Manual de Logueo

FIELD PROCEDURES MANUAL
COLLECTION OF
GEOTECHNICAL, HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL DATA
DIAVIK DIAMOND MINE
November 2006
Doc #210 Ver. 0
Diavik Field Procedures Manual
November 2006 -i- Doc #210 Ver. 0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1
2.0 GEOTECHNICAL CORE LOGGING.......................................................2
2.1 Rock Mass Classification..................................................................... 2
2.2 Core Logging Equipment ..................................................................... 3
2.3 Acquire Logging Interface.................................................................... 3
2.4 General Drillhole Data (Collar Form) ................................................... 4
2.5 Geotechnical Data Collection (Core Recovery Form).......................... 6
2.5.1 Geotechnical Interval (Depth) ................................................ 7
2.5.2 Total Core Recovery (TCR) ................................................... 8
2.5.3 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) ........................................... 9
2.5.4 Rock Type............................................................................ 10
2.5.5 Weathering/Alteration Index ................................................ 11
2.5.6 Joint Set Number (Jn).......................................................... 11
2.5.7 Fault and Broken Core Zones.............................................. 12
2.5.8 Comments ........................................................................... 13
2.5.9 Strength Condition ............................................................... 13
2.6 Fracture Data Collection (Feature Table Form)................................. 19
2.6.1 Logging Fractures with WellCAD......................................... 20
2.6.2 Fracture Type ...................................................................... 25
2.6.3 Fracture Shape and Roughness.......................................... 25
2.6.4 Joint Parameters (Q System) .............................................. 26
2.6.5 Joint Condition Rating.......................................................... 28
2.7 Core Photography.............................................................................. 28
2.7.1 In the Core Shack ................................................................ 28
2.7.2 At the Drill Rig...................................................................... 30
2.7.3 File Naming.......................................................................... 30
2.8 Sample Collection.............................................................................. 31
3.0 HYDROGEOLOGY (PACKER) TESTING.............................................33
3.1 Testing Approach............................................................................... 33
3.1.1 Equipment Selection............................................................ 33
3.2 Equipment Setup ............................................................................... 36
3.2.1 Single Packer Wireline Assembly ........................................ 36
3.2.2 Double Packer AQ Rod Assembly ....................................... 37
3.3 Testing Procedure ............................................................................. 40
3.3.1 Tool Installation.................................................................... 40
3.3.2 Packer Inflation .................................................................... 43
3.3.3 Testing Procedure ............................................................... 43
3.3.4 Tool Removal....................................................................... 49
3.4 Documentation................................................................................... 50
3.5 Data Analysis..................................................................................... 51
3.5.1 Transient Analysis ............................................................... 51
3.5.2 Steady State Analysis.......................................................... 52
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4.0 DOWNHOLE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING.............................................53

4.1 Borehole Conditions and Risk ........................................................... 53
4.2 The Hardware .................................................................................... 54
4.2.1 The Winch............................................................................ 54
4.2.2 The Console ........................................................................ 55
4.2.3 Laptop Computer ................................................................. 55
4.2.4 The Downhole Probes ......................................................... 56
4.3 Assembling the Equipment ................................................................ 56
4.3.1 To Assemble the Hardware Components: ........................... 56
4.4 Running the Logging Software (Mslog) ............................................. 57
4.4.1 Initializing the Program ........................................................ 57
4.4.2 Using the Logging Dashboard ............................................. 59
4.5 Operating the Tools ........................................................................... 66
4.5.1 Fluid Temperature / Resistivity ............................................ 66
4.5.2 Calliper................................................................................. 67
4.5.3 Optical Televiewer ............................................................... 71
4.5.4 Acoustic Televiewer............................................................. 74
4.6 Processing Raw Data ........................................................................ 76
4.6.1 Cleaning Data ...................................................................... 77
4.6.2 Converting Data................................................................... 80
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................81
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Packer Setup Comparison 35
Table 3.2 Equipment for Single-Packer Wireline Setup 36
Table 3.3 Equipment for Double Packer AQ Setup 37
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Collar Entry Form 5
Figure 2.2 Core Recovery Entry Form 6
Figure 2.3 Example of RQD Calculation 9
Figure 2.4 Major Rock Types at Diavik (left to right): Kimberlite, Biotite Schist
(Foliated), Biotite Schist (Non-Foliated), Pegmatite, Granite 11
Figure 2.5 Examples of Faults/Broken Core 13
Figure 2.6 Axial (left) and Diametral (right) Point Load Test 14
Figure 2.7 Diametral (left) and axial (right) tests 15
Figure 2.8 Modes of Failure (a) Valid Diametral; (b) Valid Axial; (c) Invalid
Diametral; and, (d) Invalid Axial 16
Figure 2.9 Point Load Entry Form 17
Figure 2.10 Fracture Table Entry Form 19
Figure 2.11 Structure Log Settings 21
Figure 2.12 Structure Projection Settings 21
Figure 2.13 Structure Log Header 22
Figure 2.14 Drawing Sinusoids 23
Figure 2.15 Structure Category Selection 24
Figure 2.16 Fracture Editor 24
Figure 2.17 Examples of Fracture Shape and Roughness 27
Figure 2.18 Example of a Dry Core Photograph 29
Figure 2.19 Example of a Wet Core Photograph 29
Figure 2.20 Example of a Split Tube Photograph (Photo A) 30
Figure 3.1 Packer Assembly 38
Figure 3.2 Equipment for Single Packer Wireline Setup 39
Figure 3.3 Constant Rate Injection Surface Equipment Setup (AQ set-up on left,
Wireline Setup on right) Note: Transducer is not shown in wireline
setup but should be used inline with the pressure gauge as in the AQ
setup 47
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I Geotechnical Core Logging Parameters
Appendix II Hydrogeology (Packer) Testing
Appendix III Methods to ‘Free’ a Lodged Logging Probe
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This document provides a description of procedures for the collection of geotechnical,

hydrogeological, and downhole geophysical data from diamond drillholes. The
procedures described are designed to obtain the critical characteristics of a rock mass
which are likely to affect design of any potential surface or underground workings.
Many of the procedures outlined in this document are specific to the work at the
Diavik Diamond Mine.
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2.0 GEOTECHNICAL CORE LOGGING
2.1 Rock Mass Classification
Geotechnical data collected from drill core are used to rate the rock mass according to its
“quality”. Rock mass classification systems provide a basis for this assessment, and
permit comparison with rock mass conditions encountered at other mines and different
areas of the same mine. The classification systems have been refined over the years to
include a large database of rock excavations and ground conditions.
The two rock mass classification systems most widely used in the mining industry are the
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) Q system (Q) and CSIR Rock Mass Rating
(RMR76) system (1976). Other systems include Laubscher's MRMR system, which has
similarities in the basic data collection procedures to the RMR system. Although the
systems differ, they rely on similar data in order to classify rock mass strength.
The description of a rock mass for engineering purposes requires assessment of the
characteristics of both the rock material and the fractures that intersect it (bedding planes,
joints, foliation, cleavage). Rock material in its fresh, unweathered state can vary in
strength from relatively soft (e.g., chalks, marls, claystones) to extremely hard
(e.g., diabase, hornfels, quartzite). The strength along fractures can also vary
significantly depending on the fracture condition.
The format for describing the geotechnical characteristics of a rock mass is based on
international standard practice, and is structured to provide all data necessary for the rock
mass classification schemes. At Diavik Diamond Mine (Diavik, DDMI); the following
geotechnical index parameters are collected from rock cores for a general assessment of
rock mass quality:
• Logging interval depth;

• Rock condition (weathering/alteration);
• Total Core recovery (TCR);
• Rock Quality Designation (RQD);
• Strength of intact material (rock or soil hardness) (ISRM Strength);
• Biotite Schist Length;
• Joint Set Number (Jn); and,
• Rock Type.
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Additionally, detailed geotechnical data pertaining to each fracture observed in the core
will be collected, including:
• Fracture type;
• Joint surface description (Roughness, Shape, Infill Type and Thickness);
• Joint parameters (Q Systems) of fractures (Ja, Jr);
• Alpha Angle with respect to core axis (when logging at the drill rig or where
televiewer images are not available ONLY); and,
• Joint Condition Rating (JCR) (RMR76).
These core logging parameters are described in detail in the following sections.
2.2 Core Logging Equipment
The following list presents the field equipment used to carry out geotechnical data
collection from drill core:
• Laptop computer with geotechnical logging database;

• Tape measure (metric);
• Lumber crayons or chalk (various colours);
• Permanent markers (black and red);
• Contour gauge for joint profiles - optional;
• Geologist’s rock hammer;
• Knife and/or tool for scratching rock;
• Protractor (carpenter’s);
• Spray bottle for wetting core;
• Duct tape, bubble wrap, and stretch wrap for collecting core samples;
• Digital Camera; and,
• Point Load Test Apparatus.
2.3 Acquire Logging Interface
At Diavik, core logging data will be input directly into a database using the software
acQuire. The logging interface consists of five input forms (tabs):
• Import/Export – Used only to export data once logging of a drillhole is complete.
• Collar – Orientation, location, setup of the drill hole. Only the primary keys must be
entered, most data for this form is NOT entered by the core logger.
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• Core Recovery – Interval/run information for assessing rock mass quality.
• Feature Table – Detailed geotechnical information for each individual structure in an

interval/run.
• Point Load – Results of point load tests performed on drill core.
2.4 General Drillhole Data (Collar Form)
General data about the drillhole is recorded in the Collar form (see Figure 2.1) of the
logging database. The core logger must enter the primary key ONLY, which in this case
is the Hole ID.
Other information in the form should be entered only if known by the logger.
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Figure 2.1 Collar Entry Form
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2.5 Geotechnical Data Collection (Core Recovery Form)
Data describing the strength, characteristics and recovery of an interval or run is recorded
in the Core Recovery form of the logging database. The following sections describe in
detail the information recorded in this form for each run or geotechnical interval.
Figure 2.2 Core Recovery Entry Form
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2.5.1 Geotechnical Interval (Depth)
Geotechnical intervals (domains) should be chosen based on the lithology and strength
condition of the core and are a minimum of 0.5 metres and a maximum of 3 metres in
length. In rock of relatively homogeneous geological and geotechnical character, an
interval length of 3 metres should be used. Any major change in lithology or
geotechnical character (e.g., strength, fracture frequency, and/or recovery) should be
identified as a geotechnical boundary. For example, if a zone greater than 0.5 meter in
length of markedly different geotechnical character relative to the adjacent core is
intersected (e.g., a gouge filled fault zone in otherwise competent rock), it should be
logged as a separate geotechnical interval. If such a geotechnical zone occurs, but is less
than 0.5m, it should be recorded in the Feature Table form.
The recorded depth is the length along the core axis from the collar of hole to the
beginning (From) to the end (To) of the logged interval. Example: An interval from
15.7 metres to 18.7 metres would be recorded as:
From: 15.7 metres ... To: 18.7 metres
• At the drill rig: When logging at the drill rig, drillers depths (those marked on the run
blocks) will be used.
• At the core shack: When logging in the core shack with televiewer images, the depths
recorded in the images will be used, NOT the depths recorded on the drillers run
blocks. In this case it is important to frequently establish depths by correlating
features seen in the images with those seen in the core. Depths should be correlated
in order to find both the From and To (i.e., do not measure 3 metres from the From
depth to find the To depth, unless in unfractured rock). This is particularly important
in weak or fractured rock where core could be missing.
Recording the depth at each meter on the core with black, permanent marker is a good
way of keeping track of depths, particularly when logging with televiewer images. It also
makes core photographs easier to interpret.
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It is important that the geotechnical engineer on site confirms the reference point used by
the driller to establish the depths recorded on core run blocks. Depths should be
referenced to ground surface. Quite often, drillers will use the drill floor, top of casing,
or top of drill head before hand and appropriate ‘stick up’ measured and recorded for
reference. In some cases, it has been discovered that the dayshift and nightshift have
used different reference points. This should be confirmed with the drillers on each shift
on a drill rig prior to the start of drilling.
2.5.2 Total Core Recovery (TCR)
Total Core Recovery (TCR) records the total amount of core recovered over the
measured length drilled for each core run (or geotechnical interval when logging with
televiewer images). Measure core recovery to the nearest centimetre and record the value
in the form field. The length of broken core or gouge must be estimated as its true length
in the ground (NOT as it appears spread out in the core box) and is included in the total
recovery length.
Core losses are an important indication of potentially poor geotechnical conditions, since
they most commonly occur in weak or highly fractured zones which may be important for
determining rock mass properties. Rubble or slough which has fallen into the drill hole
and is recovered at the top of a core lift is not counted as recovered core and should be
discarded or clearly labelled to avoid subsequent misclassification.
It is not uncommon for some core to slip through the core lifter and to be dropped out of
its core tube. This problem frequently indicates a worn or unsuitable core lifter which
should be replaced. Core should be represented on the log at the location it occupied in
the ground. This requires some interpretation when rock cored during one run is dropped
and is recovered during a subsequent run. Core recoveries should not exceed 100% on
any logged interval. Core which was drilled in a previous run can often be identified by
marks from the drilling or the core lifter.
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2.5.3 Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
The RQD is a quantitative index of rock quality used in both Q and RMR calculations.
RQD is based on the measured length of hard, sound pieces of core recovered at full
cylindrical diameter, and measuring at least 10 cm in length. Lengths shorter than 10 cm
are ignored, as shown in Figure 2.3. RQD is determined from the following expression:
the sum of the lengths of core in pieces equal to or longer than 10 cm

RQD (%) = 100 x
length of core run
It is important to distinguish between mechanical, drill induced breaks and natural breaks
found in the core. A mechanical break caused by handling should not adversely affect
the RQD index, which is a measure of the in-situ rock quality. The mechanical broken
core segments should be approximated into a solid unit of core in order to arrive at a
reliable RQD value. Naturally occurring fractures must be identified in order to measure
RQD, and can be marked with a coloured crayon to aid in the process (optional).
Figure 2.3 Example of RQD Calculation
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At the drill rig: When logging at the drill rig without the use of televiewer images, it is
sometimes difficult to distinguish natural fractures from mechanical breaks. If the origin
of the fracture is uncertain, then it is considered to be a natural break in order to provide
conservative values for the RQD and fracture logs. Clean, fresh, irregular surfaces that
are oriented at close to 90° to the core axis that can be rejoined with only a hair-line
separation are typically drill-induced. Surfaces that are stained, weathered, contain
infilling or coatings, occur at some angle other than perpendicular to the core axis, or
cannot be rejoined cleanly should be counted as natural fractures. If in doubt, consider it
to be a natural fracture.
At Diavik, fractures marked with a red X by the drill helper are known mechanical breaks
caused by handling the core or breaking it to fit in core boxes. This convention should be
confirmed with the drill helper prior to drilling.
One special case that may be encountered in measuring RQD is a single fracture
sub-parallel to the core axis (within approx. 10 degrees). Sound core with a single
sub-parallel fracture is counted as intact rock and assigned an RQD of 100%. This
method is used to avoid biasing the RQD measurement with a single fracture parallel to
the drillhole.
RQD is only valid for sound core and should generally not be used for very poorly
indurated materials such as clays or weak claystones. Intact rock with a rock strength
less than R0 should be described as soil. This situation may occur due to hydrothermal
alteration of rock forming minerals, faulting, or other geological processes and may result
in intervals within a rock mass which have soil-like properties. In such cases, RQD
should not be recorded for this interval. However, a note should be added to the log
clearly stating that RQD has not been recorded for this reason.
2.5.4 Rock Type
The rock type is recorded in the logging database using its name selected from the drop
down list. Uniform application of nomenclature is usually more critical than absolute
accuracy of that nomenclature. There are four major rock types at Diavik including:
granite, pegmatite, biotite schist, and kimberlite.
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Figure 2.4 Major Rock Types at Diavik (left to right): Kimberlite, Biotite Schist
(Foliated), Biotite Schist (Non-Foliated), Pegmatite, Granite
Variations in colour, grain size and alteration are common in all rock types. Diabase
dikes are also encountered frequently at Diavik.
2.5.5 Weathering/Alteration Index
Record the degree of weathering using the system described in Table I-2. This provides a
qualitative measure of the degree of weathering of the original rock material. As the hole
depth increases the degree of weathering will decrease and alteration will begin to have
an increasing influence on the rock strength.
2.5.6 Joint Set Number (Jn)
A joint set is a series of systematically occurring joints of which the orientation and
geotechnical characteristics are broadly the same. Observe the various joint sets in the
geotechnical interval, and record a value from Table I-5. Examples: One set corresponds
to one distinct fracture orientation, such as a foliation. Two sets indicate that two distinct
fracture orientations are present and a Jn value of four would be assigned. The Jn value
for rubble and/or gouge zones should be recorded as 20.
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2.5.7 Fault and Broken Core Zones
Fault and broken core zones should be logged and recorded as separate geotechnical
intervals when exceeding 0.5 m in length. In cases where such zones are less than 0.5 m
in length, or in order to record an orientation for broader geotechnical intervals, their
presence should also be recorded as a fracture in Feature Table form.
• Broken core zones are characterized by pieces that do not form full circumferential
segments (e.g., not disks). Broken core generally consists of angular fragments.
• Faults are a fracture or zone along which there has been recognizable displacement.
The walls are often polished or slickensided resulting from the shear displacement.
Frequently, rock on both sides of the fault is shattered and altered or weathered,
resulting in fillings such as crushed/pulverized rock (breccia) and powder (gouge).
Fault width may range from millimetres to hundreds of metres. In drill core, fault
zones often have less then 100% recovery.
Recording the presence of these zones does not preclude recording the engineering
parameters in the log as well. In order to calculate RMR and Q, values of Jr, Ja, JCR and
rock strength must be estimated, EVEN IF INDIVIDUAL FRACTURES CANNOT BE
IDENTIFIED. This can be done by looking at the surfaces of rock fragments within the
broken core/fault zone.
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Small Scale Fault (logged as fracture)

Large Scale Fault (logged as geotechnical interval)
Broken Core (near 100% recovery)
Figure 2.5 Examples of Faults/Broken Core
2.5.8 Comments
Any important or distinguishing geotechnical / geological characteristics not recorded in

the geotechnical log should be included in the comments. This will include any
adjectives required to describe distinguishing features such as colour, grain size, fabric
(schistose, slatey, gneissic, etc.), major minerals, descriptions of particularly weak zones
and comments regarding overall competency of the core.
It is important to note that comments are not used in rock mass classification systems and
are often not used once entered into the main logging database. Important Information
contained in the comments field should be represented in the main fields in the
geotechnical log and should not change the overall interpretation of the rock quality.
2.5.9 Strength Condition
Strength Index (Field Estimate of Intact Rock or Soil Strength)
The strength of the pieces of intact core in the geotechnical interval can be estimated
using Table I-1. A pocket knife and rock hammer are required for the test, which must be
performed for each interval. This observational approach provides a cost-effective
estimate of intact rock strength, provided that strengths are calibrated with laboratory
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testing. If a variation in rock strength is present in the geotechnical interval (e.g., 1 cm of

fault gouge), estimate the “average” rock strength of the interval taking into account the
relative amounts of different material present in the interval.
Point Load Index (Point Load Form)
Point load tests provide a quantitative measure of rock strength which is necessary to
bridge the gap between the qualitative description of rock characteristics (Strength Index)
and the quantitative requirements of some engineering evaluations. Every effort should
be made to test samples that are representative of the rock mass rather than concentrating
testing on samples that are easiest to test.
Point load testing can be performed on drill core (axial and diametral tests), cut blocks or
irregular lumps. At Diavik, testing is generally only performed on drill core. Where
foliation is present in the rock, both axial and diametral tests should be performed to
provide a measure of anisotropy (see Figure 2.6).
When performing a test, the load should be increased at a constant rate and the complete
break should occur in 10-60 seconds.
Figure 2.6 Axial (left) and Diametral (right) Point Load Test
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For the Diavik project, one point load test should be performed for approximately every
10 metres of core. However, zones of markedly different geotechnical character should
also be tested. One test consists of 5 measurements in the diametral direction
(i.e., 5 breaks performed 5-10 cm apart along a piece of core), unless measurements show
significant variation in which case more measurements should be recorded.
In tests where foliation is present in the rock, one test will consist of 5 measurements in
the diametral direction and 5 measurements in the axial direction. Tests in the diametral
direction should be performed parallel to the plane of weakness (i.e., core should be
aligned between the point load platens (points with which force is applied) so that the
force applied is directly parallel to the foliation). Tests in the axial direction should be
performed perpendicular to the plane of weakness.
D is recorded as the distance between the platens. In diametral tests, D is the diameter of
the core and must be measured. In axial tests, both D and W (width of the core, which is
core diameter in this case) are recorded. The size, D of the core for axial tests should be
between 0.3 to 1 times W (try to position breaks when doing the diametral tests to
achieve these dimensions) (see Figure 2.7). For diametral tests, the length/diameter ratio
of the sample tested should be greater than 1.
D and W MUST be measured for each sample as core sizes can vary due to head
pressure, bit type, bit wear, etc.
Figure 2.7 Diametral (left) and axial (right) tests
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Figure 2.8 Modes of Failure (a) Valid Diametral; (b) Valid Axial;
(c) Invalid Diametral; and, (d) Invalid Axial
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Figure 2.9 Point Load Entry Form
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For each measurement, the following information is recorded in the Point Load form of
the logging database:
Sample Depth: Depth of test in metres.
Test Sample Number: NOT entered by logger. This field will be filled
automatically by acQuire.
Gauge Units: Units of measurement selected from a pick list

