Internship Report

STUDY OF VARIOUS PLANTS IN THE BARAUNI REFINERY

Omar Sultan
16109053 - ME | NIT JALANDHAR
 Project on study of various
plants in the Barauni Oil
Refinery.

Omar Sultan – 16109053

Department of Mechanical
Engineering

Indian Oil Corporation Limited,

Barauni Refinery

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of

Technology Jalandhar.

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 Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the training department of

Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Barauni Refinery for granting me this
golden opportunity to be a part of this esteemed organization as a
vocational trainee. I would like to thank Ms. Krishna Kumari, Asst.
Manager (L & D) for her constant assistance provided during the time
of this training. I would also like to thank the Fire and Safety
Department, Barauni Refinery for making me aware of the various risks
and potential hazards present in the refinery campus and the ways to
prevent them.
I am highly obliged to Mr. D.H. Rao Sir, Dy General Manager
(Maintenance) for giving me a brief idea about the refinery and
providing me with a proper schedule to help improve my technical
experience in the Barauni refinery. He is the one who motivates us to
learn and grow and also builds an immense interest in taking the
industrial training at its best. I thank Mr. Kangkan Kalita, MLE
(Mechanical workshop) for sharing his deep knowledge about various
pumps and other equipment in the Mechanical Workshop. I thank Mr.
R.U. Kumar, MNM (AVU & CRU) for appointing Mr. Daulti, ME who
guided me in the visits to the plants. I thank Mr. Rajiv Kumar, MNM
(TPS) in helping me learn the various processes in TPS.
Last but not least, I am thankful to Almighty God, my parents, family
and friends for their immense support and cooperation throughout the
training period.

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 Table of Contents

1. Preface 4
2. Company Profile 5
2.1 Barauni Refinery 5
3. Fire and Safety 6
4. Mechanical Workshop 7
4.1 Pump 8-9
4.2 Impeller 9
4.3 Types of Casing 10
4.4 Centrifugal Pump 11
4.5 Axial Pump 12
4.6 Diagram of Centrifugal Pump & Axial Pump 13
5. Thermal Power Station (TPS) 14
5.1 Gas Turbines in TPS 15-17
5.2 Steam Turbines in TPS 18-19
5.3 Boilers in TPS 20-23
6. AVU & CRU 24
6.1 Compressors 25
6.2 Diagram of Compressors 26
6.3 Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger in AVU & CRU 27-28
6.4 Pump Section in AVU & CRU 29
6.5 Valves 30-33
6.6 Coolants used in Pumps & Compressors 34
7. References 35

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 1. PREFACE

Industrial training plays a vital role in the progress of future engineers.

Not only does it provide insights into the industry concerned, but it also
bridges the gap between theory and practical knowledge. I was
fortunate that I was provided with an opportunity of undergoing
industrial training at Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Barauni. The
experience gained during this short period was fascinating, to say the
least. It was a tremendous feeling to observe the operation of different
equipment and processes. It was overwhelming for me to notice how
such a big refinery is being monitored and operated with proper
coordination to obtain the desired results. During my training, I realized
that in order to be a successful mechanical engineer, one needs to
possess a sound theoretical base along with acumen for effective
practical application of the theory. Thus, I hope that this vocational
training serves as a stepping stone for me in the future and helps me
find my niche in this field.

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 2. Company Profile

• Indian Oil Corporation Limited, or IOCI, is an Indian state-

owned oil and gas corporation with its headquarters in New
Delhi, India. It is the world's 83rd largest corporation, according
to the Fortune Global 500 list, and the largest public corporation
in India when ranked by revenue.
• Indian Oil and its subsidiaries account for a 49% share in the
petroleum products market, 31% share in refining capacity and
67% downstream sector pipelines capacity in India.
• The Indian Oil Group of companies owns and operates 10 of
India's 22 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 65.7
MMTPA.

2.1 Barauni Refinery

• Built in 1964 with the help of Romania and USSR.

• 2nd Oil refinery of public sector.
• Largest integrated Refinery and Petrochemicals Hub in India and
3rd in South-East Asia.
• Present Capacity : 6 MMTPA
• Designed to process crude oil of low sulphur content which is
imported from South East Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
• This Oil refinery caters its products to Bihar, North West Bengal,
parts of U.P. and Nepal.

