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Medical Imaging
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Textbook and Materials
Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods,
Techniques “Digital Image Processing”, 2nd Edition,
Pearson Education, 2003
Digital Image Processing by Jayaraman,
Veerakumar, 2012
Khandpur R.S, Handbook of Biomedical
Instrumentation, 3/e, Tata McGraw
Hill,New Delhi, 2014
Dr. K. Adalarasu
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Reference
William K. Pratt, “Digital Image Processing” ,
John Willey ,2001 Magnetic Resonance
Steve Webb, The physics of medical imaging,
Adam Hilger, Bristol, England, Philadelphia, & Radio Isotope
USA, 1988
Jain A.K., “Fundamentals of Digital Image Imaging
Processing”, PHI, 1995.

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Magnetic Resonance Image Reconstruction

(MR) Techniques

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Image Reconstruction Techniques Back Projection Zeugmatography
Sequential Point Method  Described by Lauterbur (1973)
 Two-dimensional spatial variation or image of a
Sequential Line Method
physical property of an object can be reconstructed
Sequential Plane Methods  From a series of one-dimensional projections of the
Back Projection Zeugmatography parameter that are recorded at different orientations
relative to the sample
Three-dimensional Methods  Applied to NMR imaging - A one-dimensional
projection can be obtained by
 Recording the NMR spectrum in the presence of a linear
magnetic field gradient
 Multiple projections are obtained by changing the
relative orientation of the gradient
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Back Projection Zeugmatography Back Projection Zeugmatography
 Amplitude of the NMR signal
 Used to assign amount or number of nuclei present
 Frequency of the signal
 Used to assign the spatial location
 Multiple projections or angles of view
 Obtained by back-projecting these multiple views
 In practice
 In order to image a matrix of n.n pixels
 n angles of view in a π radian arc
 With n points (detectors) per view are required

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Back Projection Zeugmatography 11

Back Projection Zeugmatography

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 Two-dimensional NMR Fourier zeugmatography suggested

by Kumar et al. (1975)
 Technique utilizes a sequence of switched magnetic field gradients
applied during the Free Induction Decay (FID)
 Combined with the two-dimensional Fourier transformation methods

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Back Projection Zeugmatography Image Reconstruction Techniques

 Spin warp imaging method
 z-plane localization  Is an improved technique that enables all of the NMR signals to be
 A π/2 pulse is applied followed by the orthogonal linear observed in the form of a spin echo
gradients Gy and Gx during intervals ty and tx  Gradient pulses are varied in amplitude rather than time
 FIDs are recorded
 Interval tx for different ty
 2D signal function contains all of the information
necessary to reconstruct a two-dimensional image
 Limitation of this method
 Is that the signal is acquired only during part of the FID
 Which results in some reduction in sensitivity

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Image Reconstruction Techniques Image Reconstruction Techniques
Three-dimensional Methods - 3D NMR
zeugmatography
Plane localization step is omitted
Instead Gradient is re-oriented in all three
dimensions
One-dimensional projections obtained
Each gradient orientation contain signal
components from the entire sample

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Image Reconstruction Techniques Spin Echo Sequences Family
 RF field gradients are applied in the x and y
 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE), used by Siemens and
directions for variable intervals tx and ty
Philips
 FID is observed during
 Fast Spin Echo (FSE), used by General Electric
 tz in a static z-gradient
 Rapid Acquisition and Relaxation Enhancement
 Three-dimensional image reconstructed by three-
(RARE)
dimensional Fourier transformation with respect to
tx, ty and tz  Turbo Inversion Recovery (TIR)
 Planar, echo-planar and multiple-line scan  Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude (TIRM)
selective – 3D by  Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR)
 To multi-planer spin-echo and multi-planer multiple line  Half Fourier Acquired Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo
scan imaging respectively (HASTE)

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Gradient Echo Sequences Family

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Miscellaneous Type of Imaging Sequences

 Fast Limited-Angle Shot (FLASH), used by Siemens
 Spoiled Fast Acquired Steady State (spoiled FAST),
 Contrast Enhanced Fast Acquired Steady State
adopted by Picker Technique (CE FAST)
 Spoiled Gradient Recalled Acquisition in Steady State  Contrast Enhanced Gradient Recalled Acquisition in
(spoiled GRASS or SPGR) introduced by General the Steady State (CE GRASS)
Electric
 Double Echo Steady State (DESS)
 Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession (FISP)
 Turbo Gradient Spin Echo (TGSE)
 Fast Field Echo (FFE), used by Philips
 Gradient Recalled Acquisition in the Steady State  Gradient and Spin Echo (GRASE)
(GRASS), General Electric  Magnetization Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo (MP
 Fast Acquired Steady State Technique (FAST), Picker RAGE)

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RF pulse band width (BW) in Hz

constant ɣ (the magnetogyric ratio)

KA – MIT – Unit III – Feb, 2018, Sastra University