(e.g., kPa, kN, PSI, lbf).
PLT Type: Type of test performed, e.g., diametral or axial.
D between Platens: Distance between platens. Equivalent to the core

diameter for diametral tests.
PLT Width: Width of the rock being tested (measured

perpendicular to D). Only applies to axial, irregular
lump, or block tests. Equivalent to the core diameter
for axial tests.
Gauge Reading: Force or pressure required to split the core sample,

typically measured in units of kN, or kPa.
Failure Type: A failure type can be entered if the test fails along a
plane of weakness in the core (e.g., foliation,
microdefect, etc.). The failure type “Invalid” should
be entered if the test is unsuccessful (see Figure 2.8).
One example of an invalid test is if the core chips, or
does not split completely.
Orientation to Weakness: The angle from the direction of applied force to the
plane of weakness (if applicable).
Comments: Any relevant information not recorded in the above

fields. The reason for an invalid test or any unusual
strength characteristics should be recorded here.
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2.6 Fracture Data Collection (Feature Table Form)
At Diavik, each fracture is logged individually, NOT as joint sets. When logging in the
core shack, televiewer images will be used to identify and orient fractures. When logging
at the drill rig, fractures will be identified by the geotechnical engineer and an Alpha
angle (dip with respect to the core axis) will be recorded. The following sections
describe in detail the information recorded for each fracture.
Figure 2.10 Fracture Table Entry Form
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2.6.1 Logging Fractures with WellCAD
Fractures should be identified and logged in WellCAD using the core as confirmation.
The depth assigned to the feature in WellCAD is then entered into the geotechnical
logging database where its associated description and engineering parameters are
recorded.
• It is critical that the depth assigned in WellCAD and recorded in the logging database
are exactly identical as these depths are later used to merge data from the two sources
together.
Although fractures are to be identified using WellCAD, it is important to look at each

fracture surface in the core, as some fractures may not be easily visible in the images.
This is particularly important when acoustic televiewer images are not available as
fractures with small aperture are often not visible in optical televiewer images.
Where fractures are identified as being natural (i.e., surface alteration or apparent
movement on the joint surface) but cannot be identified in the televiewer images, they
should still be logged into the logging database and an Alpha angle should be manually
measured and recorded.
WellCAD Setup:
• Change view to Draft mode (View → Draft).
• Create a Structure Log for logging features (Edit → Insert New Log → Structure
Log). The Category Dictionary should be changed to the Diavik Structures file
(Change → Select file) and the Style selected should be Projection.
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Figure 2.11 Structure Log Settings
Click the Projection button to open the Structure Projection Settings window and select
the Calliper log (if available) as the drillhole diameter. If it is not available fix the
diameter to 96 mm for an HQ size hole.
Figure 2.12 Structure Projection Settings
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• Position the structure log over the acoustic image (if available) by left-clicking and
holding on the Structure Log header and dragging it to below the acoustic image
header.
Figure 2.13 Structure Log Header
• WellCAD files should be saved and backed-up frequently.
The following procedure is used for logging fractures in WellCAD:
• Identify feature in optical and/or acoustic televiewer image. Confirm by looking at

associated feature in the core.
• Draw a sinusoid on the fracture in the structure log (hold shift key and left-click on
points along the fracture). Note: The structure log must be selected (left-click on the
structure log header) in order to draw features.
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Figure 2.14 Drawing Sinusoids
• Moving or adjusting a Sinusoid: Position the cursor over the sinusoid until you see
either crossed arrows (to move sinusoid) or a single arrow with two ends (to adjust
sinusoid). Left-click and hold on the desired arrow to adjust the sinusoid as
necessary.
• Deleting a Sinusoid: Hold the control key down and position the cursor over the
sinusoid until an X appears beside the cursor. Left-click while still holding the
control key to delete the sinusoid.
• Select the structure type by positioning the cursor over the sinusoid (the cursor will
change to arrows) and right-clicking. Select the feature type from the list of Diavik
structures which will appear in the Category window.
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Figure 2.15 Structure Category Selection
• Open the editor to view the assigned feature depth (right-click on the structure log
header and select Editor).
Figure 2.16 Fracture Editor
• Record this depth and feature type either directly into the logging database or onto the
core with permanent marker.
• Repeat this for each fracture in a run/geotechnical interval/table.
• Record features and associated geotechnical parameters with their assigned depths
into the logging database for the run/geotechnical interval/table.
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2.6.2 Fracture Type
Record the types of fractures present in the core interval, using the definitions and
abbreviations shown below:
Broken Core (BC): A zone of broken, angular rock with no soft material or
gouge present. Usually has near 100% recovery.
Bedding (BD): A discontinuity associated with sedimentary processes

(e.g., mud seam in sandstone).
Contact - Closed (CON): A boundary between two lithologies where there is no
open fracture.
Contact - Open (CONO): An open fracture on the boundary of two lithologies.
Fault (FLT): A major structural feature characterized by broken core

or breccia, clay, silt, or sand gouge, rotated clasts or
fragments, and often tectonic fabric, such as shearing.
There may or may not be evidence of displacement,
depending on the nature of the fault. The walls are
often polished or slickensided. Frequently, rock on both
sides of the fault is shattered and altered or weathered.
Fault width may vary from millimetres to hundreds of
metres (fault zones greater than 1 m should also be
logged as separate geotechnical intervals). Care must be
taken in assigning the name “fault”. In some cases, joint
discontinuities containing sandy, silty, or clay coatings,
may be incorrectly classified as ‘fault’. In such cases,
these should be classified as joint discontinuities, with
the appropriate surface character descriptors.
Foliation (FOL): A preferential direction of structural weakness in the
rock due to alignment of weak minerals, caused by
metamorphism.
Joint (JN): A discontinuity with no evidence of previous movement.
Vein - Open (VNO): An open discontinuity infilled by another mineral

(e.g., quartz).
2.6.3 Fracture Shape and Roughness
Shape describes the small scale surface shape of the joint at the scale of the rock core:
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• Planar
• Undulating
• Stepped
• Curved
• Irregular
Roughness describes the small scale surface roughness or “feel” of the joint at the scale
of the rock core:
• Slickensided or Polished
• Smooth
• Slightly Rough
• Rough
• Very Rough
Examples of various discontinuity shapes and roughness are shown on Figure 2.17.
2.6.4 Joint Parameters (Q System)
The condition for each fracture is characterized using the approach outlined for the Q
system. The individual Q parameter values are obtained from Table I-4 and include:
• Fracture Roughness (Jr)

Describes the small scale geometry of the joint surface.
• Fracture Alteration (Ja)

This rating distinguishes between fractures which are filled with alteration minerals
such as clay, and those which are not. Filled fractures lower the rock mass strength,
thereby reducing stability of mining excavations.
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Planar Smooth Planar Polished Planar Slickensided
Planar Rough Planar Very Rough

Undulating Slickensided
Undulating Rough Undulating Smooth Stepped Rough
Curved Rough Mechanical Break
Figure 2.17 Examples of Fracture Shape and Roughness
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2.6.5 Joint Condition Rating
The CSIR Rock Mass Rating 1976 (RMR76) includes a general description of the
engineering parameters of the discontinuities observed in a core run. It provides a good
relative estimate of the impact of the discontinuities on the engineering characteristics of
the rock mass. Table I-3 outlines general fracture conditions and corresponding joint
condition ratings (JCR) to be recorded.
2.7 Core Photography
Core photography provides a permanent record which can be easily referred to, and a
visual backup to the geological and geotechnical data collected during core logging.
Core photography should be undertaken as part of all exploration and geotechnical
drilling programs. The cost of core photography is minimal relative to the cost of
diamond drilling. As a minimum, core should be photographed ‘wet’, although ideally
core should be photographed both ‘wet’, and ‘dry’.
2.7.1 In the Core Shack
Figures 2.18 and 2.19 are examples of dry and wet core photos. The following procedure
should be used for photographing core in the core shack:
• Label core boxes in black, permanent marker with the Hole Name, Box Number and
From and To Depth (for each core box). Ensure writing is large enough to be visible
in photographs.
• Place a tape measure or meter stick along one of the core boxes.
• Use the stepladder to stand high enough to point directly at the center of the core
boxes while fitting the width of the core boxes in the LCD screen. DO NOT use the
viewfinder when standing on the ladder.
• Center the image vertically while remaining square to all four corners of the boxes.
• Depress the shutter half way until the green light comes on indicating proper focus.
• Depress the shutter completely while holding the camera as still as possible. Check
photo to ensure it is clear and writing is visible.
• Repeat the procedure for BOTH wet and dry core.
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Figure 2.18 Example of a Dry Core Photograph
Figure 2.19 Example of a Wet Core Photograph
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2.7.2 At the Drill Rig
When logging at the drill rig, photos should be taken both in the split tube and in the core
box. For photos taken in the core box, the same procedure as used in the core shack can
be applied. Figure 2.20 shows an example of a split tube photo. For photos taken in the
split tube the following procedure should be used:
• Place a wooden depth marker at each end of the split tube.
• Lay a tape measure or meter stick on the v-rail behind the split tube.
• Place an index card, labelled with the hole number, at one meter intervals.
• Using the same settings as the core shack, photograph the core in one meter sections.
The door should be closed at this time to maintain consistent lighting.
Figure 2.20 Example of a Split Tube Photograph (Photo A)
2.7.3 File Naming
When using a digital camera, photos should be downloaded, renamed and backed up
frequently. The following convention should be used for naming core box photos:
05PS-15_000.00-003.00 m_dry.jpg
The preceding zeros will allow the files to sort correctly within folders.
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The following convention should be used for naming split tube photos:
05PS-15_000.00-003.00 m_A.jpg
The second tube will then be labelled B, and the third C.
2.8 Sample Collection
Rock core samples will be collected for unconfined compressive strength (UCS), direct
shear, and triaxial testing. Samples should be a minimum 2.5 times the core diameter in
length and free of any structural defects; however at Diavik sample length may vary and
will be defined by the Project Manager. The number and type of samples collected for
each drillhole will be specified by the project manager. A sample record sheet should be
maintained, which lists relevant information for each sample, such as: borehole, depth
interval, rock type, sample length, date sampled, and proposed testing.
• Samples should be labelled directly on the core with black permanent marker with the
following information:
Hole ID Rock Type

Down-hole
Direction
Depth Test Type
Sample
Date Sampled
Length
• In some cases it may not be possible to write directly onto the core. In these
instances, a sheet of water proof paper from a field notebook can be used to record
the relevant information, and the paper sheet included with the core sample.
• Samples should be wrapped in plastic stretch wrap to preserve the natural moisture
content, then wrapped in duct tape, bubble wrap, and another layer of duct tape. All
of the above information should be recorded again on the outside layer of duct tape in
permanent marker and also in the logging database.
• Marker blocks indicating the sample “from” and “to” depths and purpose should be
placed in the core box where the sample was removed. The marker block should be
large enough so that the sample number and other relevant information can be
recorded and placed in the core box for future reference.
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• Samples should not be frozen.
• Kimberlite samples require security clearance requested by the on-site DDMI contact.
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3.0 HYDROGEOLOGY (PACKER) TESTING
Packer testing is performed to determine local-scale transmissivity of bedrock in specific

intervals in a drillhole. This manual describes in detail the following sections:
1. Testing Approach - The testing strategy.
2. Equipment Set-up - The tools and equipment used for testing.
3. Testing Procedure - Testing procedures including installation and removal of

equipment.
4. Documentation - The forms used for documenting field work and data.
5. Analysis - Preliminary interpretation to be performed during

testing.
3.1 Testing Approach
The following issues must be resolved before initiation of the drilling program:
• equipment selection with respect to drilling;
• the presence and depth of permafrost; and,
• required level of experience for the hydrogeologist/engineer based on equipment

set-up.
3.1.1 Equipment Selection
Testing can be performed either as the borehole is being advanced, or after completion.
Testing while drilling involves drilling a specified length, interrupting the drilling to
perform packer testing and repeating this sequence until the total depth of the drillhole is
reached. Test interval length used historically at the site is about 25 to 30 m. An average
coring production rate is on the order of 50 m/day, therefore testing while drilling may be
organized with one hydrogeologist/engineer on site.
Alternatively, the testing is performed at completion of drilling. This method requires

two hydrologists/engineers working a day and a night shift. The testing should be
performed shortly after completion of drilling (within several days) as experience has
shown an increase in drillhole stability problems when drillholes have been idle for
longer periods of time (a week or longer).
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Permafrost
The hydrogeologist/engineer should have knowledge of the presence and depth of

permafrost in each drillhole. There is no need to test the drillhole sections within the
permafrost. Also, drillholes that are cored through the permafrost are susceptible to
freezing in the permafrost section.
Tool Options and Personnel Requirements
Two general equipment set-ups are used at Diavik. The packer tool is either lowered to
test depth on a wireline through a drill rod string (wireline set-up; see Appendix II
Figure II-1), or lowered to test depth on dedicated AQ rods in open hole (AQ rod set-up;
see Appendix II Figure II-3). Single or double packer arrangement may be used with
either approach.
For test depths < 400 m, testing is either performed when the borehole is being
advanced, or at completion of drilling.
A single wireline packer set-up is usually used when testing during drilling to isolate a
selected interval above bottom of the hole. The tool is lowered to the test depth through
the drill rods and only the lower packer is seated in the open borehole. Basic tool
training is required to carry out the testing because any obvious problems with equipment
set-up such as packer by-pass are relatively easily identified.
In a double wireline packer arrangement the tool can be used as the borehole is being
advanced with a short straddle interval set-up to test particular feature identified in the
core, or upon completion of the drillhole with a longer straddle zone. The double packer
tool set-up is more difficult and the testing requires a well trained field personnel. This
method also presents some uncertainties as the basic set-up generally does not allow
monitoring of inflation of the lower packer and any leakage from the test interval to the
zone below the bottom packer would be undetected.
For test depths > 400 m (or shut-in test), testing is typically performed at completion of
drilling using the AQ rod set-up in an open hole. The wireline equipment is not
recommended for the above scenarios for the following reasons:
• Difficult to confirm the proper seating of the packer, especially when strong artesian
inflows are present;
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• Unless using a dual line, the wireline and the inflation line often become tangled upon
removal as the wireline behaves as a spring; and
• Threads of the drill rods used as the test string typically leak which could affect the
test results in a low transmissivity environment.
A comparison of the test equipment set-up is presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Packer Setup Comparison
Advantages Disadvantages
• Fast and relatively easy equipment • Head losses through drill rod threads
setup can be significant resulting in less
accurate data collection
• Equipment can be easily
transported among drill rigs • Limited to drillhole lengths < 400 m
Wireline
Set-up • Lower risk of tool damage/loss in • Tool has to be completely removed
unstable holes from the hole after each test
• Test can be supervised by a Junior • The wireline and the inflation line can
Engineer/Hydrogeologist get tangled
• Smaller head loss through AQ • Greater potential for loss/damage of

testing rods as compared to equipment in unstable holes (or
drilling rods, resulting in more inability to test due to hole collapse) as
accurate data collection compared to wireline set-up because
the testing is carried out in an open hole
• Small volume of the test rods
allows faster recovery to the static • More intensive equipment setup
condition
AQ Rod • Equipment not easily transported
Set-up • Efficient method to test well at (loader/forklift required)
completion of drilling because the
• Requires more experienced
tool can be moved from one test
engineer/hydrogeologist as compared
interval directly to another without
to wireline set-up
removing the tool from the
borehole
• depths up to 1000 m
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3.2 Equipment Setup
This section describes in detail the two tool setups most commonly used at Diavik: single
wireline packer set-up, and double packer AQ set-up. If required, only simple
modifications can be made to these setups to assemble either a double wireline packer or
a single packer AQ tool.
Equipment should be tested and prepared on site and if possible, the field crew should be
available to start testing when required to prevent drill rig stand-by.
3.2.1 Single Packer Wireline Assembly
Schematics of a single-packer wireline tool showing the surface and downhole

assemblies are presented in Appendix II, Figures II-1 and II-2. The equipment required
for single packer wireline testing is presented in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Equipment for Single-Packer Wireline Setup
Surface Downhole Tools

• Stuffing box of same diameter as • Upper (inside drill rods) • Monkey wrenches (1/4, 7/16,
the drill rods with rubber and steel and lower (open hole) 9/16 inches)
disks and transducer/pressure packers • 2 pipe wrenches
gauge port • Seating cone to seat • 12” crescent wrench
• 1/4 inch nylon inflation line – packers across drill bit
• Retractable knife
main reel to attach to packers, one • Nylon inflation line from
small length to connect reel to • Duct and electrical tape
upper to lower packer
regulator with quick-connect (Q- • Water level meter
• Compression fittings for
C) fittings
inflation line • Pressure transducer with data
• Nitrogen bottle and high pressure logger
• Steel spacer tubes to
regulator (2 if performing slug
connect packers to seating • Laptop computer with
withdrawal) transducer software
cone
• 1000 PSI inline pressure gauge to • Tape measure
• Wireline spearhead to
monitor packer inflation • Stop watch
attach tool to wireline
• 30, 60, 100 PSI manual pressure overshot • 5 gallon pail (for artesian
gauges to monitor injection
• Teflon tape for threads conditions)
pressure
• Centralizer to sit above • Extra inflation line
• 1” Totalizing flowmeter compression fittings and Q-C
lower packer
• 1” Flexible water hoses fittings
• Waterra tubing and valve
(minimum 3) with camlock
(if performing slug
connections
withdrawal)
• T bypass setup for injection
control (1” steel pipe with
camlocks and valves) with male
JIC fitting to connect to the pump
• Pulley for inflation line
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3.2.2 Double Packer AQ Rod Assembly
Schematics showing the surface and downhole assemblies of a double-packer tool using a
dedicated AQ test rods are presented in Appendix II, Figures II-3 and II-4. The
equipment required for double packer AQ testing is presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Equipment for Double Packer AQ Setup
Surface Downhole Tools

• AQ injection setup with • Upper and lower packers • Monkey wrenches (1/4,
camlock fittings and 7/16, 9/16 inches)
• Steel end-cap for lower
transducer/pressure gauge
packer • 2 pipe wrenches
port
• Perforated AQ straddle • 12” crescent wrench
• 1/4 inch nylon inflation
rods (minimum one)
line –main reel to attach to • Rigid chain clamps
packers and one small • Solid AQ rods (length of
length to connect reel to • Retractable knife
testing depth)
regulator • Duct tape (enough to tape
• 1/4 inch nylon inflation
• Nitrogen bottle and high inflation line to AQ every
line from upper to lower
pressure regulator (2 if 3 metres) and electrical
packer (straddle length,
performing slug tape
cut line to necessary
withdrawal) length during tool • Water level meter
assembly)
• 1000 PSI inline pressure • Pressure transducer with
gauge to monitor packer • 1/4 inch coiled inflation data logger
inflation line adapter for straddle
connection between • Laptop computer with
• 30, 60, 100 PSI manual transducer software
packers
pressure gauges to monitor
injection pressure • Compression fittings for • Tape measure
• 1” Totalizing flowmeter
inflation line • Stop watch
• Teflon tape for threads • AQ lifting plug
• 1” Flexible water hoses
within interval
(minimum 3) with • 5 gallon pale (for artesian
camlock connections • Centralizers to sit above conditions)
and below each packer (4
• T bypass setup for • Extra inflation line
total)
injection control (1” steel compression fittings and
pipe with camlocks and • 1” to 3/4” reducing Q-C fittings
valves) with male JIC couplings to connect
fitting to the pump packers to AQ rods
• Pulley for inflation line • Waterra tubing and valve
(if performing slug
withdrawal)
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Single Packer Wireline: Top of Upper Packer (Spearhead)
Single Packer Wireline: Seating cone between Upper and Lover Packers
(Note: Coiled inflation line note necessary if packer oriented with fixed end
towards seating cone.)
Double Packer AQ: Top of Upper Packer with Centralizer
Double Packer AQ: Bottom of Upper Packer with Centralizer
Double Packer AQ: Top of Lower Packer with Centrailizer
Double Packer AQ: Bottom of Lower Packer with End Plug
Figure 3.1 Packer Assembly
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Totalizing Flowmeter Inflation Line Spool Laptop and Pressure Transducer

Reel with Data Logger
Pressure Control with valves and JIC Surface Pressure Transducer

fitting
Stuffing Box Nitrogen Cylinder and Gas Flexible Water Water Pressure
Regulator (with 1000 psi Injection Hose Gauge
inline gauge) Hoses
Figure 3.2 Equipment for Single Packer Wireline Setup
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3.3 Testing Procedure
The testing procedures for the different tools are generally the same but might vary
depending on the hole and test objectives. The actual testing procedures for each hole
must be confirmed with the project manager. The following sections describe a basic
testing approach used on Diavik project:
• Once drilling has reached either the desired depth or the end of the hole, have the
driller flush from the bottom of the hole to clear mud/cuttings from the drillhole
(flushing time depends on hole conditions and is carried out usually for about
2-6 hours, not required when artesian conditions are present).
• Assemble packer tool while flushing is taking place. Before lowering the tool the
packers should be tested at low pressure on surface to ensure both packers in double
packer set-up will inflate (connect inflation line to nitrogen regulator, inflate to
maximum 100 psi, close air flow once inflated). This should be done with the
packers in spare drilling rods to prevent damage to the packers. NEVER INFLATE
PACKERS UNRESTRICTED. If both packers inflate and hold pressure they are
ready to use. Deflate packers.
• Use duct tape and/or electrical tape to cover and secure all inflation line fittings to the
packer tool or AQ rod. This prevents fittings and inflation line from getting caught
on drill rod threads or drillhole protrusions (with exception of the inflation line that
connects to the sliding end of the packer).
3.3.1 Tool Installation
Single Packer Wireline:
1. Calculate the number of drill rods required for the test and inform the driller how
many rods should be removed (or added). To do this, calculate the depth of the top
of the interval:
Top of Interval = Number of drill rods on string x 3 m

