7. Fuel (orange) is supplied from a mini-fuel tank called the float-feed chamber.
8. As the fuel level falls, a float in the chamber falls and opens a valve at the top.
9. When the valve opens, more fuel flows in to replenish the chamber from the main gas tank.
This makes the float rise and close the valve again.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:-

ADVANTAGES:-
The main advantage is that, they are cheap to manufacture and maintain. This relatively means
that carbureted motorcycles are cheaper to own and maintain compared to the fuel injected
counterparts.

DISADVANTAGES:-
1. They are very prone to cold start problems.
2. The working of a carburetor is highly affected by atmospheric pressure.
3. Throttle response is weak in a carbureted motorcycle.
4. Regular check ups and maintenance is required.
 Study of MPFI (Multi Point Fuel Injection System)
THEORY:-
The MPFI is a system or method of injecting fuel into internal combustion engine through multi
ports situated on intake valve of each cylinder. It delivers an exact quantity of fuel in each cylinder
at the right time. There are three types of MPFI systems – Batched, Simultaneous and Sequential.

WORKING OF MPFI:-The MPFI is an advanced version of carburetor engine. As we said

earlier that the MPFI engine is having a fuel injector for each cylinder. A computer is used to
control each and every fuel injector individually. The computerized system of the car consists of
a microcontroller. This microcontroller monitors each fuel injectors and keeps on telling each
injector about the amount of fuel to be injected to the cylinder so that the fuel wastage can be
reduced. Since there is a controlled fuel usage, the engine is known for its fuel efficiency.
 Even though the working of MPFI engine is
somewhat similar to the carburetor engine, each
cylinder is treated individually. An input is fed to
the computerized system in order to calculate the
amount of air and fuel is to be mixed and send to
the combustion chamber. A several stages of
calculations are to be made in order to judge the
right amount of fuel to be mixed. After this
calculation, the proper fuel is delivered at the
proper_instance.
There are a number of sensors used in the MPFI engine. At the time when the inputs are given to
the car's computer, it begins to read the given sensors. The things which can be known from the
sensors are listed below:

 The engine temperature of the vehicle.

 The speed at which the engine is running.
 The engine load.
 The position of the accelerator.
 The cylinder's air-fuel pressure.
 The rate of exhaust.

The amount of fuel to be injected into the combustion chamber is decided by analyzing the inputs
given to the computerized system of the MPFI engine. In modern MPFI engines, a memory unit
is additionally installed. This will make the MPFI engine capable of storing the user settings so
that it can operate easily. The driving habits of a driver can also be detected by this system so that
the MPFI system itself can change the predefined settings which suit the user. There are namely
two types of MPFI engines namely:

 Sequential
 Simultaneous

Thus it can be noted that the cars of today are truly intelligent.

KEY PARTS OF MPFI

Fuel Injector:-
A fuel injector is nothing but an electronically
controlled valve. It is supplied with pressurized
fuel by the fuel pump in your car, and it is
capable of opening and closing many times per
second.
Engine Sensors:-
In order to provide the correct amount of fuel for every operating condition, the engine control
unit (ECU) has to monitor a huge number of input sensors. Here are just a few-

 Mass airflow sensor - Tells the ECU the mass of air entering the engine.
 Oxygen sensor(s) - Monitors the amount of oxygen in the exhaust so the ECU can
determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and make adjustments accordingly
 Throttle position sensor - Monitors the throttle valve position (which determines
how much air goes into the engine) so the ECU can respond quickly to changes,
increasing or decreasing the fuel rate as necessary.
 Coolant temperature sensor - Allows the ECU to determine when the engine has
reached its proper operating temperature Voltage sensor - Monitors the system
voltage in the car so the ECU can raise the idle speed if voltage is dropping (which
would indicate a high electrical load).
 Engine speed sensor - Monitors engine speed, which is one of the factors used to
calculate the pulse width.

Advantage of Electronic Fuel injection over carburetor :-

 Better atomization of fuel
 Lower emission of pollutant
 Better flow due to elimination of venture
 More uniform air-fuel mixture will be supplied to each cylinder, hence the difference in
power developed in each cylinder is minimum.
 The vibrations produced in MPFI engines is very less, due to this life of the engine
component is increased.
 No need to crank the engine twice or thrice in case of cold starting as happen in the
carburetor system.
 Immediate response, in case of sudden acceleration and deceleration.
 High fuel efficiency or mileage of the vehicle is improved.
 More accurate amount of air-fuel mixture will be supplied in these injection system. As a
result complete combustion will take place. This leads to effective utilization of fuel
supplied and hence low emission level.