EE2112 Final Exam – Spring 2019

Appendix

𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎) = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 �𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + � , 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔(𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎) = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 �𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 − � Trigonometric equations
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒆𝒆𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜶𝜶 + 𝒋𝒋 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝜶𝜶 Euler’s equation

𝑽𝑽𝑴𝑴 ∠𝜽𝜽𝒗𝒗 𝑽𝑽𝑴𝑴

𝒁𝒁 = = ∠(𝜽𝜽𝒗𝒗 − 𝜽𝜽𝒊𝒊 ) = |𝒁𝒁|∠𝜽𝜽𝒛𝒛 Impedance
𝑰𝑰𝑴𝑴 ∠𝜽𝜽𝒊𝒊 𝑰𝑰𝑴𝑴
𝑽𝑽 𝑰𝑰 Z: Impedance, Y: Admittance
𝒁𝒁 = = 𝑹𝑹 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 , 𝒀𝒀 = = 𝑮𝑮 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 X: Reactance, G: Conductance, B: Susceptance
𝑰𝑰 𝑽𝑽
𝑿𝑿
𝒁𝒁 = |𝒁𝒁|∠𝜽𝜽𝒛𝒛 = 𝑹𝑹 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 ⟶ |𝒁𝒁| = �𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 + 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 , 𝜽𝜽𝒁𝒁 = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕−𝟏𝟏 � � Magnitude and Phase
𝑹𝑹

𝑹𝑹 ∶ 𝒁𝒁 = 𝑹𝑹
𝑳𝑳 ∶ 𝒁𝒁 = 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 = 𝒋𝒋𝑿𝑿𝑳𝑳 = 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎∠𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗° , ( 𝑿𝑿𝑳𝑳 = 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎) Impedance for passive elements
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪 ∶ 𝒁𝒁 = = 𝒋𝒋𝑿𝑿𝑪𝑪 = − ∠𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗° , (𝑿𝑿𝑪𝑪 = − )
𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎

𝒑𝒑(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒗𝒗(𝒕𝒕)𝒊𝒊(𝒕𝒕) = 𝑽𝑽𝑴𝑴 𝑰𝑰𝑴𝑴 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄(𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝜽𝜽𝒗𝒗 ) 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄(𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎 + 𝜽𝜽𝒊𝒊 ) Instantaneous Power

𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎+𝑻𝑻 𝟏𝟏
�=
𝑷𝑷 � 𝒑𝒑(𝒕𝒕)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑽𝑽𝑴𝑴 𝑰𝑰𝑴𝑴 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝜽𝜽𝒗𝒗 − 𝜽𝜽𝒊𝒊 ) Average power
𝑻𝑻 𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐

𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 = 𝒁𝒁∗𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 For maximum Average Power transfer to the load

𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎+𝑻𝑻 𝟐𝟐
𝑰𝑰𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = 𝑰𝑰𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = � � 𝒊𝒊 (𝒕𝒕)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 RMS value
𝑻𝑻 𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎

𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 Power absorbed by a resistor R

𝑷𝑷 = 𝑹𝑹 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 =
𝑹𝑹

� = 𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝑰𝑰𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝜽𝜽𝒗𝒗 − 𝜽𝜽𝒊𝒊 )

𝑷𝑷 Average Power (using RMS values)

𝑷𝑷 Power Factor
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝜽𝜽𝒗𝒗 − 𝜽𝜽𝒊𝒊 ) = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝜽𝜽𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 )
𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝑰𝑰𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓

𝑺𝑺 = 𝑷𝑷 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 = 𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝑰𝑰∗𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 Complex power

𝑸𝑸
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 (𝜽𝜽𝒗𝒗 − 𝜽𝜽𝒊𝒊 ) = Power Triangle
𝑷𝑷

𝑺𝑺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 − 𝑺𝑺𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 Power Factor Correction

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝝀𝝀 = 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 , 𝝀𝝀 = 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 , 𝒗𝒗 = Magnetic Flux Linkage, Faraday’s Law
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑴𝑴
𝒌𝒌 = , 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒌𝒌 ≤ 𝟏𝟏 Coefficient of Coupling
�𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝒘𝒘(𝒕𝒕) = 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 [𝒊𝒊𝟏𝟏 (𝒕𝒕)]𝟐𝟐 + 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 [𝒊𝒊𝟐𝟐 (𝒕𝒕)]𝟐𝟐 ± 𝑴𝑴𝒊𝒊𝟏𝟏 (𝒕𝒕)𝒊𝒊𝟐𝟐 (𝒕𝒕) Energy stored in magnetically coupled inductors
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐
= , = Ideal transformer
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐
𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 = , 𝒏𝒏 = Load reflection into the Primary Side
𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
𝝎𝝎𝟎𝟎 = Resonance Frequency (Series & Parallel RLC only)
√𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳

𝝎𝝎𝟎𝟎 𝑳𝑳 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳 Quality Factor (Series RLC only)

𝑸𝑸 = = = �
𝑹𝑹 𝝎𝝎𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹 𝑪𝑪

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 = 𝝎𝝎𝟎𝟎 ��� � + 𝟏𝟏 − � Lower Cut-off Freq. (Series & Parallel RLC only)
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝝎𝝎𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 = 𝝎𝝎𝟎𝟎 ��� � + 𝟏𝟏 + � Higher Cut-off Freq. (Series & Parallel RLC only)
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝝎𝝎𝟎𝟎
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝝎𝝎𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 − 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 = Bandwidth
𝑸𝑸
𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 × 𝝎𝝎𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 Relationship between 𝜔𝜔0 and cutoff frequencies

𝑹𝑹𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀

𝑹𝑹𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝛀𝛀 Typical resistance values for human body
𝑹𝑹𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 (𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝛀𝛀
𝑹𝑹𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝛀𝛀

Effects of electric shock