+ Length of core barrel
+ Length from seating cone to bottom of lower packer bladder
– Length from ground surface to top of drill head
– Length of stickup from the top of the drill head to the top of the rods
Bottom of Interval = Depth of the bottom of the hole
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2. Check that the tool fits into the core barrel and the seating cone is the right size to
stop at the core bit. (This can be done with a spare core barrel and bit on surface).
3. Check that the wireline overshot will fit through the stuffing box. If it will not, have
the driller remove the overshot, thread the wireline through the stuffing box, and
reconnect the overshot to wireline. Connect the spearhead to wireline overshot.
4. Using chain or steel cable, attach a pulley to the rig mast above the top of the drill
rods. Use a bungee cord to center the pulley above the drill rods and help to guide
the inflation line into the rods. Thread the main inflation line through the pulley and
the stuffing box, and connect it to the upper packer. Test the packers by lowering
them below the top of the drill rods and inflating to approx. 200 psi. Turn off the gas
flow and monitor the pressure to check that there are no leaks.
5. Lower the packers down the hole until you hear/feel the seating cone strike the bit
and the wireline goes slack. IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP TENSION ON THE
INFLATION LINE ALL THE TIME during lowering of the packers to prevent
tangling of the tubing with the wireline downhole. If not sure that the seating cone is
set in the bit properly, have the driller pull the wireline up a short distance (have to
pull up on the inflation line as the tool raises up) and drop it down into the bit again
(if the tool is not completely straight it can get stuck inside the core barrel before
being fully set in the bit).
Double Packer AQ:
1. Attach the straddle length of inflation line to the lower packer. Note: The inflation
line cannot pass through the drill head and must be attached below the head at the
top of the surface casing.
2. Have the driller open the drill head and carefully insert the lower packer into the top
of the casing. Apply a chain clamp around the steel AQ spacer at the top of the
lower packer (DO NOT clamp on the rubber inflation bladder) to hold it in place
against the top of the surface casing (below the drill head).
3. Have the driller close the drill head, insert the perforated straddle AQ rods through
the head and wrench onto the lower packer. While the AQ rods are being held by the
main rig lifting cable using an AQ hoisting plug, remove the chain clamp from the
packer.
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4. Insert the number of solid AQ rods required to create the desired straddle interval
length. It is extremely important to keep track of the number of rods inserted into the
drill hole. The best approach is to count the required rods and place them in a
separate pile. The interval length is calculated using the following formula:
Interval Length = Length from top of lower bladder to top of lower packer
tool
+ Length of perforated AQ
+ Length of solid AQ
+ Length from bottom of upper packer to bottom of the
bladder of upper packer tool
While the AQ rods are being lowered the tester unreels and keeps tension on the
inflation line. The line should be duct taped to the outside of the AQ rods every
1.5 m. To prevent damage to the tape point it should be attached to the rods below
the drill head.
5. Once the selected number of straddle AQ rods has been lowered into the hole, clamp
the rods with a chain clamp and rest the clamp on the top of the casing. Have the
driller open the head and attach the upper packer.
6. Cut and attach the straddle inflation line to the bottom of the upper packer. Attach
the main inflation line from the reel to the upper packer. Cover all inflation fittings
with electrical tape followed by duct tape to create a smooth sliding surface.
7. Instruct the driller to lift the tool and remove the chain clamp from the upper packer.
Lower the tool with the drill hoist just to below the top of the surface casing and
reattach the chain clamp on the steel AQ spacer at the top of the upper packer. Rest
the clamp against the top of the casing.
8. Have the driller close the drill head and insert the first AQ testing rod, connecting it
to the top of the upper packer.
9. Add AQ testing rods until the packers sit below the surface casing in the open
drillhole. Connect the reel to the regulator and test the packers to ensure they hold
pressure (inflate to several hundred psi, turn off air flow, monitor packer pressure).
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10. If packers hold pressure, deflate and insert the remaining number of AQ rods to
lower the tool to the desired depth. Again, the tester applies tension to the inflation
line and tapes it to the AQ rods below the head every 1-2 rods. If packers do not
hold pressure check the surface system for leaks. If no problem is found, remove the
tool from the hole and check the inflation line and downhole fittings if necessary.
If shut-in tests are being conducted in shallow semi horizontal boreholes the packers can
be installed by hand or with only a minor support of a drill rig. Chain clamps will still be
required to hold the AQ rods in place, especially when artesian conditions are present.
For deeper installation full support of a drill rig is required. The AQ rods have to be
secured to prevent the testing equipment to be pushed out of the hole when the packer
pressure is released.
If packers encounter obstruction on the way down the hole do NOT attempt to force them
past the obstruction.
3.3.2 Packer Inflation
• Connect the inflation line on the reel to the nitrogen regulator and inflate to the
required pressure calculated using the formula:
Packer Inflation (PSI) = Hydrostatic Pressure + Packer Stretch + Differential

Hydrostatic Pressure (the pressure required to overcome the static pressure caused
by the water in the drillhole) = 1.4 psi/meter x VERTICAL depth to lower packer
Packer Stretch (the pressure required to expand the packer bladders to the drillhole
wall) = 100 psi
Differential (the pressure required to form a seal along the drillhole wall) = 200 psi
Note: To check that the packers are holding pressure turn off the main valve at the nitrogen bottle and
monitor packer pressure for approx. 1-2 minutes. If the pressure at the packer inflation gauge drops,
the packers were either not fully inflated, or there is a leak in the inflation setup which must be
identified and fixed. Listen and feel for leaks on the surface fittings, if found deflate packers and
replace leaking fitting. If the leak is not identified on surface the packers must be removed from the
hole and fixed to hold pressure.
3.3.3 Testing Procedure
The general procedures for tests where water is introduced into, or removed from, the test
section are as follows:
1. Equilibration Phase: stabilization period (30 minutes);
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2. Diagnostic Phase: slug test to determine the magnitude of transmissivity (if

recovery incomplete after 30 minutes, continue monitoring for a total of 60 minutes,
otherwise proceed to main phase); and,
3. Additional Phase for Relatively High Transmissivity Intervals: if full recovery is

reached when conducting slug test in less then 30 minutes, perform constant rate
injection test (30 minutes).
The flow diagram for the individual test phases is shown in the following chart. Detail
description of the test phases is presented in the section below.
PACKER TEST PROCEDURE
Inflate packers, measure water level

Equilibration Phase (30 minutes)
allow equilibration
WL > 10m below WL < 10m below

top of rods top of rods
Diagnostic Phase (30-60 minutes) Slug Injection Slug Withdrawal

(Falling Head) Test (Rising Head) Test
Slow recovery Fast recovery Slow recovery

(> 30 minutes) (< 30 minutes) (> 30 minutes)
Monitor recovery Monitor recovery

up to 60 minutes up to 60 minutes
total total
Additional Phase (30 minutes) Constant Rate

Injection Test
Surface pressure No surface pressure at

max. pump output
Inject for 30 minutes, Remove surface setup,

monitor recovery gravity flow inject for 30
minutes, monitor
recovery
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1. Equilibration Phase
• Measure the water level in the test rods immediately after inflating the packers.
• After a stabilization period of 30 minutes, measure the water level again in the rods.
During this time the surface equipment should be prepared for the slug test and the
transducer can be started and lowered into the hole. Record exact of the transducer
below the reference point (Note: Generally the transducer should be lowered to
below the water level in the hole, but the testing still can be carried out even if the
water table is deep and the sensor can not reach the water. The exact measurement of
the transducer depth is even more important in this case.)
• The top of the surface casing should be checked during each test to ensure water is
not traveling up the annulus (the space between the drillhole wall/casing and the test
rods, visible beneath the drill head). If water is visible coming up the annulus it
indicates packer bypass. This can be caused by either improper seating of the packers
against the bit, packer placement in a void zone, or connected fractures above and
below the packer location. If this is the case, the packers must be repositioned. For
single packer wireline set-up remove the tool from the hole and have the driller add or
remove one or more drill rods. For double packer AQ add or remove one or more AQ
testing rods.
2. Diagnostic Phase (Slug Test)
A slug test is performed by injecting or removing an instantaneous “slug” of water. If the

water level is greater than 10 m below the top of the rods, a slug injection (falling head)
test should be performed. If the water level is less than 10 m below the top of the rods, a
slug withdrawal (rising head) test should be performed.
The surface tool setup does not require the use of a flow totalizer or surface pressure
gauges. Data are recorded using a pressure transducer that should be lowered into the
test rods well below the water level (for slug injection tests) and below the bottom of the
airlift line (for slug withdrawal tests). The exact depth it is lowered to must be recorded.
Slug recovery should be monitored until full recovery to the pre-test level, or for a
maximum of one hour.
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• Slug Injection – Fill the test rods with water using the drillers pump hose. The
injection rate should be fast, however a rate too fast can trap large air bubbles which
can affect test results. When the water level reaches the top of the rods let the water
flow momentarily to allow air bubbles to escape, then remove the hose and shut off
the water flow. Monitor the slug recovery on the laptop using the transducer
readings. Avoid unnecessary overfilling of the drill rods prior start of the test.
• Slug Removal – For this test a second nitrogen bottle and regulator are required.
Lower 1/2 inch Waterra tubing as far down as possible (20-30 m), but not lower than
the transducer, and attach to the second nitrogen regulator. Open the gas flow
momentarily to remove water from the test rods. Close the gas flow once water no
longer sprays from the rods keeping the slug removal phase as short as possible.
Monitor the slug recovery on the laptop using the transducer readings.
If full recovery is reached in less then 30 minutes, a constant rate injection test should be
performed in the same test interval. If the water level is not fully recovered after one
hour, the test at this interval is terminated.
3. Additional Phase for Relatively High Transmissivity Intervals (Constant Rate Injection)
For the constant rate injection the surface tool setup (see Appendix II, Figures II-2 and II-
4) is used. Remove the transducer from the test rods and wrench on the injection
header/stuffing box. A Teflon tape should be used on the threads to prevent leakage).
Attach the pressure gauge, air release valve, transducer port, hoses, flow totalizer/meter
and bypass T. Attach the drillers pump hose to the T setup. In a wireline set-up seal the
stuffing box with the rubber/steel disc plug.
• Begin injecting water at a low rate and monitor the pressure at the surface gauge. If
the pressure rises very rapidly, reduce the flow rate.
• Record the pressure (from the surface pressure gauge) and flow rate every 30 seconds
to one minute for the first 5-10 minutes. The flow rate is determined by monitoring
the volume of water passing through the flow totalizer for one minute (Litres per
minute).
• In the first five minutes, if the pressure does not rise above 10 psi, increase the flow
rate in small increments so not to allow the pressure to rise above approx. 20 psi in
the first 10 minutes.
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• Inject for 30 minutes, recording the pressure and flow rate every 5 minutes. Ideally,
try to inject at a rate that will cause a pressure increase of about 30-60 psi. Do not
exceed 100 psi. If necessary use adjustments to the flow rate to maintain a constant
rate and constant head during the monitoring time interval.
• After 30 minutes, close the injection valve, shut off the flow and monitor the
recovery.
If the transmissivity is so high that no surface pressure is shown at the maximum output
of the pump, a gravity flow constant rate injection test should be performed. The surface
injection set-up is removed, and the pressure transducer is lowered to below the water
table (similar to the slug injection test). Water is pumped directly into the top of the test
rods for 30 minutes. The flow rate should be recorded every 5 minutes. Again, ideally a
pressure increase of 30-60 psi will be reached. The water level should not reach the top
of the rods during this test.
Figure 3.3 Constant Rate Injection Surface Equipment Setup (AQ set-up on left,
Wireline Setup on right) Note: Transducer is not shown in wireline setup but should
be used inline with the pressure gauge as in the AQ setup
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The general procedures for tests where water is flowing out of the borehole are as
follows:
1. Initial Shut-in Phase: measure static pressure within the borehole (3 hours);
2. Flow Phase: measure the flow rate and back pressure (4 hours); and,
3. Final Shut-in Phase: measure pressure recovery within the borehole to static
condition (6 hours).
4. Initial Shut-in Phase
• Attach pressure transducer to the top of the rods assembly (or casing if no packers are
used).
• Shut the valve at the top of the rods (or casing if no packers are used) and monitor
pressure recovery in the borehole until the static water pressure is reached
(approximately 3 hours).
• As a minimum the pressure readings should be taken every 5 minutes.
• If the AQ rods, or the borehole and casing, are not full of water after 3 hours (that is,
the transducer is not registering a static water pressure), then the initial shut-in period
must be extended until this occurs.
5. Flow Phase
• Open the valve at the top of the rods (or casing if no packers are used) and allow the
borehole to flow over a four hour period.
• During this period, measure the flow rate and back pressure every 20 minutes
(minimum).
• The flow rate should be estimated by the amount of time required to fill a container of
a known volume. The pressures are measured using the transducer and data logger.
• The discharge hose shall have “whip stop” and be properly anchored when the valve
is open for flow. There is considerable pressure and if the hose in not anchored it will
tend to “whip”.
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6. Final Shut-in Phase
• Close the valve at the top of the rods (or casing if no packers are used) and monitor
pressure recovery over a 6 hour period.
• Pressure should be measured at 30 second intervals using the transducer and data
logger.
3.3.4 Tool Removal
Fully deflate the packers (until no air flow can be felt from the release valve on the high
pressure nitrogen regulator), disconnect the inflation line from the nitrogen regulator and
prepare the inflation reel for spooling.
Single Packer Wireline
• Remove the rubber plug and unscrew the stuffing box.
• Pull on the wireline by hand to feel if the packer is loose. When pulling on the
wireline pull on the inflation line as well to prevent the packers/wireline from
rotating. As the driller operates the wireline to bring up the tool, keep tension on the
inflation line using the pulley, and have the drill helper spool the line as you pull it
up. Note: It is very important to keep as much tension on the line as possible during
tool removal. Particularly at greater depths, the line is very prone to getting tangled
around the wireline.
Double Packer AQ
• Remove the surface injection set-up.
• As the driller raises the AQ rods, pull up and spool the inflation line. The tape
securing the inflation line to the AQ rods must be cut from below the head.
• Once the upper packer reaches the rig floor, clamp it on the top of the casing using a
chain clamp. Have the driller unscrew the last AQ rod and open the drill head. Raise
the upper packer up with the hoist, disconnect the main inflation line and the straddle
line, and clamp the AQ rods below the packer.
• Remove the upper packer, close the head, and resume removing AQ rods from the
straddle interval. Continue cutting the tape and spooling the straddle inflation line.
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• Once the lower packer reaches the rig floor clamp it on the top of the casing with a
chain clamp. Have the driller unscrew the last straddle AQ rod, open the drill head,
and remove the lower packer.
3.4 Documentation
There are three forms which must be completed to document the hydrogeological
conditions and testing in a drillhole. Examples of the forms are presented in Appendix II,
Figures II-5 to II-7. The following describes each form:
• Fluid Loss/Gain Form: This form must be printed and given to the driller PRIOR to
the start of drilling of a hole. It documents any losses or gains of drilling fluid return
and the approximate percentage of full return during drilling.
• Testing Logbook: This form is completed during the testing and documents how the
testing was carried out. The date and time of each step performed should be
documented, as well as any unusual conditions or problems encountered. The header
of the document contains information regarding the drillhole including: significant
geological features, collar information, geophysical results (if available), test interval
planning, test methodology, a summary of the drillers reports and any changes in
fluid return during drilling.
• Field Documentation Form: This form is completed during testing and documents
the tool set-up data, tests performed, and recorded data for the entire drillhole.
Yellow data cells are for input, all other data cells are calculated automatically.
Individual test files should be stored as worksheets within the form and labelled with
the test number and depth.
• Daily Field Update: The field program coordinator must provide a daily update via
E-mail to the DDMI supervising geologist (Jim Finch and Doug McKay), the Golder
project director and the Golder project manager. This update should summarize the
work completed in last 24 hours; any problems encountered, and projected work to be
completed in the next 24 hours.
Data must be backed-up on a memory stick or other device on a daily basis. At

completion of testing in each borehole, the raw data files must be placed in the project
folder on the Golder Burnaby server.
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3.5 Data Analysis
The field personnel are responsible for analyzing the test data during testing. There is
typically enough time during the tests for the analyses, and the results provide important
information that allows identification of the intervals that might require more detailed
testing. The results should be marked as preliminary and unchecked, and for Golder
internal use only. At completion of the testing, profiles for both transmissivity and
hydraulic conductivity will be required (see Appendix II, Figure II-8). On the profiles,
major geologic features need to be identified.
Either transient or steady state analysis may be performed:
3.5.1 Transient Analysis
Transient analyses are typically performed with commercially available software, or with
Golder’s in-house software package. FlowDim (version 2.14) is a Golder in-house
software that has been verified in assessment of potential nuclear repository
investigations in Europe (Nagra, 2001). All test types may be analyzed including constant
rate, constant head and slug phases. Two step superposition is available – recovery
following a constant rate period. The software also includes the deconvolution approach
to analysis of slug data (Enachescu and Chakrabarty, 1997).
Both homogeneous and composite flow models may be used to interpret the data and the
flow geometry may also be matched to infer the local connectivity of a fracture network.
This package also includes the derivative of pressure (i.e., rate of pressure change) with
respect to the natural logarithm of time that has shown to significantly improve the
diagnostic and quantitative analysis of slug and constant-rate pumping tests (Spane and
Wurstner, 1993).
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3.5.2 Steady State Analysis
For steady state analysis, Transmissivity is derived using the Theim steady state equation
(1909):
Q = T*2π(H-h)/ ln(R/r)
where:
T = transmissivity (computed)
Q = average flowrate (measured)
R = radius of the cone of influence (assumed)
r = effective radius of borehole (assumed to be equal to borehole radius)
H-h = head difference (measured)
In single well tests, assumptions have to be made for the radius of influence. In majority
of cases the cone of influence is assumed to vary between 10 and 100 m for short
duration packer tests. This is not a strongly sensitive parameter as in the natural log term.
In addition, assumptions are required for skin effects. The analyses assume a skin of ‘0’
which results in an effective radius equal to the borehole radius. The derived parameters
should be considered indicator values only with an uncertainty of approximately ± a half
an order of magnitude.
Steady state analysis using the Theim equation can be performed directly in the Field
Documentation Form by entering the required data in the yellow highlighted cells.
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4.0 DOWNHOLE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING
The standard geophysical logging program at Diavik will collect data with four downhole
probes:
• Fluid temperature/fluid resistivity to detect changes in borehole fluid properties

surrounding bedrock fractures;
• Calliper to measure borehole diameter;
• Optical televiewer (OTV) to collect a high resolution, 360°, in situ optical image of
the borehole wall; and,
• Acoustic televiewer (ATV) to collect a high resolution, 360°, acoustic, in situ

acoustic image of the borehole wall.
The logging system is made up of four main components – the winch, the console, the
laptop computer, and the downhole probes listed above. The equipment used by Golder
is manufactured by Mount Sopris Instruments in Golden, Colorado. Once logging is
completed the raw data must be processed for use in oriented geotechnical core logging.
4.1 Borehole Conditions and Risk
Before logging can begin, known conditions of the hole must be confirmed to assess the
risk of loosing a probe in the hole. In addition to confirming actual hole parameters
(depth, diameter, inclination, casing depth, and water depth), you should also discuss hole
conditions and problems during drilling with the drillers and geologist before logging.
Notes on drilling progress (from the drilling coordinator), drillers logs, and any other
geologic logs should be reviewed with the drillers and geologist with particular attention
to known geologic boundaries and drilling problems including: zones of lost circulation,
stuck drill, fracture zones, time since circulation, changes in hole size, and driller’s bit
changes. Rob Luzitano or Karl Manzer should be notified of any concerns regarding the
borehole.
Finally, the driller’s and geologist’s impression of hole stability and risk to getting a
probe stuck should be noted. If the hole is considered a high risk, then alternative
logging methods (such as logging through the drill rods) should be considered by an
experienced logger, or perhaps abandoned entirely.
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The understanding of hole conditions must be updated in real-time during logging, by

noting significant features in a fieldbook. In particular, calliper and fluid
temperature/resistivity anomalies should be noted as possible indications of less stable
zones. The logger must also be attentive to changes in logging rate, data quality, and
cable tension and proper spooling. The order of probe use generally progresses from the
cheaper probes to more expensive.
On the day before logging, if not earlier, the equipment should be inspected that it is
working properly and any required maintenance be carried out at this time. In particular,
inspect the cable and cable head for damage such as kinks or frays and rehead the cable if
necessary. If the previous logger did their job, there should not be any surprises: any
maintenance issues should have already been identified and scheduled if they were not
able to carry out the maintenance during the previous visit. The logger should notify Rob
Luzitano or Karl Manzer of any equipment issues and final decisions regarding
maintenance and repairs should be authorized by them.
4.2 The Hardware
4.2.1 The Winch
The winch (Model MXA-1000) contains either 500 m or 1000 m of cable and is
equipped with a level wind to wrap the cable evenly around the barrel as the cable is
spooled back onto the drum. An optical encoder is mounted on the winch for high
resolution depth control. Probes are connected to the logging system through the cable
head.
The winch is equipped with three control knobs which are activated when the winch is
powered:
• Run/Stop toggle switch – when logging, the winch must be in Run mode.
• Speed dial – increases/decreases speed.
• Up/Neutral/Down three way toggle switch – determines direction of cable spooling –

neutral is a brake which will hold the tool in place. The winch must be powered for
the brake to work.
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Location of Winch
Control Switches
Cable Head
4.2.2 The Console
The console (Model MGX-II) is used to relay information coming up the wireline to the
computer. It is connected to the winch through a 15 pin round connector, and to the
computer using a standard 9 pin serial connection. The red, black, and green banana
jacks are used for diagnostic testing and aren’t required during the normal course of
logging.
4.2.3 Laptop Computer
The laptop computer requires a 9 pin serial connection and a reliable power source. The
computer must have at least 512 mb of RAM for optimal televiewer data collection.
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4.2.4 The Downhole Probes
Probes are described in Section 4.4
4.3 Assembling the Equipment
The logging system consoles are wired differently for the 500 m and 1000 m winches.
Do not interchange the consoles. A note on the front of each console indicates which
winch it must be paired with.
The system is run from a 110V AC power source, such as a power generating light
standard, or the rig generator if it is running reliably. A UPS is always recommended in
case of generator failure. Use a surge protected power bar.
4.3.1 To Assemble the Hardware Components:
1. Connect the two black power supply cables to the console and to the winch
2. Connect the 15 pin round connector between the console and the winch
3. Connect the 9 pin serial cable between the console and the computer
4. After verifying that all connections are correct, turn on power to the laptop, and
allow the operating system to finish loading. Turn power on to the winch and
console. You should see the console depth flash “-8888.8” and then display the last
value stored in the logger. The right side “TO PC” data light should blink. If the
“TO PC” light is not blinking, turn the console power off and then on again.
The system is now set up and ready for logging.
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4.4 Running the Logging Software (Mslog)
4.4.1 Initializing the Program
Double click on the MSLog program icon. During start-up, MSLog will communicate
with the console. If the console is not detected by the MSLog program, a warning
message will appear.
This window will appear if the console is not properly connected by serial cable to the
computer or if the console power is not turned on and correctly initialized. Turn the
power on and off, and then restart MSLog. Running the Demo Mode will allow you to
see the dashboard panel, but will not communicate with the logging system.
When the console is detected, MSLog sends commands to configure the console. During
the initialization sequence, if the laptop and logging system have been previously run
together, the system will normally start up and the dashboard will appear on the left and
side of the screen. If the laptop has not been set up for the logger, and the initialization
settings in the MSLOG.INI file are different than those in the logger, the following boxes
will appear:
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These settings control the depth measuring system, and power and data communication
parameters for different winch and cable configurations. To set this up correctly, you
must know, to within +/- 10 m what length of cable is spooled on the winch.
Using the correct encoder settings is extremely important for accurate depth
measurements along the borehole. For the 500 m and 1000 m winches, the correct factor
is 2400 with a wheel circumference of 1 m and 2400 pulses/turn. If in doubt, spool out 1
m of cable and check the length with a measuring tape.
If these windows do not appear, then the console and the laptop have been initialized
during an earlier session and no further set-up is required.
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4.4.2 Using the Logging Dashboard
The dashboard is the control panel for the logging

program. It is used to select the logging tools and
monitor data acquisition. While data is being
recorded, do not run other programs on the
laptop. To exit the dashboard, right click anywhere
inside the windows and select Exit.
The dashboard window contains five sub-panels

which can be minimized or maximized using the top
right window control buttons. The panels cannot be
permanently closed.
When active, control buttons are sharply outlined. A

display light at the top of each panel indicates system
status. The color green indicates a correctly
functioning system, and a red light indicated a fault.
Tool Panel
The Tool panel is used to select the logging tool,

switch tool power on and off, access tool functions
(such as calliper open/close, etc), and modify tool
settings. Depending on the probe, tool power may
have to be on to access the Tool Settings / Commands
button.
The logging tool is selected from a drop-down menu

which displays the tool files loaded in the *.TOL file
directory (c:\MSLog\tol\current). It is critical to
choose the correct tool file for the connected
probe. Incorrectly choosing a tool file will apply
the wrong current to the probe and will damage it.
After a tool is selected, a window will pop up asking
the user to confirm the selection.
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If the YES button is pressed, the MSLog software reads the information in the TOL file,
sets up the console power supply, and loads the relevant ‘browsers’ for log data display.
Normally, for most logging tools, the MSIProc, Mchnum, MChCurve, and LASwriter
browsers will open. If a browser fails to appear, go to the Browser window, select and
close the browser, and ‘start’ it again.
The power on and off control buttons are activated by mouse-clicking. The round power
light is green when the tool is powered correctly, and red when off. Two meter bars on
the tool panel display the tool voltage and current supplied by the console to the probe.
These values come from information read from the TOL file and are not diagnostic – they
do not act as a voltmeter. The true voltage can be measured at the red and black banana
jacks on the console.
Depth Panel
Within the Depth panel, there are two separate numeric displays. The left side displays
the current tool depth. The right side displays the speed in depth units per minute.
Click the window button at the top right side of the Depth panel. This opens a second
depth settings window.
In this window, there are two options:
Zero tool resets the counter to the physical bottom of the tool – this option won’t be used.
Select the Change Depth button. The table below shows the sensor offsets from the top
of the probe.
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Sensor Offset
Tool
(m)
Fluid temperature / resistivity 0.56
Calliper 1.36
Optical Televiewer 1.61
Acoustic Televiewer 1.57
Steps to Connect Probe and Set the Starting Depth:
1. Measure the length of casing stick-up from the ground surface.
2. Coat the O-ring on the cable-head with silicon grease. Thread the probe onto the
cable-head and wrap the connection with electrical tape.
3. Feed the probe over the tripod and align the cable head/probe top connection with
the top of the casing.
4. Subtract the casing stick-up from the tool offset.
(Tool Offset – Casing Stick-Up = Starting Depth)
Click on the Change Depth button. Enter this value into the Change Depth window.
Communications Panel
The Communication panel allows monitoring of the data sampling rate, total number of
data points collected, and the number of bad data points (errors). The Settings button
allows for the adjustment of communications settings as appropriate. Note that the bar
meter at the top right of the panel is not active in MSLog operations.
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The settings button options are used only in the running of the televiewer instruments and
are discussed in the section on the televiewer settings. (See Sections 4.4.3 and 4.4.4)
Acquisition Panel
The Acquisition panel is used to select data recording mode (Time, Depth Up, Depth
Down), set sampling rates, and start and stop data recording.
Sampling mode is selected through a pull down menu. Options are:
• Time mode: Used when moving tools around in the borehole to get them to the
correct starting position. 500 ms or 1000 ms are both fine for sampling rates.
• Depth up: Used when recording a data file while logging in the upward direction.
Used for the calliper and both televiewers.
• Depth Down: Used when recording a data file while logging in the downward
direction. Used only for the fluid temperature/resistivity probe.
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Sampling intervals:
Sampling Interval Logging Speed

Tool Logging Direction
(m) (m/min)
Fluid temp/res Down 0.01 3 m/min
Calliper Up 0.01 3 m/min
ATV – serial logger Up 0.003 0.6 m/min
ATV – USB logger Up 0.003 1.2 – 1.4 m/min
OTV – serial logger Up 0.002 0.5 m/min
OTV – USB logger Up 0.002 1.0 m/min
** Note that the depth intervals cannot be changed during the logging without starting a new data file.
To record data, select the Record button. This opens a file manager window and prompts
for a file name and location. File naming convention has been:
BOREHOLE NAME (i.e., 04GTH-05) -ftr (fluid temp/res)

-cal (calliper)
-otv (optical televiewer)
-atv (acoustic televiewer)
Recording begins immediately after the filename has been entered and confirmed by the
Save. The file name is displayed in the text box at the top of the acquisition panel.
MSLog automatically adds the extension .RD to all data files. The file recording must
be stopped by pressing the Stop button at the end of the logging. Failing to do this
can result in a corrupted file.
Browsers and Processors
The Browsers & Processors panel contains a list box which shows the data display and
processing drivers available for the tool selected. A browser is a data-viewing window
and a processor manipulates the data for presentation of a particular type of log. Tool
calibrations (for calliper, fluid temp/res) are made using the Mchnum browser. MSIProc
is used when more than a linear calibration needs to be applied to the data, so it is not
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always used. The MSIProc processor must be running if it is included in the Browser
list. Note that the relevant browsers and processors are defined in the *.TOL file,
and will automatically open when the tool is selected, so it is unlikely this panel will
ever need to be used.
Summary: Step by Step Logging Procedure
(Tool Specifics are discussed in upcoming sections.)
1. On the day before logging, if not earlier, inspect equipment and carry out required
maintenance. Should be informed by previous logger of any equipment deficiencies.
2. Confirm borehole conditions and risk with drillers, geologist, and drill coordinator.
3. Connect the logging system components. Turn on the laptop and allow to boot.
Turn on the logger and the winch.
4. Start MSLog.
5. Logging order for the probes should be:
a. fluid temperature / resistivity;

b. centralized calliper;
c. centralized OTV; and,
d. centralized ATV (interchanging ATV and OTV order is acceptable).
NOTE: Review fluid temp/resistivity and calliper logs for indication of unstable
sections before using televiewers.
6. Choose the logging probe, apply silicone grease to the O-ring on the cable head and
thread the probe onto the cable head. Always turn the probe and not the cable head
to avoid twisting the cable. Wrap the connection with a layer of electrical tape.
7. Pass the tool over the tripod and align the cable head/probe top connection with the
top of the casing.
8. Calculate the starting position and enter the value into the Change Depth window.
(Tool Offset – Casing Stick-up = Starting Depth)
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9. Select the tool type from the Tool drop down menu.
10. Turn tool power on.
11. Move tool to the starting depth. Never move the tools to the starting depth at
speeds faster than 10 m/min. Reduce speed further through zones of poor
quality rock. During this time, turn Time mode on and watch the display to ensure
the data being collected is valid. Adjust settings as necessary.
12. Stop the tool at the starting position. Turn the sampling mode to Depth Up or Depth
Down, depending on the logging direction. Choose the sampling interval for the
tool. Turn sampling On. This will activate the Record button. Click Record and
choose a file name in the proper directory. Click Save.
13. Run the tool using the correct speed for the probe. Monitor the Communication
window for errors. Don’t ever leave the system unattended during the logging.
Monitor the tension of the cable as it runs, and ensure that the cable spools evenly.
Don’t ever leave the probe in a borehole during a blast or any other reason,
14. For the televiewer logs, save the data in 100 m increments and start a new file with
1 m of overlap from the previous file. This keeps the file sizes manageable, and
minimizes data loss in case of system difficulties while the tool is running.
15. At the end of the logging run, stop the tool by putting the winch into neutral.
Immediately stop the recording of the file by pressing Stop in the Acquisition panel.
It is not necessary to collect log data inside the casing, except for a metre or so just to
confirm that casing has been reached.
16. Bring the tool to surface. For safety, ALWAYS turn the power to the tool Off
before disconnecting the cable head. Ensure the Tool panel light has gone red and
the voltage and amp bars read 0V and 0 mA. A shock from the tool is possible if tool
power is not turned Off. Unscrew the probe holding the cable head steady to avoid
twisting the cable.
17. Dry the probe and cable head. Remove any grease with a clean cloth. Check inside
the probe top to ensure moisture hasn’t collected inside the threads. Dry them out
before replacing the black cap.
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18. Always put the tools away carefully in their cases. Never leave the probes
standing upright. Probes are very delicate and falling over will cause damage.
Be careful not to bump the optical televiewer window which may cause scratching.
Bumping the televiewer heads may cause misalignment of the components.
19. Back up the data file just acquired onto a USB data stick/disk.
4.5 Operating the Tools
4.5.1 Fluid Temperature / Resistivity
The first tool to be run is the fluid temperature/fluid resistivity (ftr) probe in the
undisturbed borehole fluid. It measures changes in the fluid properties usually caused by
fractures where groundwater mixes with borehole fluid.
The ftr tool does not need to be calibrated before each run, but does need to have the
proper calibration values set in the 2PFA Temp,FRes.TOL file. To do this, connect the
probe, power it up, and wait for the browsers to open. The Mchnum browser which
displays the data values also contains the link to the window for changing tool settings.
Left click on the green light to activate the menu. Choose the Calibration Settings option
to open the Calibration Settings window.
(The calibration values listed below are valid for the ftr probe with serial number 2485.)
Select the Temp tab and enter the following values for the temperature calibration. Select
Store. Channel Calibration Factors do not need to be altered.
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Select the FRes tab and enter the following values for the resistivity calibration. Select
Store. Channel Calibration Factors do not need to be altered.
4.5.2 Calliper
The calliper tool measures the borehole diameter using three spring-loaded arms which
extend out of the base of the probe. The calliper must be lowered to the bottom of the
borehole with the arms closed. The arms are then opened, and the tool is dragged up the
borehole while the log is being recorded.
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The calliper must be centralized, because compressing one arm compresses them all. If
the tool rests unevenly on one side of the borehole wall, all three arms will over-
compress, causing the tool to incorrectly measure the hole diameter. A televiewer
centralizer should be fixed to the centre of the calliper tool and secured firmly with tape.
A few wraps of electrical tape may be necessary beneath the clamping ring so that the
centralizer can be tightened sufficiently to the calliper.
Prior to each run, the arms must be calibrated with two rings of known diameter. It’s
recommended to use two PVC rings of 3 and 5 inches, or at least one smaller and one
larger than the borehole diameter.
To calibrate the tool:
1. Secure a centralizer over the calliper tool. Twist the centralizer firmly by hand to
ensure it is very securely fastened to the tool.
2. Apply silicon grease to the cable head O-ring and connect the tool to the cable head.
Apply a wrap of electrical tape.
3. Select the calliper tool file from the drop down list on the dashboard and wait for the
all the browsers to connect.
4. Power up the calliper.
5. Click the Tool Settings/Commands button in the tool panel and select open. A scroll
bar will appear and begin opening the calliper arms. Note that the arms will appear
fully extended before the scroll bar completes its opening routine. Allow the scroll
bar to close before continuing with the calibration. When the scroll bar
disappears, click Done.
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6. In the Mchnum window, left click on the green light and unclick the checked
option Use Calibration. The tool must be reading raw counts for the calibration.
Then choose Calibration Settings to open up the calibration dialogue box.
These values
are only an
example; the
count values
are not
correctly set.
7. Turn on Time sampling mode.
8. Place the small ring evenly over the three arms and allow the tool to stabilize for at
least three minutes. Watch the Mchnum window for the counts to stabilize. Never
allow the calliper arms to spring out from your grip – this is very hard on the
spring mechanism and will invalidate your calibration. Always handle the tool
gently.
9. When the raw values are fluctuating no more than +/- 1 count between readings,
select Use Current to update the raw count value in the calibration file for the chosen
ring diameter.
10. When complete, select Store to save these values. Close the window.
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11. Return to the drop down menu on the Mchnum window by left clicking the green
light. Reselect the Use Calibration option so the check mark returns.
12. Return to the Tool Settings / Commands button and select Close to close the arms.
On some calliper models, a message warns that this will turn power off to the probe.
To run the tool:
1. Place the calliper over the tripod; align the cable-head/probe top connection with the
top of the casing. Set tool starting depth correctly in the Depth panel. (See Section
4.3.2 – Depth Panel)
2. Send the tool to the bottom of the borehole. If the cable goes slack at the bottom,
pull up the slack so the cable is taut.
3. Turn power to the tool on (if necessary) and open the arms, using the Tool Settings /
Commands button. Wait for the scroll bar to disappear.
4. Under the Acquisition panel, select Depth Up mode. Under Settings, set the
sampling to 0.01 m. Click On. This will activate the Record button.
5. Choose your path and file name using the ‘”Borehole#”-cal’ convention and click
OK. The file name will appear in the Acquisition panel text box.
6. Set the toggle switch on the winch to the up direction and turn the speed dial up very
slowly until it reaches 3 m/min.
7. Watch the diameter values carefully in the Mchnum and MChCurve browsers. If the
calliper is resting in cuttings and mud in the bottom of the hole, the arms won’t fully
extend until it has moved upward by a few metres.
8. Do not ever allow the tool to move downward if the arms are extended. The
arms can easily get caught in fractures in the borehole wall and become damaged
under the weight of the tool and the cable. If you must stop the logging during a run,
apply the brake by reducing the speed and then switching the toggle switch to
neutral. Stop the recording of the file, turn off the sampling, and close the calliper
arms.
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9. It is not necessary to collect calliper data inside the casing, but it is important to pass
into the casing to show where the diameter changes at the shoe. Stop the tool inside
the casing, Stop the data recording, turn off the sampling, close the arms, and bring
the tool to surface.
4.5.3 Optical Televiewer
The optical televiewer captures a high resolution image of the borehole wall. The tool
requires very clean borehole fluid and a slower logging speed to collect this detail.
Because of the large amount of data coming up the wireline, the tool requires some
additional monitoring of speed and data rates, and generally requires small adjustments
throughout the logging.
Because the tool has a magnetometer and an accelerometer inside used to gather
orientation information when the tool is logging, each probe has a unique TOL file
created by the manufacturer. Please ensure the proper TOL file is used by verifying that
the serial number on the outside of the probe matches the serial number in the TOL file.
Always handle the OTV very gently, especially when removing it from its case. To
avoid bumping the glass window on any surfaces, leave a protective covering on the
lens until right before sending the tool down the borehole. Keep the tool in a warm,
dry place. If it has been outside, allow it to warm up before applying power.
To run the tool:
1. Secure the two centralizers over the probe. Slide them over top end of the probe –
do not pass them over the window. Metal centralizers should be mounted away from
the magnetometers. Once tightened, attempt to twist them by hand to ensure they are
securely fixed to the televiewer.
2. Apply silicone grease to the cable head O-ring and connect the OTV to the cable
head. Because the tool is heavy and fragile, it’s recommended to do this with two
people.
3. Select the correct tool file using the drop down menu.
4. Power up the tool – this will prompt the lights at the base of the probe to light up.
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5. Select the Tool Settings / Commands button. The settings shown below are correct
for the logging conditions at Diavik. It is possible to increase the light level while
running the tool in time mode, but other settings should not be modified.
6. Select the Settings button. These control the communication rates for the modems in
the probe and the console. If using the 500 m winch, use the following settings:
If using the 1000 m winch, use the following setting:
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7. Set the starting depth. (See Section 4.3.2 – Depth Panel)
8. Send the tool down the borehole. Keep the tool off the bottom by approximately 2 –
5 m. If the optical window is lowered into cuttings and mud, the window may
become obscured and the tool must be brought to surface to be cleaned. If the
window becomes streaked with materials floating on the water table, return the tool
to the surface, clean off the window, and begin again.
9. At the bottom of the hole, select Depth Up in the Acquisition panel and set the
logging interval to 0.002 m. Turn sampling On, select Record, choose a file name
and Save it.
10. Set toggle switch to Up and begin logging, turning speed dial up very slowly until it
reaches 0.5 – 0.6 m/min.
11. Watch the Communication panel very closely to avoid errors. Reduce the speed if
errors are accumulating. Aim for 1% errors.
12. Save the at least data every 100 m and start a new file. Allow 1 m of overlap.
13. At the end of the logging, press Stop in the Acquisition panel. Bring the tool to
surface. Carefully clean it and remove the centralizers. Immediately cover the lens
with a clean towel. Check the probe top for moisture and replace the tool in its case.
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4.5.4 Acoustic Televiewer
The acoustic televiewer generates a high resolution image of the borehole wall by
transmitting ultrasonic pulses from a rotating head, and recording the travel time and
amplitude of the reflected pulses. The tool collects data in the fluid-filled portions of the
borehole, but the fluid can be of any quality – clarity is not required. As with the OTV,
the ATV requires close monitoring of logging speed and data rates, and will require small
adjustments throughout the logging.
Because the tool has a magnetometer and an accelerometer inside used to gather
orientation information when the tool is logging, each probe has a unique TOL file
created by the manufacturer. Please ensure the proper TOL file is used by verifying that
the serial number on the outside of the probe matches the serial number in the TOL file.
Always handle this tool very gently, especially when removing it from its case.
Avoid bumping the acoustic head on any surfaces. Keep the tool in a warm, dry
place. If it has been outside, allow it to warm up before applying power.
To run the tool:
1. Secure the two centralizers over the probe. Slide them over top end of the probe –
do not pass them over the acoustic window. Metal centralizers should be mounted
away from the magnetometers. Once tightened, attempt to twist them by hand to
ensure they are securely fixed to the televiewer.
2. Apply silicone grease to the cable head O-ring and connect the OTV to the cable
head. Because the tool is heavy and fragile, it’s recommended to do this with two
people.
3. Select the correct tool file using the drop down menu.
4. Power up the tool.
5. Select the Tool Settings/Commands button. The settings shown below are correct for
the logging conditions at Diavik.
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6. Select the Settings button from the Communication window. For the 500 m winch
use the following settings:
For the 1000 m winch, use the following settings:
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7. Set the starting depth. (See Section 4.3.2 – Depth Panel).
8. Send the tool to the bottom of the hole while running in time mode. It is possible to
send the ATV into the mud at the bottom of the hole, as this won’t affect the image.
When the image goes opaque, stop the tool and pull up the slack.
9. In the Acquisition panel, choose Depth Up and use a sampling interval of 0.003 m.
Turn the sampling On and click the Record button. Enter the file name and click
Save.
10. Switch the toggle switch to the Up position and gently increase the speed to 0.6 – 0.8
m/min. Carefully watch the Communication panel for errors. Turn the speed down
if they begin to accumulate. Aim for 1% errors.
11. Save the data at least every 100 m and begin a new file. Overlap with the previous
file by at least 1 m.
12. At the end of the log, press the Stop button and bring the tool to surface. Clean and
dry the probe. Check inside the probe top for moisture and dry the threads before
replacing the black cap. Return the probe to its case.
4.6 Processing Raw Data
Once geophysical logging of a borehole is completed, the raw data collected must be
processed into a format which is then used for oriented geotechnical core logging. There
are two main steps involved in the processing of data:
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• Cleaning Data – This is the process of cleaning up, combining and formatting raw
images into the files which will be used for geotechnical core logging.
• Converting Data – Once geotechnical core logging is complete, the orientations of

logged features must be converted from “apparent” (i.e., relative to the orientation of
the borehole) to “true” dip and dip direction.
4.6.1 Cleaning Data
For geotechnical core logging purposes, a WellCAD file containing the OTV and ATV
images side by side and oriented to high side or magnetic north is required. WellCAD
has the ability to orient the images to high side or to magnetic north automatically,
simply by importing the raw data (.rd) files and choosing that option. If the borehole is
inclined greater then 15 degrees from the vertical then it is better to import the image logs
relative to the high side of the borehole. If the borehole is vertical then the image log
must be imported relative to magnetic north.
The following steps describe in detail the process of cleaning the data in preparation for
core logging:
1. IMPORT - Import all the files for a given probe (OTV or ATV) into WellCAD
(file – import file – single file) relative to magnetic north. Interpolate bad traces to
remove errors (Process - Image module - RGB Logs – Interpolate bad traces) for the
OTV or (Process - Image module – Image Logs – Interpolate bad traces) for the
ATV. The header can be removed (view – header) and the scale changed to
1:20 (double click on the scale header).
2. COMBINE - Copy all the azimuth, tilt and roll logs from the ATV into one
WellCAD file (right click the header of the log to be copied - copy - change
windows; edit - paste) and place all the logs in a row (if there are more than one)
(click and drag the log header). Combine all the azimuth logs into one if the image
log is in sections (highlight logs to merge with the ctrl key - edit - merge) and
change the name in the header of the new log to indicate its contents (e.g., Azimuth
ATV). Do the same for the roll logs.
3. DESPIKE and FILTER - “Despike” and filter the azimuth, tilt and roll logs by
removing and smoothing over data that looks erroneous. Then save the file under the
name ##orient.wcl (where ## is the borehole ID).
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4. AZIMUTH LOG - Ensure that you have a small range of values in which the log is
presented. You can see the individual data points presented by the log and judge the
appropriate scale to use (right click the log header - editor; scrolling through the
editor you can pick out the average lower and average upper limit). After you have
set the scale you may notice that some spikes go outside the limits and wrap to the
other side of the log. Once you have the proper scale (normally a difference between
the maximum and minimum of 30 degrees is small enough to properly view areas
that need despiking) manually remove the spikes from the graphs (highlight the log
you want to despike - drag the mouse over the area to despike and "redraw" the log
by left click and dragging). Remove any large spikes at a scale of 1:200 (near the
casing for example). Note: Holding the shift key while despiking creates a perfectly
straight line. This is particularly useful when dealing with the unique results near the
casing. Once despiking is complete for the entire log, remove “static” by filtering
the log (Process – common – filter logs – filter width 500 - moving average –
maximum depth range).
5. ROLL LOG – The roll log should be filtered before despiking using a small
(100 point) moving average filter. To despike, change the depth scale to 1:20 and
decrease the range to a difference of approximately 30 degrees (choose a scale that
represents a large spike area on the log, ensuring the range is large enough that the
log does not wrap around) (highlight the log you want to despike - drag the mouse
over the area to despike and "redraw" the log by left click and dragging). It often
helps to overlay the filtered and unfiltered logs to aid in the despiking process.
6. CREATE ORIENT LOG – Using the newly created and cleaned azimuth and roll
logs, an “Orient” log can be created. This is only necessary for vertical and near
vertical boreholes in which the image is messy due to chatter in the unfiltered
azimuth log. Otherwise proceed to step 9. This is done by creating a new “formula
log” (edit – insert new log – formula log; double clicking on the logs shown puts
them in the formula tool bar) and using the formula below:
Orient Log = Azimuth + Roll – 90 – Marker Position

OTV Marker Position = 185.3
ATV Marker Position = 197.5
The orient log should be appropriately named (e.g., Borehole Name_Orient OTV)
and saved with the azimuth, tilt and roll logs in the Orient WellCAD file.
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7. CHECK – The orient log created is equivalent to a cleaned up version of the green
magnetic stamp visible on OTV images. To check that the OTV orient log has been
created properly, combine all the OTV images into one file and align in a row (they
do not need to be merged as this is for checking purposes only). When overlaid, the
orient log and magnetic stamp should line up on top of each other if created properly.
If they do not, there may be problems with the filtering or despiking, particularly
with the roll log that must be fixed.
The ATV log does not have a magnetic stamp but the orient log still needs to be
checked. This can be done by comparing two ATV images, one oriented to magnetic
north by WellCAD during the import process, and one rotated to magnetic north
using the orient log created. The rotation process is described in detail below.
8. ROTATE and MERGE – Using the orient logs the images can now be rotated to
magnetic north. Import one image file into the Orient file for the given probe
(i.e., either ATV or OTV). Rotate the image using the Orient file (Highlight image
header – Process – Image Module – RGB Log (for OTV) or Image Log (for ATV) –
Rotate by “Orient Log” – Apply rotation “Clockwise”). Repeat this for each of the
image files for a given borehole (if there is more than one). Once all the images are
imported and rotated correctly, merge the images together (Highlight two logs to be
merged – choose the option for the overlapping area with the best image). Title the
merged logs appropriately (e.g., OTV- Magnetic North) and save. This process
needs to be completed for both the ATV and OTV images using the appropriate
Orient images created for each.
9. FORMAT – The OTV and ATV logs should be copied to one file and aligned side
by side. The Golder template header should be used.
The colour of the ATV log should be changed (right click the ATV header – settings
– palette settings – browse – greyscale). If the ATV image is poor quality (i.e.,
white a black parallel lines along the length of the image which mask the fracture
visibility) it indicates poor centralization during logging. Normalizing the image can
sometimes improve the quality (process – image module – normalize – “Static”
normalization), however it can also reduce the quality and the better image should be
selected.
The OTV and ATV logs should now be matched for depth (click on the anchor
symbol on the toolbar – select the ATV log as the reference log and the OTV as the
match log – match features on the logs by clicking and dragging a line from the ATV
to the OTV log, let go of the mouse button once you are satisfied with the
positioning, this should be done for the entire hole – in depth matcher, edit – match
all links).
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4.6.2 Converting Data
Once geotechnical core logging has been completed, the orientations of the logged
structures must be converted from apparent dip and dip direction to true dip and dip
direction using the following steps:
• Open the Orient file that was created in step 3 under cleaning data. Copy the tilt and
azimuth files to your working files and merge them if there is more than one.
• Highlight the structure log – Process – Image Module – Structure Logs – Apparent to
True Strike and Dip – Select the appropriate logs – Click Apparent to Magnetic North
or High side depending on how the image was oriented. A new structure log will be
created, rename this log to indicate it is true dip and dip direction.
• Now the log should be converted from magnetic to true north. Highlight the new
structure log – Process – Image Module – Structure Logs – Recalculate Azimuth –
Clockwise 19 degrees. Rename the log to indicate it is relative to true north.
• Export the file (File – Export – Single File) and name appropriately
(i.e., Borehole_True Dip and Dip Direction_True North).
If Gyro surveys for a borehole are available, it is often more accurate to complete the
above process using the Gyro data as opposed to that of the televiewer magnetometer.
Gyro data can be converted for use in WellCAD using the following steps:
• For the azimuth log create an Excel file with two columns, one containing depth and
one containing the azimuth values. Save this file as a .csv file. Do the same for the
tilt log.
• Open the files in Wordpad and save them as .waw files.
• These files can then be imported into WellCAD, filtered and despiked and used in the
procedure described above.
N:\Final\2005\1300 - Series Calgary\1328\05-1328-015\Field Manual\Doc 210 FPM Version 0\210 15Nov_06 RPT-Diavik Field Procedures Manual Ver 0.DOC
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REFERENCES
Barton, N., Lien, R., and Lunde, J., 1974, Engineering classification of rock masses for
the design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics, 6, (4), pp. 189-236.
Bates, L., and Jackson, J., 1984, Dictionary of Geological Terms, Third Edition, The
American Geological Institute.
Bieniawski, 1989, “Engineering Rock Mass Classifications”, John Wiley & Sons.
Brown, 1981, “Rock Characterisation Testing and Monitoring: ISRM Suggested

Methods”, International Society for Rock Mechanics.
Chakrabarty, C. and Enachescu, C. 1997. Using the Deconvolution Approach for Slug
Test Analysis: Theory and Application. Ground Water v. 35 (5) : pp. 797-806.
Crowder, 1999. Methods to ‘Free’ a Lodged Logging Probe.
Deere, D., and Deere, D., 1989, Rock Quality Designation (RQD) after twenty years,
Rocky Mountain Consultants Inc., Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Hack, R., 1996, “Slope Stability Probability Classification”, International Institute for
Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences.
Hutchinson and Diederichs, 1995, Cable Bolting Handbook.
International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM), 1978, Commission on Standardisation

of Laboratory and Field Tests, “Suggested Methods For The Quantitative
Description of Rock Masses”, in: Int. J Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr.
Vol. 15. pp. 319-368
International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM), 1978, Commission on Standardisation

of Laboratory and Field Tests, “Suggested Method For Determining Point Load
Strength”.
Nagra (2001): Sondierbohrungen Benken, Untersuchungsbericht. – Nagra Technical

Report, NTB 00-01. 2001 August; Nagra(Wettingen).
Spane Wurstner, 1993. Deriv: A Computer Program for Calculating Pressure Derivatives
for Use in Hydraulic Test Analysis. September issue of Ground Water, 1993.
Theim, G. 1906. Hydrologische methoden. Leipzig, 56p.
Golder Associates
APPENDIX I
GEOTECHNICAL CORE LOGGING PARAMETERS

November 2006 - I-1 - Doc #210 Ver. C
Table I-1: Intact Material (Rock and Soil)

Strength Classification (Modified from: ISRM, 1981)
Approx. Range of Uniaxial

Grade Description Field Identification Compressive Strength
Mpa And (Psi)
G Granular Soil Cohesionless, friable, granular soil, sand. 0
Easily penetrated several centimetres by
S1 Very Soft Clay <0.025
fist.
Easily penetrated several centimetres by
S2 Soft Clay 0.025-0.05
thumb.
Can be penetrated several centimetres with 0.05 – 0.1
S3 Firm Clay thumb with moderate effort. Crumbles (< 1.0 on Pocket
under light pressure from a nail. Penetrometer)
Readily indented by thumb, but penetrated 0.10 – 0.25
S4 Stiff Clay only with great effort. Crumbles under (1.0 to 2.5 on Pocket
moderate pressure from a nail. Penetrometer)
S5 Very Stiff Clay Readily indented by thumbnail. 0.25-0.50
S6 Hard Clay Indented with difficulty by thumbnail. >0.50
Indented by thumbnail. 0.25 – 1.0
R0 Extremely weak rock (>2.5 on Pocket
Penetrometer)
Crumbles under firm blows with point of 1.0 - 5.0
R1 Very weak rock geological hammer, can be peeled by a (Pocket Penetrometer does
pocket knife. not indent)
Can be peeled by a pocket knife with
difficulty, shallow indentations made by
R2 Weak rock 5.0 – 25
firm blow with point of geological
hammer.
Cannot be scraped or peeled with a pocket
R3 Medium strong rock knife, specimen can be fractured with 25 – 50
single firm blow of geological hammer.
Specimen requires more than one blow of
R4 Strong rock 50 – 100
geological hammer to fracture it.
Specimen requires many blows of
R5 Very strong rock 100 - 250
geological hammer to fracture it.
Specimen can only be chipped with
R6 Extremely strong rock >250
geological hammer.
Reference: Brown, 1981, “Rock Characterisation Testing and Monitoring: ISRM Suggested Methods”,
International Society for Rock Mechanics.
Golder Associates
Table I-2: Weathering Classification
Discoloration Fracture Surface

Term Symbol Description
Extent Condition Characteristics
No visible sign of rock material Closed or
Fresh W1 None Unchanged
weathering. Discoloured
Discoloration indicates
<20% of fracture Discoloured,
Slightly weathering of rock material on
W2 spacing on both may contain Partial discoloration
Weathered discontinuity surfaces. Less
sides of fracture thin filling
than 5% of rock mass altered.
Less than 50% of the rock
material is decomposed and/or Partial to complete
>20% of fracture Discoloured,
Moderately disintegrated to a soil. Fresh or discoloration, not
W3 spacing on both may contain
Weathered discoloured rock is present friable except poorly
sides of fracture thick filling
either as a discontinuous cemented rocks
framework or as corestones.
More than 50% of the rock
material is decomposed and/or
Filled with
Highly disintegrated to a soil. Fresh or Friable and possibly
W4 Throughout alteration
Weathered discoloured rock is present pitted
minerals
either as a discontinuous
framework or as corestones.
100% of rock material is
Filled with
Completely decomposed and/or disintegrated
W5 Throughout alteration Resembles soil
Weathered to soil. The original mass
minerals
structure is still largely intact.
All rock material is converted to
soil. The mass structure and
Residual material fabric are destroyed.
W6 Throughout N/A Resembles soil
Soil There is a large change in
volume, but the soil has not been
significantly transported.
Reference: Brown, 1981, “Rock Characterisation Testing and Monitoring: ISRM Suggested Methods”,
International Society for Rock Mechanics.
Golder Associates
Table I-3 - Joint Condition Rating (JCR) (RMR76)
Fracture Condition JCR Value

Very rough surfaces, fractures not continuous, no separation,
25
unweathered wall rock.
Slightly rough surfaces, separation < 1mm, slightly weathered
20
wall rock.
Slightly rough surfaces, separation < 1mm, highly weathered
12
wall rock.
Slickensided surfaces OR gouge < 5mm thick OR separation =
6
1-5 mm, continuous fractures.
Soft gouge > 5mm thick OR separation > 5mm, continuous
0
fractures.
Reference: Bieniawski, 1976, “Engineering Rock Mass Classifications”, John Wiley & Sons.
Golder Associates
Table I-4: Rating Guide for Joint Surfaces
Parameter Item and Description Value

Joint Discontinuous joints 4
Roughness
Rough and wavy or stepped 3
(Jr)
Smooth and wavy or stepped 2
Rough and planar OR slickensided and wavy or stepped 1.5
Smooth and planar OR filled 1
Slickensided or polished and planar 0.5
Notes:
1. Joint Roughness (Jr) descriptions refer to small scale (roughness) and intermediate scale (shape of fracture over
width of core) in that order. For example roughness = smooth and shape = wavy.
2. Zones containing clay minerals thick enough to prevent rock wall contrast, Jr=1.0
3. Sandy, gravely or crushed zone thick enough to prevent wall rock contact, Jr=1.0
Unfilled Joints
Tightly healed, hard, non-softening 0.75
Staining only, no alteration 1
Slightly altered joint walls (Sparse calcite, quartz, feldspar). 2
Silty or sandy coatings (Calcite coated or sparse chlorite, graphite, or 3
clay).
Clay coatings (Unfilled) (Chlorite, graphite, clay coated) 4
Joint OR sandy particles, clay-free disintegrated crushed rock (Filled)
Alteration
(Ja)
Filled Joints
Stiff clay filling < 5mm thick (Graphite, chlorite, stiff clay). 6
Soft clay filling < 5mm thick (Soft clay). 8
Stiff clay filling > 5mm thick (Graphite, chlorite, stiff clay). 10
Swelling clay filling < 5mm thick 12
Soft clay filling > 5mm thick (Soft clay). 15
Swelling clay filling > 5mm thick 20
Notes: Italicised Joint Alteration (Ja) values equal common fracture coating material for example.
Golder Associates
Table I-5: Rating Guide for Joint Set Number
Parameter Item and Description Value

Massive 0.5
One discontinuity set 2
One discontinuity set plus randomly oriented joints 3
Two discontinuity sets 4
Joint
Set Number Two discontinuity sets plus randomly oriented joints 6
(Jn)
Three discontinuity sets 9
Three discontinuity set plus randomly oriented joints 12
Four discontinuity sets 15
Crushed Rock 20
Reference: Barton, N., Lien, R., and Lunde, J., 1974, Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of
tunnel support. Rock Mechanics, 6, (4), pp. 189-236.
Golder Associates
APPENDIX II
HYDROGEOLOGY (PACKER) TESTING

Pressure Transducer Communication
Downhole Cable Datalogger Cable
1
4" Ø HDPE Inflation Line
121.7 kPa
Driller's Wireline
N2
Rod Stickup
HQ Casing
Casing Shoe
Vibrating Wire Pressure Transducer
(S/N 01826)
Wireline Swivel Adaptor
HQ Drill Rods
Sliding Head
Drill Rod Packer
(Inflated inside NQ3 Rods)
Fixed Head
Seating Cone
Drill Bit
Water Injection Pipe
Fixed Head
Upper Zone Packer
(Inflated in Open Borehole)
Sliding Head Open Pipe
Water Flow
Test Interval
EOH
SINGLE - PACKER
WIRELINE TOOL
NOT TO SCALE
DIAVIK DIAMOND MINES INC.

LAC DE GRAS, NWT
SINGLE PACKER WIRELINE DOWNHOLE

ASSEMBLY - SCHEMATIC
FIGURE II-1
STUFFING BOX
NOT TO SCALE Datalogger
Communication 121.7 kPa

Driller's 1 Cable
4" Ø HDPE
Wireline Inflation Line
Vibrating Wire
Pressure
(S/N 01826)
Transducer To Driller's
Steel Washers
Overflow Tank
Totalizing Bypass
Rubber
Water Valve
Seals
Flowmeter
Quick Connect
Fitting Water Flow
Control Valve 1" Ø Flexible
Water Hose
From Driller's
Pump
1" Ø Steel 1" Ø Steel Pipe
Pipe
Air Pressure
Relief valve
Water Pressure
Gauge
HQ Drill 1" Ø Flexible

Water Hose
Rod DIAVIK DIAMOND MINES INC.
Rod Stickup
LAC DE GRAS, NWT
SINGLE PACKER WIRELINE SURFACE

FIGURE II-2
Pressure Transducer
Downhole Cable Datalogger
1 Communication Cable
121.7 kPa
AQ Stickup N2
HW Surface Casing
HW Casing Shoe
Vibrating Wire Pressure Transducer

(S/N 01826)
HQ Borehole
AQ Testing Rod
Centralizer
Inflation Line Splitter
Centralizer with Inflation
Line In/Out Valve
Inflation Line Coil
Sliding Head
UPPER ZONE PACKER
Fixed Head
Centralizer
AQ Testing Rod
(Perforated at Bottom of Test Interval)
1
Test Interval
Water
Centralizer
Flow
Fixed Head
LOWER ZONE PACKER
Sliding Head Pipe End Cap
EOH
DOUBLE - PACKER
DOWNHOLE TOOL
NOT TO SCALE

LAC DE GRAS, NWT
DOUBLE PACKER AQ DOWNHOLE

FIGURE II-3
AQ INJECTION HEADER
NOT TO SCALE Communication 121.7 kPa
Cable
Datalogger
Downhole Cable 1" Ø Flexible
Water Hose
To Driller's
Overflow Tank
Totalizing Water Bypass

Flowmeter Valve
Water Flow
Control Valve
1" Ø Flexible
Camlock Fitting
Water Hose
From Driller's
Pump
Vibrating Wire
Pressure 1" Ø Steel Pipe 1" Ø Steel Pipe
Transducer Air Pressure Relief Valve
(S/N 01826)
Camlock Fitting
Quick Connect
Fitting
Water Pressure Gauge

AQ Testing Rod LAC DE GRAS, NWT
1
4" Ø HDPE Inflation Line DOUBLE PACKER AQ SURFACE
AQ Stickup
HW Casing
FIGURE II-4
Figure II-5 Example of Fluid Loss/Gain Form
Borehole: 04-GTH-77
Start Date: 06-Jul-04
End Date: 13-Jul-04
Page: 1 of 4
Depth [mbg] Fluid Loss Fluid Gain
Surface Rate
Run # Start Run End Run Total Partial Gain (lpm) None Comments
53 160.3 163.3 X
54 163.3 166.3 X ~20
55 166.3 169.3 X
56 169.3 172.3 X
57 172.3 175.3 X
58 175.3 181.3 X
59 181.3 184.3 X
60 184.3 187.3 X
61 187.3 190.3 X
62 190.3 193.3 X
63 193.3 196.3 X
64 196.3 199.3 X
65 199.3 202.3 X 100% loss of bit pressure.
66 202.3 205.3 X No return.
67 205.3 208.3 X No return.
68 208.3 211.3 X Return only pumping tube.
69 211.3 214.3 X No return.
70 214.3 217.3 X
71 217.3 220.3 X
72 220.3 223.3 X
73 223.3 226.3 X Lost water and bit pressure.

No return. Pressure 200-250
74 226.3 229.3 X psi.
75 229.3 232.3 X
76 232.3 235.3 X
Water pressure dropped 150-
77 235.3 238.3 X 200 psi.
78 238.3 241.3 X
Water pressure back to 200
79 241.3 244.3 X psi.
Water pressure dropped to 0
80 244.3 247.3 X psi.
81 247.3 250.3 X Water pressure 50-100 psi.
82 250.3 253.3 X Water pressure 25 psi.
83 253.3 256.3 X
84 256.3 259.3 X
85 259.3 262.3 X Lost water pressure.
86 262.3 265.3 X
87 265.3 268.3 X
88 268.3 271.3 X Lost water and bit pressure.

Client: Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. Figure II-6
Borehole: A418-GT-04A Example of Testing
Testing Period: February 3-5, 2006 Logbook
Date Time Events & Comments Test Interval

1
Borehole A418-GT-04A was drilled over the period of January 17 to February 1, 2006. Hydrogeologic (packer)
testing in A418-GT-04A started on 3 February 2006 and was completed on 5 February, 2006. The borehole
was drilled on HQ drill rods with an HQ3 bit at a nominal inclination of 50.7 degrees and an azimuth of 236.7
degrees. The collar elevation is ice surface, and the EOH is at 354.62 mAH. All depths are measured along the
dip of the borehole (mAH) from the ice surface unless otherwise noted.
INTERPRETATION AND TEST INTERVAL PLANNING:
The testing plan called for overlapping double-packer tests every 30 m lowered on AQ testing rods. A visual
inspection of the core was done when targeting test interval depths, in order to test any large, highly fractured
zones separately. Televiewer and fluid properties logging conducted prior to packer testing suggested that there
may be fluid inflows over the depth interval 237mAH to 250mAH and at 348mAH, therefore these depths were
targeted for isolation during testing.
DATE TIME EVENT & COMMENTS TEST INTERVAL
2/3/06 1930 Onsite = Josh Young, Adam Melnyk, Donald Tolfree,

and Rob Bewick. Acoustic Televiewer was completed
right before shift change. Begin preparing double
packer tools. Water level = 5.56m from top of casing.
2320 Double packer tool lowered into borehole, drill head Test #1: 25.78 to 57.95 m
returned to position. Total test interval = 31.67 m. Add
9 rods above upper packer for first test. Testers: JYoung, AMelnyk.
2355 Packers lowered to first test interval. Packers inflated

to 350 psi. Water level = 6.62 mbtp.
2/4/06 0018 Water level = 7.11 mbtp
0032 Water level = 7.59 mbtp
0107 Filled rods with water for falling head test Slow Recovery
0115 Transducer lowered to 15 mbtp
0228 Falling head test complete. Stopped logging.

Transducer removed. Packers deflated. Prepare for
next test.
0305 10 AQ rods lowered. Test #2: 56.28 to 88.45 m
Testers: JYoung, AMelnyk.
0314 Water level = 6.41 mbtp. Packers inflated to 400 psi.
05-1328-015-1200.1000 Preliminary and Unchecked Page 1 of 7


1
0420 Water level = 14.49 mbtp. Transducer lowered to 20

mbtp. Sensor reading ~ 40 kPa.
0425 Filled rods with water for falling head test Recovery slow, but faster than
Test #1.

Transducer removed. Packers deflated. Prepare for
next test.
0630 10 AQ rods lowered for test 3. Offsite for shift change. Test #3: 86.82 to 118.99 m
0750 WL = 10.26 mbtp. Lower pressure transducer to 20

mbtp, prepare for slug injection.
0814 Add slug of water to top of rods for Falling Head test. Recovery slow.
0920 End Falling Head test. Recovery to static < 50%.

Prepare for constant rate injection test (practice
session).
0935 Surface setup complete. Begin injection phase. At

lowest flowrate possible for driller’s pump (~4 Lpm),
P rises steadily to 50 psi in ~ 3 minutes. Shut in water
pressure for Pulse test. Slight drip noted in one of
connector hoses.
0950 End of test 3. Deflated packers and prepped for next

test.
10.35 Inflated packers for test 4 to 475psi. Test #4: 117.27 to 149.44 m
10:40 WL = 5.64 m. At 1min later WL = 5.14 m.
10:55 WL = 4.46 m.
11:10 WL = 5.80 m. An additional 15min is needed to

determine the direction of static water level movement.
11:25 WL = 6.08 m.


1
11:40 WL = 6.39 m. Wait 15min further to see if WL

stabilizes, then lower pressure transducer for FH test if
WL is no longer on the rise.
11:55 WL = 7.62 m. Lower pressure transducer to 20 mbtp

prep for slug injection Start pressure = 106.5 kPa.
Slug pressure = 152.9 kPa.
12:00 Add slug of water to top of rods for Falling Head test. Recovery very slow. Slower
than test 3.
Test moving slow. Allow for testing an additional
15min.

Transducer removed. <50% recovery. Packers
deflated. Prepare for next test. Pressure transducer
iced in. Deflate packers and poured preheated water
into hole. Freed transducer with some effort.
1345 10 AQ rods lowered for test 5 Test #5: 147.71 to 179.88 m
1415 WL = 7.25m. Packer inflated to 525psi
1430 WL = 5.40m
1445 WL = 4.00m
1500 WL = 5.29m. Lower pressure transducer to 20 mbtp,

prepare for slug injection.
1505 Add slug of water to top of rods for Falling Head test. Recovery very slow. As slow
Initial pressure = 117 kPa. Start pressure = 153 kPa. as test 4
1510 Noticed water tape sensor was iced at the measurement

end. Cleaned. Ensure the sensor is not iced prior to
sending down hole. This will probably become more
of an issue as the temperature drops.
1620 Falling head test complete for test #5. Stopped logging.
Transducer removed. 100% recovery in the last
minutes of the test (high pressure rate of change in the
last minutes of the test). Prior, the rate of pressure
drop was low. Packers deflated. Prepare for next test.
Pressure transducer iced in. Deflate packers and
poured preheated water into hole. Freed transducer
with some effort. Lines seem to be icing more.
1651 10 AQ rods lowered for test 6 Test #6: 178.23 to 210.40 m
1715 WL = 7.41m. Inflate packer to 500psi


1
1735 WL = 6.65m and falling
1745 WL = 7.00m
1750 WL = 7.30m
1800 Offsite for shift change and discussion of data results

before continuing testing to ensure quality of data.
1950 WL = 12.15 mbtp. Transducer lowered to 45 mbtp.

Sensor reading 259 kPa
2005 Sensor reading 253 kPa.
2009 Filled rods with water for falling head test. Transducer Very Slow recovery.
reads 344 kPa.
2047 Transducer reading = 327 kPa.
2109 Transducer reading = 315 kPa. Transducer pulled but

left on. Setup for training injection test.
2135 Completed training injection test. Flow meter and one

hose leaking. Go to core shack for replacements.
Packer deflated. Prepare for next test.
2218 9 AQ rods lowered. Change in # of rods to reflect fluid Test #7: 205.75 to 237.92 m
flow interval observed in geophysical testing at 237-
250m interval.
2223 Packers inflated to 550 psi. Water level = 7.21 mbtp
2229 Water level = 5.86 mbtp.
2333 Transducer lowered to 45 mbtp. Sensor reading 230

kPa.
2343 Sensor reading 222 kPa


1
2353 Filled rods with water for falling head test. Transducer Very slow recovery
reads 346 kPa.
2/5/06 0010 Sensor reading 320 kPa
0101 Sensor reading 262 kPa. 64% recovery. Falling head

test complete. Stopped logging. Transducer removed.
Packers deflated. Prepare for next test.
0141 10 AQ rods lowered for test 8. Packers inflated to 575 Test #8: 236.25 to 268.42 m
psi. Water level = 5.25 mbtp
0300 Transducer lowered to 45 mbtp. Sensor reading 272

kPa
0312 Filled rods with water for falling head test. Sensor Very slow recovery
reading 346 kPa
0416 Sensor reading 300 kPa. 57% recovery. Falling head

test complete. Stopped logging. Transducer removed.
Packers deflated. Prepare for next test.


1
0455 10 AQ rods lowered for test 9. Only 500 psi in N2 Test #9: 266.76 to 298.93
tank. Tank changed. Packers inflated to 600psi. Water
level = 5.18 mbtp
0520 Water level = 5.24. Transducer lowered to 45 mbtp.

Sensor reading 316.5 kPa.
0530 Sensor reading = 316 kPa. Filled rods with water for
falling head test. Sensor reading 346.5 kPa
0555 Sensor reading 345.5 kPa
0622 Sensor reading 344.5 kPa
0640 Sensor readings fall rapidly to below static water level.
0645 Sensor reading 285 kPa. >100% recovery. Falling head

test complete. Stopped logging. Packers deflated.
Prepare for next test.
0655 Transducer frozen in place. Poured hot water into

casing to thaw. Offsite for shift change.
0815 Added 10 AQ drill rods. Test #10: 297.23 to 329.40 m
0835 WL = 15.60m. Inflate packer to 650psi
0850 WL = 6.42m
0900 WL = 9.30m
0910 WL = 9.24m. Lowered pressure transducer to 35m.

Let record 10min prior to falling head test. Initial
pressure 271kPa. Pressure after 10min 269kPa.
0917 Add slug of water to AQ drill rods for start of falling Very slow recovery
head test.
1020 Completed test. Deflated packer. Removed transducer

and prepped for final test interval (test 11)
1030 As 7th rod was added bottom of hole was encountered. Test #11: 312.37 to 344.54 m
Pulled 7th rod off and the 6th. A total 5 rods were
added for this test. Test 11. Final packer test.


1
1055 WL = 7.79m. Inflate packer to 650psi.
1110 WL = 5.90m.
1120 WL = 6.20m. Pressure transducer lowered to 35m.

270kPa
1130 Add slug of water to AQ drill rods for start of falling

head test.
1230 Completed test. Deflated packer. Removed transducer

and prepped for trip out.

FIGURE II-7 DOUBLE PACKER DOWNHOLE TESTING WORKSHEET
DIAVIK DIAMOND MINE INC., WINTER 2006 HYDROGEOLOGIC TESTING PROGRAM
Borehole: A418-GT-04A
Inclination: 50.7 [degrees]
Azimuth: 236.7 [degrees] Fluid Flow Feature Depths (m)
Start of Bedrock: 21.55 [mAH] 237-240
Depth of Casing: 22.86 [mAH] 348
EOH: 354.62 [mAH]
Start Date: 03-Feb-06 Packer Stretch 50 [psi]
Finish Date 05-Feb-06 Differential Pressure 200 [psi]
STICKUPS TESTING INTERVAL INFORMATION SETUP SLUG TEST
AQ RODS AQ above head Head above ground Upper Packer Test Interval Top Bottom FEATURE Design Packer Inflation Field Packer Inflation Water Level Time: Packer Inflate Water Level Test Transducer Depth
Interval # Tester Date/Time number added [m] [m] [m] tool length [m] [m] [m] [m] TESTED Pressure [psi] Pressure [psi] [mbAQ] to WL measurement [min] [mbgs] Type [mbAQ]
1 JY/AM 03-Feb-06 21:00 9 27.45 0.10 3.55 1.98 32.17 25.78 57.95 314 350 8.48 67 4.83 Falling Head 15
2 JY/AM 04-Feb-06 03:00 19 10 57.95 0.10 3.55 1.98 32.17 56.28 88.45 347 350 14.49 66 10.84 Falling Head 20
3 RPB/JY 04-Feb-06 08:00 29 10 88.45 0.06 3.55 1.98 32.17 86.82 118.99 381 400 10.26 80 6.65 Falling Head & Pulse 20
4 RPB/JY 04-Feb-06 13:00 39 10 118.95 0.12 3.55 1.98 32.17 117.27 149.44 414 450 7.62 80 3.96 Falling Head 20
5 RPB 04-Feb-06 16:00 49 10 149.45 0.17 3.55 1.98 32.17 147.71 179.88 448 450 5.29 45 1.57 Falling Head 20
6 RPB/AM 04-Feb-06 21:00 59 10 179.95 0.16 3.55 1.98 32.17 178.23 210.40 481 500 12.15 155 8.45 Falling Head 45
7 AM 05-Feb-06 01:00 68 9 207.40 0.08 3.55 1.98 32.17 205.75 237.92 512 550 15.18 70 11.55 Falling Head 45
8 AM 05-Feb-06 04:00 78 10 237.90 0.08 3.55 1.98 32.17 236.25 268.42 fluid temp kick @ 237-250m 545 550 10.51 75 6.88 Falling Head 45
9 AM 05-Feb-06 07:00 88 10 268.40 0.07 3.55 1.98 32.17 266.76 298.93 579 600 5.24 25 1.62 Falling Head 45
fluid temp kick @ 348m??
NOTES:
1. All measurements taken as metres along dip of borehole [mAH], including stickup above
ground surface, unless otherwise noted.
2. Boxes in spreadsheet that are highlighted in yellow must be filled in for each test, others
are copied or calculated automatically.
3. Water level measured ~ 30 minutes after packer inflation.
4. mbAQ = meters below top of AQ rods.
5. mbgs = meters below ground surface.
6. Max pump output ~ 60 Lpm.
7. AQ rod length = 3.05 m.
INCLINED SLUG TEST CORRECTION - for use in FlowDim calculations

PACKER INFLATION PRESSURE CALCULATION - Sample Calculation for Test 1
Angle From Horizontal 50.7 [DEGREES] angle from horizontal 50.7 [degrees]
Bottom of Interval 58 [M] measured depth along borehole 1 [m]
Vertical Depth 45 [M] vertical depth 0.774 [m]
Hydrostatic Pressure 64 [PSI] ratio 1.292 [-]
Packer Stretch 50 [PSI]
Differential 200 [PSI] AQ TUBING RADIUS 1.75E-02 [m]
3
Total Packer Inflation Pressure 314 [PSI] volume for inclined borehole 1.24E-03 [m ] USE RATIO
INCLINED AQ RADIUS 1.9837E-02 [m] SOLVE FOR RADIUS AND ASSUME A LENGTH OF 1 M
STEADY STATE SOLUTION (Thiem, 1906)
EQUIVALENT RADIUS FOR PULSE TEST - Sample Calculation for Test 3-3p
T = Q * ln (R i/Rew) / 2π H
remarks
where T = Transmissivity (m 2/s) borehole compressibility 2E-09 [1/pa] assumed
Q= Injection flowrate (m 3/s) interval volume and tubing volume 0.3200 [m3] measured
Ri = Radius of Influence (m) wellbore storage 6.4E-10 [m3/pa]
Rew = Effective Wellbore Radius (m) equivalent tubing radius 1.4137E-03 [m] input into flowdim
H = Gravity Head (m)
length of AQ rods for downhole test 88.45 m
[radius] 0.02 m
3
volume of rods 0.0846 m
DRILL RODS OPEN HOLE
ID (mm) ID (inch) ID (mm) ID (inch) test interval open HQ hole 32.17 m
AQ 34.9 1.37 48.0 1.890 [radius] 0.0480 m
3
BQ 46 1.81 60.0 2.360 volume of zone 0.2329 m
NQ 60.3 2.37 75.7 2.980
NTW 64.2 2.53 75.7 2.980 volume of surface hose 5 m
HQ 77.8 3.06 96.0 3.782 [radius] 0.01 m
3
PQ 103.2 4.06 122.6 4.827 volume of surface hose 0.0025 m
FIGURE II-7 DOUBLE PACKER DOWNHOLE TESTING WORKSHEET
DIAVIK DIAMOND MINE INC., WINTER 2006 HYDROGEOLOGIC TESTING PROGRAM
Borehole: A418-GT-04A
Inclination: 50.7 [degrees]
Azimuth: 236.7 [degrees]
Start of Bedrock: 21.55 [mAH]
Depth of Casing: 22.86 [mAH]
EOH: 354.62 [mAH]
Start Date: 03-Feb-06
Finish Date 05-Feb-06
CONSTANT Q INJECTION TEST STEADY STATE RESULTS - Thiem solution SLUG TEST RESULTS - Flowdim analyses
Pressure Transducer Pressure Gauge Stabilized Stabilized Duration Transmissivity Hydraulic Conductivity Transmissivity Hydraulic Conductivity
Interval # Tester Date/Time [mAH above head] [mAH above head] Pressure [psi] Flowrate [Lpm] (min) [m2/s] [m/s] [m2/s] [m/s] Comments
1 JY/AM 03-Feb-06 21:00 - - - - - - - - -
2 JY/AM 04-Feb-06 03:00 - - - - - - - - -
3 RPB/JY 04-Feb-06 08:00 0.71 0.58 - - - - - - -
4 RPB/JY 04-Feb-06 13:00 - - - - - - - - -
5 RPB 04-Feb-06 16:00 - - - - - - - - -
6 RPB/AM 04-Feb-06 21:00 - - - - - - - - -
7 AM 05-Feb-06 01:00 - - - - - - - - -
8 AM 05-Feb-06 04:00 - - - - - - - - -
9 AM 05-Feb-06 07:00 - - - - - - - - -
10 RPB 05-Feb-06 08:00 - - - - - - - - -
11 RPB 05-Feb-06 10:20 - - - - - - - - -
NOTES:
1. All measurements taken as metres along dip of borehole [mAH], including stickup above
ground surface, unless otherwise noted.
2. Boxes in spreadsheet that are highlighted in yellow must be filled in for each test, others
are copied or calculated automatically.
3. Water level measured ~ 30 minutes after packer inflation.
4. mbAQ = meters below top of AQ rods.
5. mbgs = meters below ground surface.
6. Max pump output ~ 60 Lpm.
7. AQ rod length = 3.05 m.
Figure II-8 Example of Transmissivity Profile
Preliminary and Unchecked Estimates for Transmissivity [m2/s]

1.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 1.0E-03
0
20
40
60
Significant Temperature Anomalies

from Geophysical Logging
80
Depth [mAH]
100
Preliminary Interpretation for

120 Location of Fault Zone
(80 to 160 m)
140
160
180
200
APPENDIX III
METHODS TO ‘FREE’ A LODGED LOGGING PROBE

- ROBERT E. CROWDER
Methods to 'Free' a Lodged Logging Probe
By Robert E. Crowder
August, 14, 1999
If you are in the logging business long enough, you will lose or lodge equipment down
hole. It is not a question of if, only a question of when. After viewing open-bore and
cased-bore video images, I'm continually amazed that more probes are not hung or
lodged in boreholes or wells. Fortunately, most tools are recoverable if you understand
the mechanism of how they became lodged; use the appropriate "fishing" method to
recover them; and, don't panic or over react. The purpose of this document is to review
these common lodging mechanisms and typical "fishing" methods to recover them.
Many of the tools and techniques in this document are directed towards borehole
geophysical logging instruments common in the environmental, ground water, and
mineral industries. This equipment is typically smaller and lighter than its petroleum
counterpart.
Every "fishing" operation is unique and requires on-site judgements to be made. The
accuracy, completeness or correctness of this document is not guaranteed and the author
is not liable for any damages that may arise from using this document.
Why "fish" for lodged logging tools?
Recovery of valuable tools

Recovery of cable
Clearing bore hole with minimum downtime
Mechanisms to lodge probe:
1) Hanging probe on ledge or edge of casing, drill pipe, etc. (Problem magnified
with deviation of borehole from vertical).
2) Hanging bow spring or other centralizers or decentralizers (single arm caliper,

bow spring, etc.) in a fracture.
3) Wedging a rock fragment between the probe and wall (problem magnified
with decrease in hole size and increase in probe diameter, i.e. small diameter
core holes).
4) Swelling Clay, or hole collapse bridges hole and/or sticks probe
5) Burying some or all of the probe with debris (flowing sand, alluvial material
from inadequate surface casing seal, hole collapse, highly fractured rock, etc.
which sticks probe
02/14/03 Lodged Logging Probe Page No. 1

Draft- Version 1.0
6) Probe falling into a large cavern like void (Karst terrain) - especially bad in an
angle hole with low percentage of recovery.
7) Wedging a probe in too small a casing or damaged casing or equipment

(pump, packer, whipstock, etc.) in the well
8) Wedging a probe with debris in a well: example of cable or wire, example of

piece of 14” steel casing inside of 16” steel casing
9) Logging through a hole in casing (or between casing at a casing reduction)

and outside of the casing in the annular space (i.e. old wells).
10) Wedging probe in large diameter well and passing logging cable by the probe
11) Probe is free; however, the logging wireline as wedged in a fracture or more
likely a split in casing, etc. (One common example is wireline hung up on
pump in a well; another occurs when the bottom of casing may be split if the
casing was dropped during installation or forced when the larger diameter
casing hole was not as deep as thought).
12) Probe or part of a probe is separated from the logging cable and dropped
down a well. Probe may not be lodged at all. This occurs frequently from
operator error - where the probe is not connected correctly or at all to the
wireline and dropped down the well. One example occurs when the probe is
unscrewed accidentally when screwing a radioactive source on the probe after
it has been attached to the cablehead (or unscrewing and dropping radioactive
source from end of probe when screwing on cablehead). Another is having
old, corroded cablehead, where the cable parts at a fraction of the rated cable
strength.
Factors that may allow you to determine the mechanism lodging probe:
1) Hole construction at time of logging: e.g. bottom of casing, known geologic

boundaries, and drilling problems: zones of lost circulation, drill got stuck,
fractured zones, geologic boundaries, hole depth, time since circulation,
(discuss hole conditions with driller & geologist prior to logging), type of
drilling (drilling method), mud type and condition,
2) Geology: e.g. karst, fractured hard rock, soft sediments, swelling clay,
flowing sand, etc.
3) Vertical or deviated hole; hole size (diameter); hole size changes (where did
the driller’s change bits?)

Draft- Version 1.0
4) How did the probe stop? On the way down, did it hit a bridge? Were you
bouncing or jiggling the probe past ledges, etc.? Did it suddenly stop on the
way out?
5) Does the probe move in any direction or is it lodged in place?
6) Logging speed at time probe became lodged. The faster the probe movement
at lodging generally, the worse the problem.
7) Logging engineer's experience and time since probe became lodged.
8) Probe, cable and cablehead details. As a rule, probes with centralizers,

bowsprings, caliper arms, etc. hang more often than mandrel type tools that
are smooth and slick and only lie up against the side of the well.
Important Details:
1) Depth reference at the surface
2) Depth reference on the probe & detailed structural schematic of probe and
cablehead
3) How accurate is the winch depth system? What has been the typical after
survey depth error (ASDE) in project area with this probe?
4) How deep is the probe lodged? Is this the first run in the well? What is the
logging history in this well and area? What do the other logs show?
5) What is the availability of a drill rig to move back over the drill hole?
6) How hard have you pulled on the logging cable?
7) What type and size of cable are you using and when was the last cable head?
What condition do you think the logging cable and cable head is in?
8) Do you have an side-door overshot fishing tool and the correct cablehead
grapple (do you know the diameter of your cablehead?)
9) Is a Radioactive Source on the probe?
10) What is Probe cost?
11) Do you or can you obtain borehole video showing how the probe is lodged?
(Caution - don't lodge the video camera and compound your problems)

Draft- Version 1.0
Common Fishing Techniques:
Initial steps prior to start fishing should include:

Close any caliper arms
Try to lower probe a few feet and bounce probe up over obstacle by hand
Try to lower probe 30-50 back down hole and pull it up at a different orientation
Try to determine lodging mechanism
Repeat above steps
After several attempts, if possible open any caliper arms and try again
Try to visualize how probe is lodged with downhole video if possible (dry hole or
clear fluid). Take care not to lodge the video as well.
If you can't move the probe up or down, or the cable is parted then you must resort to
some or all of the following 'fishing' techniques: (They are not listed in order of priority).
1) Push or tap the probe back down the well - use drill rods, trimie pipe, another
probe on another wireline, a core barrel, etc. Monitor cable tension during
this process.
2) Wash over the logging probe - use drill rods without a bit, small diameter pipe,
trimie pipe, etc. Monitor cable tension during this process and try not to
further bury probe.
3) Use side-door overshot (when the logging cable is still attached to the probe)
and other types of professional probe overshot tools when the probe hasn't been
parted from the logging cable. Overshot fishing tools are typically attached to
the end of the drill string though some types can be run on wireline. The
Overshot should be used prior to washing over probe if possible to minimize
further covering the probe. Monitoring cable tension is required with this
technique.
4) Junk basket run on the end of drill rod or the end of another wireline to try to
catch a probe that is no longer attached to the wireline and may not be lodged,
only lying at the bottom of the well. Note that while many junk baskets are
home made by drillers, they can also be obtained commercially.
5) Use a cable spear or junk basket on the end of drill pipe to catch cable left in
the well when the cable has parted some distance from the probe.
6) Over drill the probe with a core barrel/bucket drill/ etc. after cable has been
parted and probe is buried in debris. Use care not to rupture radioactive
sources.
7) Brut force pulling on cable - Hold cable under tension for period of time
(hours to over night), can also slap logging cable with wide board to jar the
probe free after it has been held under tension.

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Step-by-Step Procedure:
Minimize chances of hanging probes by knowing the size and dimensions of all probes
that go in a well prior to lowering them. Know where you depth reference point is on the
probes and the accuracy of the winch. Geophysical probe manufacturers should not have
many sharp edges on probes or cableheads; however, you can minimize the edges that do
occur on the probe by taping over them. One common edge occurs at the top of the
spring on the cablehead. Whenever possible, tape the entire cablehead including the
spring and for a distance up the cable to make as smooth a transition as possible. Some
of the companies in Sweden and Finland, tape small cups on top of the cable head and
centered around the cable to catch rock fragments dislodged and dropped down the well
when logging small diameter core holes. They believe that this practice helps minimize
lodging probes in small diameter wells and is another option to consider.
Try to wait until new borings have been conditioned adequately before logging. In mud
filled wells, the circulated mud should be homogenous and clear of cuttings. Fluid
viscosity and weight should be consistent for the drilling conditions.
Clear any obvious obstacles that could fall down the well prior to introducing a logging
probe to the well. Don't add fluid to the well when the probe is below casing.
Centralizers should be adjusted or sized slightly smaller than the well bore diameter for
the interval that is to be logged. Centralizers that are adjusted to large, increase the risk
of lodging the probe. Minimize the amount of time a probe is at the bottom of a well.
Never leave it there any longer than possible.
No borehole or well is perfectly vertical below a few 10's of feet except perhaps for some
cable drilled wells. Therefore, mandrel type logging probes will lie up against one side
of the hole. Decentralized probes such as a focused density probe (decentralized with a
bowspring or single arm caliper) will lie with the probe also on the bottom side of the
hole. These probes frequently hang on bottom of casing, ledges and low angle fractures
and the problem increases with hole deviation from vertical. Probes using centralizers
such as bowsprings, which hold the probe out from the borehole wall, minimize hanging
on ledges, bottom of casing, etc.; however, it is common for the centralizers to get hung
(key-seated) in near vertical features such as fractures in the side of the borehole wall.
When multiple probes are to be run in a well. Run the least expensive probe initially, but
note, that fluid temperature, fluid property or video probes are generally run first before
the borehole fluid if they are part of the logging suite. Always try to run a non-
radioactive probe and ideally a caliper before introducing a radioactive source into a
well. This is not always possible if you are only running a single combination tool in the
well.
Most problems involving lodged probes can be avoided by paying constant attention to
the winch and probe when it is in the well. Never leave a moving winch unattended or

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leave a probe at the bottom of an open hole. Operator inattentiveness borders on willful
miss-conduct and gross negligence for liability in lodged probe liability.
Set up the logging truck some distance from the well head if possible to allow monitoring
of cable slack. If the logger has a cable tension mechanism, watch it and set and use any
over/under tension alarms the system may have. On small logging systems, I find that
resting my foot on the logging cable as it goes out and comes back onto the winch is a
very reliable tension gauge and I an also feel the conditions of the side of the well as the
probe goes in and out. When cable and probe weight becomes great enough in deep
wells, my foot is no longer reliable and tension meters should be used if possible. Setting
up further from the well head also helps.
If the probe stops moving going down the well - immediately stop the winch*. A cable
‘bird nest’ will occur if the winch continues to unspool and the probe is not moving.
Furthermore, if you have a great deal of slack cable and the probe becomes free, it will
then fall down the well until the cable becomes tight. Kinks may develop in the cable
and if the probe falls far enough, it can 'part' or break the logging cable.
*Some operators 'free wheel' the winch when going in the wheel and control logging
speed by using a brake. Some winches (especially portable winches common to small
diameter single conductor cable) don't have a 'free wheel' and must power the winch to
lower the probe. It is common for operators to go into wells much faster than when they
log out. If you go in the well too fast while 'free wheeling' and are not quick on the
brake, you will get 'bird-nests' and you may even tangle the logging cable below and
around the probe if it stops suddenly. Conversely, powered winches continue to run even
if the probe stops and they will 'bird-nest' very rapidly if the operator doesn't notice the
slack cable. Speed magnifies small problems. I recommend entering at a reduced
speed for the initial probe in a well until the operator learns of the well condition. This
may still be faster than the logging up speed; however, the faster the probe goes, the more
alert the operator should be. As a rule, I don't recommend ever going faster than 100
ft/min open hole and typically 50-60 fpm is fast enough. Slow down or stop if your are
doing other tasks such as creating a logging header or working on your documentation
while lowering the logging probe. Furthermore, it is beneficial to monitor log response
on the way into a well and if you are going down too fast, you will not see an accurate
log response. Depth accuracy also decreases with logging speed, especially if the probe
'bounces' down the well. Remember that well conditions can change (deteriorate) with
time and just because you were able to get down once or twice, you may still have
problems with later probe runs.

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Start the process to determine the mechanism obstructing the probe.
You may want to try to gently ‘fish’ the probe down the well if you think that it is
hanging on ledges or mud sticking to the side of the well. 'Fishing' is the process of
gently picking up the probe and dropping it - ideally by hand and moving the probe
starting at a few inches and increasing. The probe should never be dropped more than a
foot or so. On deep wells with heavy cable weight, fishing may be performed by pulling
down on the logging cable between the wellhead and the logging truck (if the truck is set
up some distance from the wellhead). If you ‘fish’ the probe down the well, pay attention
to what you feel. You should be able to differentiate by feel whether the borehole is
blocked with a solid non-yielding object such as a rock, if the probe is sticking to the
sides, if the probe is bouncing past ledges, if the borehole appears to be swelling shut
(probe is sticking over a long interval) or if debris appears to be falling down the well.
You may want to stop and not try to log any further if you think that the problems is with
the well - these decisions depend upon the type of probe and knowledge you have of the
well. Note that violent bouncing of the probe is typically not necessary to clear small
bridges going down the well. Also note that the logging cable has some mass. For
instance, 3/16” logging cable weighs 60 lbs. per 1000 ft. and if a light probe sticks at
depth (especially in a large diameter well), it may be difficult to observe when the probe
stops moving because the cable will continue to go down the well. This is another reason
to monitor probe response, because lack of response may be the first indication that the
probe is not moving.
If the probe stops moving when logging up the well - immediately stop the winch.
Don’t panic. Depending upon the probe type e.g. a decentralized density probe, close
the caliper arm, and try to lower the probe down the well. If the probe will not go down
the well, allow a little slack in the cable and try to ‘jiggle’ probe loose by hand by gently
tugging and bouncing the logging cable.
Try to determine the mechanism that is lodging the probe.
If the probe will move back down freely, you are probably sticking on a ledge, edge of
casing, etc. and may be able to bounce the probe over the obstacle by hand or with the
winch. Sometimes, this involves lowering the probe 20-50 feet and coming up in a
slightly different probe orientation. Sometimes you can put the probe under a little
tension and ‘bounce’ the cable enough to pop the probe over the obstacle.
If the probe will go back down slowly, you may be sticking on debris falling onto the
probe or in swelling clay. You should be able to feel the difference. If the probe goes
down but will not go back up to the original stuck position; you probably have debris
trying to wedge the probe. In this instance, you may not want to lower the probe very far
back down the well. If it is debris falling onto the probe and attempting to wedge the
probe against the side of the borehole, try to shake the material past the probe by hand if
possible. Sometimes gently raising and lowering the probe several times will allow the
material to fall past the probe.

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If the probe is entangled with cable left in a well, you can frequently move the probe up
and down and the resistance is ‘springy’. You can usually feel that the probe is hung on
cable and if this hypothesis is consistent with your other information e.g. old abandoned
well, etc., you may have a determined the lodging mechanism.
Frequently Asked Questions:
When do you 1) notify the client or landowner? 2) Notify your office? 3) Notify
regulators?
It is common for probes to hang up briefly on ledges, bottom of casing, etc. Don't over
react. If the client (or landowner) is on site (they are frequently looking over your
shoulder), don't lie to them. Tell them that you are hanging on something if they ask.
But, don't seek them out to advise them every time you hang a probe until you have tried
the simple obvious tests to free it -- try closing any caliper arms, lowering the probe and
try to bounce it over the trouble spot. Try to determine the mechanism lodging the probe.
If the probe will not move up or down, and if you can not free the probe without help,
you must contact the driller, project manager and perhaps even the landowner. Most
logging equipment operators 'fish' for stuck probes so infrequently, that it is prudent to
contact a 'fishing' expert (such as the equipment manufacture, commercial logging
company management, or fishing tool experts like Bowen Tools) prior to sophisticated
fishing efforts. If you are logging off the drill rig, it may be a simple task to lower drill
rod down the well and wash over the probe; however, even this task has hazards that can
compound your problems if not done correctly. If the drill rig is not on site, you should
notify your client and management and determine your fishing approach.
I recommend contacting your office prior to committing expensive 'fishing' operations

and always before 'parting' or deliberately breaking the logging cable. Most contract
language with commercial logging companies limits liability concerning fishing
operations. However, I suggest contacting their office for advice prior to any
sophisticated fishing operations for advice.
If the lodged probe contains a radioactive source, you must notify the appropriate
regulators prior to abandonment of the source. This requirement is interpreted differently
by different agencies and some agencies require that an appropriate effort must be made
to retrieve the lodged probe prior to abandonment. I believe that it is better to notify the
regulatory agencies earlier than later in the 'fishing' process. My experience is they
respect you and recognize your effort if they feel they were part of the process early on.
They also provide free monitoring services and console both your client and landowner.
While I may wash over a lodged probe or try a side door overshot without notification. I
recommend notification of the appropriate regulatory agency prior to 'parting' or
deliberately breaking the logging cable in any case. If the probe is non-hazardous, you
may not need to notify any regulatory agency.
When do you fish for a lost probe versus abandoning it?

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The purpose of fishing is to recover an expensive or hazardous probe, remove cable from
a well and to clean the well bore. If 1) the probe is in-expensive, non-hazardous and if
the recovery cost is greater than the probe cost; 2) the well bore or borehole is not needed
for other operations (e.g. such as an exploration boring); and, 3) there are no other
limiting factors such as contract language, the probe is easily replaced, etc., it may be
more economical to abandon a probe than fish for it.
Who is liable for the probe, including the cost of replacing or repairing the probe?
Depends upon the contract language. Many commercial logging companies offer probe
and cable loss protection insurance that can be purchased prior to logging. I recommend
it for expensive probes in hazardous areas. Without this insurance, the client or
landowner is typically liable for all recovery and replacement costs since the logging
company can't be responsible for downhole conditions. There may be an escape clause
for gross or willful misconduct on the part of a commercial logging company; however, it
is in every body’s interest to recover the lodged equipment as rapidly as possible. Most
government agencies self-insure; however, the fishing, repair and replacement costs
come out of their operating budgets. Note that there are frequently issues regarding how
probe replacement costs are determined: depreciated probe cost versus new replacement
cost.
Who is liable for the well?
Depends upon the contract language and project.
Who does the fishing?
Depends upon the contract language and project. Typically, sophisticated fishing
requires access to a drill rig or at least trimie pipe and this involves more than the logging
company. Commercial logging terms and conditions generally places this responsibility
on their client who in turn rely on their drilling company.
Who is liable for fishing and who pays for fishing?
Depends upon the contract language and project. Typically commercial logging terms
and conditions place all responsibility on fishing on their client unless probe and cable
loss insurance is purchased. However, even this insurance usually requires the client to
make three complete fishing efforts (at the client's expense) prior to the insurance kicking
in. The client usually uses their drilling contractor to perform the fishing and pays rig
time for this activity.

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What about consequential damages?
Depends upon the contract language and project. Commercial logging terms and
conditions prohibit them being responsible for consequential damages to a well. Other
groups may be liable for any damage they cause to a well during logging. Many drilling
contracts make the driller responsible with the logging being subcontracted.
What happens when you part the logging cable somewhere other than the cablehead?
You have to fish out the cable prior to fishing the probe. Sometimes, you can recover the
probe when you catch the cable. Cable or wireline spears are used on the end of drill rod
to catch the cable. They are lowered below where the cable is broken and above the
anticipated probe depth and the rods are rotated to catch the cable. They are then pulled
out of the well. Sometimes the cable comes out in pieces. Unfortunately, you can't
monitor tension on the cable or the probe and drill rigs are sufficiently insensitive that it
is difficult to monitor the fishing operations. If wireline cable spears or junk baskets are
used, the wireline needs to be significantly stronger than what you are attempting to fish.

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Determine the appropriate fishing techniques. Fishing Techniques depend upon the
mechanism lodging the logging probe.
Table 1 - Summary of Lodging Mechanism and Fishing Methods

Mechanism Frequency of Occurrence Fishing method(s) of Choice
1) Probe or cablehead hung on Common, especially in deviated Overshot
btm csng or ledge wells
2) Hung bowspring, caliper arm Common in vertical fractures and Push or tap probe down well
or other centralizer in fracture joints Wash over probe w/ overshot
Cable tension over time
3) Probe wedged with a rock Common w/ insufficient surface Push or tap probe or debris down well
fragment against side of well casing or fractured rock Wash over probe w/ overshot
4) Probe stuck below swelling Common w/ poor mud programs Cable Tension over time
clay or bridged hole and unstable formations Wash over probe w/ or w/o overshot
5) Probe stuck from being buried Common w/ insufficient surface Wash over probe w/ overshot
with debris or hole collapse casing, flowing sand, unstable Over drill w/ core barrel or bucket drill
holes - esp. at btm of well
6) Probe hanging vertically in a Common in Karst areas and areas Possibly try to catch cablehead with
large opening (e.g. cavern or w/ underground mine workings, overshot
mine) lava tubes, etc. Probe is typically non-recoverable in
deviated holes
7) Probe is hung in small Frequency increases as probe Pull probe out w/ well equipment (e.g.
diameter casing or well OD/well ID tolerance decreases - pump)
equipment (e.g. pump, packer watch logging past equipment Cable tension over time
or whipstock) Overshot - if you can find correct OD
8)Wedging probe in cased well Common in abandoned wells or Try to remove debris - may not be able to
with man-made debris unsecured wells - watch new use overshot
wells w/ staged casing Try to visualize w/ video
9) Hanging probe through Occurs typically in old wells and at Cable tension over time
behind casing by logging hole casing size changes Typically can't get access for overshot or
in casing to wash over
Try to visualize hole w/ video
10) Knotting cable below/around Common in large diameter deep Cable tension until cable parts
probe that has stopped going wells with light probes Cable spear or junk basket and Overshot
down a well
11) Probe free, but cable is Common when logging past Try overshot to free cable
wedged on well equipment or pumps, occasionally on Cable tension
split in casing, etc. split/damaged casing and vertical
fractures
12) Probe or probe part is free of Common if operator is tired and if Junk basket
cable and lying at bottom of logging cable is not maintained Overshot
well and reheaded frequently Fishing magnet
May try to visualize w/ video
As a rule-of-Thumb cut or part the logging cable only as a last resort.
If the probe is entangled on cable abandoned in a well, you may ultimately have to pull
the probe until the logging cable breaks or the cable left in the well breaks. Ideally, it
would be desirous to bring a drill rig back over the well prior to parting the logging cable
and lowering a side-door overshot over the probe under tension and pulling on the probe
with the drill rig.

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Never rotate drill rods with cable in the well
Measure drill rod(s) prior to entering hole - know drill depth reference - count drill rods
independently of the driller as they are going in the well
Measure tension on logging cable during all fishing operations
If logger is not equipped with tension meter, use a standalone tension gauge to monitor
the tension on the logging cable.

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Do’s & Don’ts:
Do talk to the Driller and Geologist prior to logging a well and determining as much
information as possible concerning borehole/well conditions
Do set up the logging truck some distance from the well head if possible so that the
logging cable will droop if the probe becomes lodged. This is a simple cable tension
gauge. Ideally, set the logging truck at least the height of the drill rig mast from the well.
If the drill rig is not on the well, try to setup at least 50 feet from the well head if
possible. Remember, the lighter the probe and deeper the well, set the logging truck
further from the wellhead to minimize the probe stopping without the operator
recognizing it.
If the driller is having problems with the drill getting stuck in the well, Do expect that
you will have problems in the same intervals.
Do expect the unexpected in every well. You can get lodged in any well: cased or open
hole.
Do know the probe and cablehead dimensions and depth reference point before it goes
into the well.
Do know the accuracy of your depth measuring system.
Don’t pull on the logging cable immediately with the winch
Don’t 'part' or break the logging cable from the probe if at all possible
Do know the last time the logging cable was reheaded, age and condition of the logging
cable.
Do know the anticipated breaking strength of your logging cable.
Table 2 - Common Steel Logging Cable Specifications
Rochester Steel New breaking Typical cablehead Weight/1000 ft.

_____________________ strength_____ breaking strength_ _____________
1/10” single conductor 1,000 lbs < 600 pounds 19 lbs
1/8” single conductor 1,500 lbs < 900 pounds 27 lbs
3/16” four conductor 3,300 lbs < 2,000 pounds 60 lbs
3/16” four conductor 2,900 lbs < 1,750 pounds 60.5 lbs
316 stainless
¼” coax single conductor 5,600 lbs < 3,350 pounds 109 lbs
¼” seven conductor 5,800 lbs < 3,500 pounds 108 lbs

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Do test the strength of the cablehead prior to scheduled reheads (this provides some
anticipated empirical evidence for cable pullout strength).
Do monitor the cable and probe response constantly when in a well.
Do try to move the probe up and down by hand after it has become lodged.
Don’t keep the probe on the bottom of the well any longer than necessary.
If you have trouble going down a well, Do expect to have problems moving the probe up
the well.
Do expect problems with any well that has audible water movement, making gas or when
you can hear debris falling in well.
Do expect problems with any well that has rapidly falling fluid levels.
Don't add water/fluid to a well with the probe below casing.
Don't work when excessively tired.
Do minimize operator distractions when logging such as excessive conversations.
Don't let a well set without circulation any longer than possible.
Don't let the probe sit on the bottom of the well any longer than possible.
Don't become impatient when a probe becomes lodged and immediately start pulling on
the cable as hard as possible.
Do wait until a well has been properly conditioned.
Do expect that drill mud will start to break down and if the well starts to become
unstable, it will get worse with time.
Commercial Logging Industry Standard Terms and Conditions regarding ‘fishing’

and lodged tool liability
The following selected terms are nearly verbatim portions from one logging contractor;
however, all of the logging contractors utilize nearly the same language.
In the event any of the Logging Contractor's non-radioactive probes are lost or lodged in
the borehole, the CLIENT shall recover them without cost to Logging Contractor or
shall pay the full replacement cost as per our current schedule (attached hereto and
included by reference). In the event any cable is lost or damaged in the borehole or
during a recover effort, the CLIENT shall pay for actual cable lost or damaged (up to

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15% of winch spool capacity) or full replacement cost (if greater than 15%) of a
winch spool capacity per our current schedule. Logging Contractor has certain
"fishing" tools available on a rental basis as needed. In case it is necessary for
CLIENT to "fish" for any of Logging Contractor's downhole equipment, CLIENT
assumes the entire responsibility for such operation, but Logging Contractor will, if
so desired by CLIENT, without any responsibility or liability on Logging Contractor's
part, render assistance in an advisory capacity for the recovery of such equipment and
instruments. None of Logging Contractor's employees is authorized to do anything
other than advise and consult with CLIENT in connection with such "fishing"
operations, and Logging Contractor shall not be liable or responsible for any damage
that CLIENT may incur or sustain through its use of any "fishing" tools furnished by
Logging Contractor or by reason of such advice or assistance rendered by Logging
Contractor's agents or employees, irrespective of cause.
Probe and Cable Loss Protection is available by request for a premium of _____(some
contractors charge so much per probe, others charge a percentage of the total
footage charge); however, such Protection does not relieve CLIENT from terms of
paragraph below, regarding radioactive sources. Every reasonable effort must be
made by the CLIENT to recover the probes in a borehole. A reasonable fishing effort
shall be at least three complete attempts to reach and recover lost equipment,
exclusive of attempts to recover cable. Logging Contractor may, at its sole
discretion, choose not to provide such Probe and Cable Loss Protection when it
considers the well conditions are other than normal. CLIENT must accept or reject
Probe and Cable Loss Protection for the entire job prior to our beginning operations.
Logging Contractor will use all reasonable industry-normal safeguards and precautions in
handling radioactive material in connection with logging services provided by
Logging Contractor. CLIENT hereby acknowledges that it is aware that such
radiation sources are potentially hazardous. CLIENT also acknowledges that
Logging Contractor shall not be liable or responsible except in the case of gross
negligence on Logging Contractor's part for any loss or damage, including
subsurface, alleged to have been caused by Logging Contractor's personnel or
equipment, and shall hold Logging Contractor, its agents and employees, free and
harmless from all claims brought by CLIENT, its agents or employees, or any third
party for bodily injury or death, and damage, including subsurface damage or injury
to the well, and damages attributable to pollution or contamination and cost of control
and removal thereof, alleged to have been caused by Logging Contractor's operations
under this contract.
CLIENT agrees that:
A. If a sealed source becomes lodged in the well, a recovery effort satisfactory to the
appropriate Federal, State, or local agency responsible will be made at the sole cost
and obligation of CLIENT;
B. No person may attempt to recover a sealed source in a manner which, in Logging
Contractor's opinion, could result in its rupture;

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C. If the environment, any equipment, or any personnel are contaminated with licensed
material, they must be decontaminated to the satisfaction of the appropriate Federal,
State, or local regulatory agency before being released from the site or for
unrestricted use;
D. If, after the appropriate Federal, State, or local authority's on-site representative has
determined that sufficient recovery efforts have been made and classified the source
as irretrievable, the source may be abandoned by being immobilized and isolated in
accordance with applicable regulations at the sole cost and obligation of CLIENT;
E. CLIENT is responsible for the full cost of recovery, decontamination, immobilization
of an abandoned source, and any other costs related to complying with the Federal,
State, and local requirements for radioactive material.
CLIENT, having custody and control of the well and having superior knowledge of the
well and conditions surrounding it, shall provide Logging Contractor with all
necessary information to enable Logging Contractor to perform its services safely and
efficiently. CLIENT shall advise Logging Contractor prior to commencement of any
services of all known and suspected toxic or hazardous substances at or in the vicinity
of the well site. CLIENT shall be responsible for all safety equipment, well site
monitoring, and decontamination of Logging Contractor's equipment and personnel if
required.
Explanation of These Terms
While it is in the Logging Contractor's and everyone's best interest that any lodged
probes or cable is recovered as rapidly as possible with the least amount of downtime.
Industry Standard terms are based on the perspective that the logging contractor does not
have custody or control of the well and any capacity to control the stability and condition
of the well or have knowledge of any toxic or hazardous substances in or near the well.
Therefore, they shouldn't be liable for conditions that may lodge or contaminate its
equipment. The drilling firm may have some control of borehole stability and condition;
however, they try not to assume risks for "acts of god" where a logging probe may
become lodged in a well due to debris or collapse.
The Industry Standard Policy regarding lodged probes containing a radioactive sources
are the result of Federal and Agreement State Regulatory requirements that require that
the above mentioned points A through E be addressed in writing prior to commencement
of logging operations.
If the logging is being preformed in-house or by a government agency, these terms

should still be addressed. The property owner is ultimately impacted for any radioactive
sources left on their property and they should be made aware of this exposure.

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Appendix A
Case Histories of Probes stuck by REC or his employees at Colorado Well Logging
(CWL), COLOG and others that he has personal knowledge of.
Colorado Well Logging:
1. Lodged and lost HLP/M (1.25" diameter gamma, SP, SPR combination) logging
probe - logging old existing corehole in Alaska. The logging probe became entangled in
cable (old slick-line off of the core drill) that was left in the NQ core hole <1000’ down
hole. Logistics (helicopter site access & drill rig costs) prevented a sophisticated fishing
effort. There was also some question if the client had appropriate permission to have
CWL log this well. We were using 1/8" or 1/10” single conductor cable on a portable
(MSI Model 2500) winch. Fishing costs after the cursory effort were greater than probe
and cable cost, so we pulled on the logging cable until it parted. The alternative would
have been to relocate a drill over the hole and try to spear the old cable (old slick-line)
that had been abandoned in the well. This cable would have been spun onto the spear
and then pulled out of the well - hopefully, the logging probe and cable would come with
it.
2. Lodged and lost HLP/M (1.25" diameter gamma, SP, SPR combination) logging
probe in an angle drilled exploration hole in Karst limestone near Lovell, Wyoming. The
drill hole penetrated a cavern that was larger than the probe was long. The probe
dropped into the cavern and swung vertical at approximately 250’ downhole. Even
though the probe was free and could be moved up and down, we could not pull (or
swing) the probe back in line with the original drill hole and ultimately had to pull until
the cable broke. On the same project, a rock became wedged against the side of another
HLP/M (1.25" diameter gamma, SP, SPR combination) logging probe in a small diameter
hammer drilled hole within 25’ of the surface. This probe was recovered by guiding the
drill rods back into the hole, past the top of the probe, onto the top of the rock. The
hammer on the drill was then activated briefly and it shattered the rock wedging the
probe. Using 1/8” or 1/10” single conductor cable in a portable winch (Model 2500)
mounted in full size Blazer).
3. Lodged and lost 1.5" diameter ALP/S (gamma, SP, SPR, 16" Normal Res.,
combination) logging probe off Hwy 58 north of Golden, Colorado in old White Ash
Mine. Geotechnical drilling and logging was conducted prior to the design of Canyon
Point subdivision at the North end of Golden to determine the location of the old White
Ash Mine workings. When logging one of the drill holes that penetrated the workings,
there was a mine collapse and the logging cable was cut approximately 50 feet above the
probe and approximately 450’ downhole. Logging cable was 3/16” 4 conductor on a
1000-meter winch (MSI-1km4C) mounted in Suburban. Probe was not recovered and
fishing efforts were not even attempted due to mechanism.
4. Lodged and recovered ALP/M (1.25" diameter gamma, SP, SPR, 16" Normal
Res., combination) logging probe near Wells, Nevada doing uranium exploration in a

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well near 1000’ in depth. Logging through volcanic flows that were moving water
audibly at he surface. Probe became lodged and would not move up or down. Applied
tension to cable and logging truck was left onsite all night. Probe gradually pulled itself
free and was hanging freely in the well the next morning. Using 1/8” or 1/10” single
conductor cable and a portable winch (MSI Model 2500) mounted in Bronco.
5. Lodged and recovered OLP (neutron) logging probe with 3 curie AM241Be
radioactive source near Gallup, New Mexico. Logging out of a hole >1500’ when
neutron probe became lodged in swelling clay. Applied tension to logging cable
overnight without success. Next day, we washed over probe with drill pipe and
recovered probe. Using 1/10” single conductor cable and portable winch (MSI, Model
2500) mounted in Blazer.
6. Lodged and lost two HLM/M (1.25" gamma, SP, SPR combination) probes and
one OLP (neutron) probe with 1 curie AM241Be neutron source in Niger, Africa as part of
uranium exploration project. Probes became lodged in swelling clays and drill rig cost
prevented any fishing effort. Cable was pulled until it parted. Using 1/8” or 1/10” single
conductor cable on portable winches (MSI, Model 2500) mounted in Toyota Land
Cruiser. Drill rig costs were $3500/hour with an anticipated minimum fishing effort
taking at least 3-4 hours just to bring the drill rig back over the hole and run the drill pipe
in and out of the well one time.
7. Lodged and recovered HLP (gamma-gamma density, caliper combination probe).

Logging an NX (~3” corehole) for coal mine subsidence application near Boulder,
Colorado. The logging probe became lodged in the collapsed portion of an old working
less than 100’ below ground surface. The cable parted at less than 1000-lbs. pull due to a
badly corroded cablehead. However the probe was recovered with a side-door overshot
run on the drill rod on the first attempt in the borehole. We were using 3/16”, 4 conductor
cable and 1000 m (MSI model 1km4C) winch mounted in Suburban.
8. Lodged and recovered TLP (single conductor standalone temperature) probe in a

newly constructed 16” steel cased well near Salmon, Idaho. Temperature probe became
lodged between a piece of 14” steel casing that had been dropped down the inside of the
well and was not known by the client. Probe was visualized on a downhole TV camera.
Driller finally freed probe after tension had been maintained for several days by hitting
cable with a piece of 2x4” wood immediately prior to our plans of pulling until it broke.
Using 1/10” single conductor cable on portable winch (Model 2500) mounted in Blazer.
We had numerous lodged ALP/M and HLP/M (gamma, electric combination)

probes that were lodged and recovered during uranium exploration activities with CWL.
Most systems were single conductor 1/8” or 1/10” cable mounted on Model 2500 winch
in a Bronco or Blazer. Most probes were lodged from rocks falling in and wedging
probe. Most common mechanism to free probe was to run drill rods back over and beside
probe and wash away debris. Drill rigs were readily available during mineral exploration
activities and we logged off the drill rig if the hole/well condition was questionable. If

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the drill rig was not on the hole during logging, it could usually be brought back over the
hole rapidly if a probe became lodged.
COLOG
9. Lodged and recovered HPF CPSIII (dual gamma-gamma density, caliper

combination) probe with 100 millicurie Cs137 radioactive source at DOE Nuclear Lab in
Idaho. Probe became hung in a deep corehole when logging out. Corehole was drilled to
5000’ and probe became hung when logging out inside HQ casing (2.38” ID steel casing)
with a probe that was 2.34” maximum diameter. Probe was freed by pulling 1400 lbs.
and snapping cable with a 2”x 4” piece of wood. Back at the shop, the cable was pulled
until it broke at approximately 2200 lbs. Using 3/16” 4 conductor cable with a 2000-m
winch (MSI model 2km4c) mounted in doghouse on back of 1-ton truck.
10. Lodged and lost the bottom of a MLP (fluid temperature and fluid resistivity)
probe at military base near Manchester, Tennessee. Probe became lodged immediately
out of surface casing during the initial logging run down the well. Surface casing was
not completely into bedrock and the well filled with chert fragments, which surrounded
the basket at the bottom of the probe. The basket and sensor array was destroyed when
the probe was pulled out of the well.
11. M&W Acoustic Televiewer (ATV) probe was lodged and recovered when
performing a demonstration log for a copper mine near Safford, Arizona. Probe became
lodged (probe would not go up or down) when logging out of the well. Apparently, one
of the probe centralizers became lodged in a near vertical fracture. Probe was freed after
pulling nearly 1000 lbs. One bowspring centralizer was bent severely in the recover
process.
12. M&W ATV probe was lodged and recovered when performing a demonstration
log for a Gold Mining Co., North of Elko, Nevada. Probe became hung in the bottom of
a 1500’ hole. Probe freed after pulling (1400 lbs) and bouncing from the surface.
Apparently bow spring became lodged in fracture or with debris dropped onto bow
spring. Probe was never wedged until it would not move. Bow spring was bent.
13. FAC 40 ATV probe was lodged and recovered in a NX (~3”) corehole at a copper
mine in Northern Chile. Probe became lodged when debris fell onto the probe at ~70’
below ground level. Probe would not move up or down. Probe freed by bringing another
logging system over the well, lowering a fluid sampler down to the top of the probe and
knocking the probe downward. Once the probe could be moved, it was freed by gently
moving probe up and down by hand until it cleared the debris in the well.
Note that acoustic televiewer probes are frequently lodged because the centralizing
bowsprings become hung in fractures or debris is dislodged by the upper bowspring and
it wedges on the lower bowspring. Wide disposable/break-away bowsprings made out of
rubber radiator hose (vertically slotted and then compressed lengthwise to expand open
and subsequently taped) may minimize hanging in fractures more than formal metallic

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bowsprings. Furthermore, if they do become hung, it is frequently easier to pull them off
(have them break-away) and recover the probe.
14. MLP (fluid temperature, fluid resistivity combination probe) became logged at an
Army Depot in Eastern Pennsylvania. The probe broke at the top of the sensor protection
basket when pulling the tool free. We also got a Video camera lodged in well at the same
project when a bow spring hung in a near vertical fracture. The video camera was freed
by lowering 2” PVC down over the probe top and pushing the probe downward until it
was freed.
15. An FEC (fluid temperature, resistivity, fpH and Eh combination) probe was lost
(parted from cable) in COLOG's Ralston Test well and was recovered on the first attempt
with junk basket. Probe was accidentally dropped approximately 10-15’ from the surface
of the well when it became entangled with a pump. When the probe reached the bottom
of cable, the cable parted at the cup & cone in the cable head and the probe continued
down the well to approximately 270’. The position of the probe was viewed with a video
camera. A junk basket was attached to the end of the logging cable and lowered down
the well to the top of the probe. By hand, it was ‘fished’ over the top of the lost probe
and the probe was recovered on the first attempt in the well. The probe was not damaged
in this effort.
16. Lodged and recovered BIPS (borehole image processing system or type of optical
televiewer) video camera at ~670’ in a 5 1/8” reverse drilled hole near Mojave,
California. Probe became hung in the well when logging downward. Apparently the
bow springs became lodged in a fracture zone. The probe would not go up or down and
was recovered by bringing a drill back over the well and lowering drill rods without a bit
down to the top of the probe and pushing it back down. Unfortunately, the driller rotated
the drill rods when they were placed on top of the probe. This entangled the logging
cable and damaged 700’ of ¼” coax cable. The BIPS camera was not damaged.
17. Lodged and recovered a ALP/S (1.5" gamma, SP, SPR, 16" Normal Res.
combination) probe that be came lodged diagonally in a large diameter water well (>17”)
below 1700’. The problem occurred when this light probe stopped moving and this was
not detected by the field engineer. The logging cable piled up beside and below the
probe and became entangled in a large knot. When pulled from the well, approximately
500’ of cable had to be cut and thrown away.
Other Companies:
18. In other logging activities performed by other slimhole logging companies, I am

aware of MSI sonic probes becoming lodged in deep wells due to caving conditions or
swelling clays. These probes parted at the rubber isolator section, leaving the transmitter
portion of the probes when they were pulled.
19. Three non-petroleum-logging companies all lost radioactive sources down wells
when the source subassembly was not attached correctly to the probe. Company 1 lost

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the source at an environmental site in New Jersey with client and EPA representatives
onsite and in the first hole to be logged after the engineer had driven all day and night to
get onsite. Company 2 lost the source in an angle corehole drilled for uranium
exploration near Idledale, Colorado. Engineers for both companies 1 & 2 apparently
dropped the source from the surface while screwing the probe onto the cablehead.
Company 3 source was lost in Saudi Arabia and was probably due to operator error. The
probe went into the well attached to the OLP (neutron logging probe) and was not on the
OLP when it was returned to the surface.
20. Company 3 lodged a radioactive source in a ‘whipstock’ in a deep exploration

corehole at the proposed Mt. Emmons Molybdenum deposit near Crested Butte,
Colorado. The probe was separated from the logging cable when it became wedged in
the whipstock and while logging upward at a fast rate. This probe was not recovered
with conventional fishing methods, but may be recovered by mining if this deposit is
developed.
21. Company 4 lost a small neutron-logging source in South Park Colorado in a

uranium exploration drill hole due to hole collapse or swelling mud. This probe was not
recovered.
22. Company 1 also lost a radioactive neutron probe by logging upward at a very fast
rate and catching the probe at the bottom of casing at a DOE Nuclear Lab. Probe was
subsequently recovered from the bottom of the well.
23. Company 6, lodged and lost a number of ALP/M (1.25" diameter gamma, SP,
SPR, 16" Normal Res. combination) probes during uranium exploration. However, once
they acquired side-door overshot tools and two long core barrels they never lost another
probe. In most instances, the probe was recovered with the side-door overshot if they
could get down to the top of the probe. If the probe was totally covered with debris, they
reentered the drill hole with the core barrel and over drilled the probe. COLOG
subsequently purchased 4 of these side-door overshots, both long core barrels, and a junk
basket from Company 6.
24. A number of different logging contractors probes including several neutron

probes were lost in deep uranium exploration holes drilled in breccia pipes in Arizona.
These probes were lost by the probe becoming lodged due to hole collapse and debris
wedging the probe or by the probe dropping and swinging vertically into large voids in
deep deviated drill holes.
25. Company 7 lost a HLP (dual density, caliper combination) probe in a coal mine
subsidence project at ~130’ in Rock Springs, Wyoming. Initially, they parted the logging
cable from the probe and then the driller tried to core over the probe. He drilled a ½
moon out of the length of the probe stopping just shy of penetration of the radioactive
capsule apparently not paying in attention to electronic components from the probe
coming up in circulating the drill fluid. The radioactive subassembly and capsule was

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subsequently recovered by over drilling well with a 24” bucket drill. Total recovery cost
was in excess of $100,000.
26. Company 8 lost an Acoustic Televiewer probe in a 40-ft. test hole at a gold mine.
The hole was drilled dry with reverse circulation approximately 5.5 inches in diameter.
The logging engineer lowered the probe to the bottom of the well and had the drilling
company fill the hole up with water by dropping it down the borehole from the surface
out of a water truck. The cascading water washed out the near surface of the borehole
and completely covered the probe with debris. 1-inch diameter pipe was washed past the
probe; however, it remained lodged due to apparent larger diameter rocks wedging the
probe. While pulling the logging probe while fishing, the probe started to move and the
engineer pulled rapidly breaking the cable at the cablehead. Subsequent efforts to use an
overshot on the end of the drill rod did not recover the probe. Somewhere in the process,
the drillers ground over the probe apparently grinding it up and electronic components
were washed up in the drill mud.
The same company lodged another Acoustic Televiewer below 900 feet in a HQ
corehole. The hole was drilled to 3200 feet with only 40 feet of casing. Drill fluid
remained at the surface. When logging the Acoustic Televiewer probe, the hole
collapsed at approximately 800 ft. The probe could still be lowered and was done so
until it became firmly lodged below 900 ft. In an effort to wash over the probe with the
core pipe, the logging cable became entangled in the drill rod and was broken off at the
surface. The drill pipe subsequently became lodged in the drill hole.

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Appendix B
Over shot Operations - Fishing Procedures

For 3/16" 4 conductor steel armored logging cable
Developed by Scintilog, Casper, Wyoming.
(Always consult with the geologist and call the office before starting this procedure)
A. Do not try to wash probe out without overshot and cable dynamometer (cable tension
measuring gauge). Figure 1 below shows schematic of Bowen side door overshot.
Figure 2 shows schematic of chain hoist and dynamometer set up. Note that a Spiral
Grapple is used for the larger sizes which the Overshot will catch, and a Basket-type
Grapple is installed to adapt the Overshot to engage smaller sizes, being at 1/2" or
5/8" below the largest catch size of Spiral Grapples. Bowen Series 160 Maximum
Catch Spiral is 2"; Maximum Catch Basket is 1 1/2"; Overshot is 3 1/4" OD.
B. Make sure of exact footage where probe is hung, (deduct length probe measurement).
C. Keep the lower pipe sections stationary while lowering pipe down the hole, (do not
rotate), Hand Screw the upper pipe when adding additional segments.
D. Cable tension at the surface should be kept at 500 pounds.
E. Try not to wash any joint down with the kelly until the last joint. If circulation is
needed to clean out the pipe and overshot, wash without moving the pipe up and
down or rotating the pipe.
F. Wash the last joint continually until contact is made with the probe.
G. When the overshot comes in contact with the probe, you will see an increase in
tension on the dynamometer. Mark the kelly.
H. Push the overshot down until tension on the dynamometer has reached 900 pounds.
I. Pull the pipe up 3 feet. If the dynamometer goes to 500 pounds or less, pull the pipe
out of the hole. If the dynamometer does not to 500 pounds or less, try again in
increments of 150 pounds. Cable breaking point may range from 1200 to 1900
pounds (Note that tensile strength of new 3/16" 4 conductor logging cable is greater
than 3000 pounds and is reduced with a cablehead, wear and deterioration).

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Figure _____ Diagram of Chain Hoist, Dynamometer and Cable Grip Set Up

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Figure _____, Bowen Side door cablehead overshot fishing tool.

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Figure _____ From Instruction Manual for Bowen Cable Guided and Side Door
Fishing Methods, Manual No. 5, 8890

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Appendix C
Reference:
Bowen Tools
http://www.bowen-tools.com/main.html
Bowen is a source for:

Side door over shots (eliminate the necessity of cutting the line or cable) Series 160
designed to run on tubing or drill pipe in a cased hole (due to shallow hole depth with
typical mineral applications - can use for open hole applications)
Junk baskets
Casing milling tools
Impression blocks
Fishing magnets
and Other fishing tools and advice
Bowen Instruction Manual No.5 /8890 - Bowen Cable Guided and Side Door Fishing
Methods

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FIELD PROCEDURES MANUAL

DIAVIK DIAMOND MINE

4.0 DOWNHOLE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING.............................................53

This document provides a description of procedures for the collection of geotechnical,

2.0 GEOTECHNICAL CORE LOGGING

2.1 Rock Mass Classification

• Logging interval depth;

2.2 Core Logging Equipment

• Laptop computer with geotechnical logging database;

2.3 Acquire Logging Interface

• Import/Export – Used only to export data once logging of a drillhole is complete.

• Core Recovery – Interval/run information for assessing rock mass quality.

• Feature Table – Detailed geotechnical information for each individual structure in an

• Point Load – Results of point load tests performed on drill core.

2.4 General Drillhole Data (Collar Form)

Figure 2.1 Collar Entry Form

2.5 Geotechnical Data Collection (Core Recovery Form)

Figure 2.2 Core Recovery Entry Form

2.5.1 Geotechnical Interval (Depth)

From: 15.7 metres ... To: 18.7 metres

2.5.2 Total Core Recovery (TCR)

2.5.3 Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

the sum of the lengths of core in pieces equal to or longer than 10 cm

Figure 2.3 Example of RQD Calculation

2.5.4 Rock Type

2.5.5 Weathering/Alteration Index

2.5.6 Joint Set Number (Jn)

2.5.7 Fault and Broken Core Zones

Small Scale Fault (logged as fracture)

Broken Core (near 100% recovery)

Figure 2.5 Examples of Faults/Broken Core

Any important or distinguishing geotechnical / geological characteristics not recorded in

2.5.9 Strength Condition

Strength Index (Field Estimate of Intact Rock or Soil Strength)

testing. If a variation in rock strength is present in the geotechnical interval (e.g., 1 cm of

Point Load Index (Point Load Form)

Figure 2.7 Diametral (left) and axial (right) tests

Figure 2.9 Point Load Entry Form

Sample Depth: Depth of test in metres.

Gauge Units: Units of measurement selected from a pick list

PLT Type: Type of test performed, e.g., diametral or axial.

D between Platens: Distance between platens. Equivalent to the core

PLT Width: Width of the rock being tested (measured

Gauge Reading: Force or pressure required to split the core sample,

Comments: Any relevant information not recorded in the above

2.6 Fracture Data Collection (Feature Table Form)

Figure 2.10 Fracture Table Entry Form

2.6.1 Logging Fractures with WellCAD

Although fractures are to be identified using WellCAD, it is important to look at each

• Change view to Draft mode (View → Draft).

Figure 2.11 Structure Log Settings

Figure 2.12 Structure Projection Settings

Figure 2.13 Structure Log Header

• WellCAD files should be saved and backed-up frequently.

The following procedure is used for logging fractures in WellCAD:

• Identify feature in optical and/or acoustic televiewer image. Confirm by looking at

Figure 2.14 Drawing Sinusoids

Figure 2.15 Structure Category Selection

Figure 2.16 Fracture Editor

• Repeat this for each fracture in a run/geotechnical interval/table.

2.6.2 Fracture Type

Bedding (BD): A discontinuity associated with sedimentary processes

Contact - Open (CONO): An open fracture on the boundary of two lithologies.