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 3. Fire and Safety Training

1. Hazards of the refinery.

2. Safety and its importance.
3. About fire and safety department.
4. Fire and safety education.
5. General loss control rules.
6. 5'S of safety.
7. PPES selection.
8. Siren codes.
9. Assembly point.
10. Emergency communication systems.
11. Hazardous area classifications.
12. Material safety datasheet and standard operating procedures.
13. Work permit system.
14. Safe people movement.
15. 0ff the job safety.
16. Safe people movement, personal safety.
17. Dress code.
18. Road safety.
19. Focus on monthly safety theme.
20. Discussion on currently ongoing topics/situations/safety measure
related with outside/offside.
21. Knowledge sharing in a group.

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 4. Mechanical Workshop

• The Mechanical Workshop is the place where the mechanical

maintenance of different types of equipment used in the refinery
like pumps, valves etc is done.
• The Mechanical Workshop has the following machines for
various operations :-
➢ 9 Lathe Machine
➢ 2 Drilling Machine
➢ 1 Shaper Machine
➢ 1 Milling Machine
➢ 2 Balancing Machine
• The Mechanical Workshop has the following five sections, each
of them specialized to do different tasks :-
➢ Machine Section
➢ Welding Section
➢ Safety Section
➢ Valve Section
➢ Pump Section
• Pumps, especially centrifugal pumps are brought in the workshop
for their maintenance.
➢ In the refinery, around 90% of the pumps used are
centrifugal pumps.
➢ Rest 10% are Dosing And Screw Pumps.
• The Mechanical Workshop has the responsibility to install
appropriate valves at different sections of the refinery and to
maintain them properly. Insertion of tubes in the shell and tube
heat exchangers is also done here.

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 4.1 Pump

A pump is a device which moves fluids by mechanical action,

from one place to the other. It is, essentially, the earliest form of
machine, dating back to ancient Egypt. Pumps are divided into
two major categories :-

Displacement Pumps (or Positive Displacement Pumps) :- A

displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed
amount of the fluid and forcing or displacing the trapped volume
into a discharge pipe or discharge system.
Dynamic Pumps (or Kinetic Pumps) :- Dynamic pumps impart
velocity and pressure to the fluid as it moves past
or through the pump impeller and, subsequently convert some of
that velocity into additional pressure.

A pump has mainly three parts :-

• Inlet Section (or Suction) : The pressure is the lowest here.
• Casing : It contains the liquid inside during operation.
• Outlet Section (or Discharge Section) : The pressure is the highest
here.

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On the basis of fluid flow direction, these pumps are divided into the
following three categories-
• Axial Flow : The fluid enters along the axial plane, is accelerated
by the impeller and exits along the shaft (axially).
• Radial Flow : The fluid enters along the axial plane, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft
(radially).
• Mixed Flow : Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise
between radial and axial-flow pumps, The fluid experiences both
radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere
between O and 90 degrees from the axial direction.

4.2 Impeller

Impeller design is the most significant factor in determining the

performance of a centrifugal pump, A properly designed impeller
optimizes the flow while minimizing the turbulence and maximizing
the efficiency.
The impeller of a centrifugal pump can be of three basic types :-

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 4.3 Types of Casing

1. Volute casing:-
It is a spiral type in which area of flow increase gradually. The
increase in area of flow decreases the velocity of flow. Decrease
in velocity increases pressure of water flowing through the
casing.

2. Vortex casing:-
If a circular chamber is introduced between the casing and
impeller then this is called as vortex casing. Due to introduction
of circular chamber eddy loss reduced considerably.

3. Casing with guide blades:-

In this type of casing impeller is surrounded by a number of guide
blades which are act like diffusers hence increase the pressure at
outlet.

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 4.4 Centrifugal Pump

A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a

fluid by means of the transfer of rotational energy from one or
more driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly
rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal force
along its circumference through the impeller’s vane tips. The
action of the impeller increases the fluid’s velocity and pressure
and also directs it towards the pump outlet. The pump casing is
specially designed to constrict the fluid from the pump inlet,
direct it into the impeller and then slow and control the fluid
before discharge.
A centrifugal pump operates through the transfer of rotational
energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers. The
action of the impeller increases the fluid’s velocity and pressure
and directs it towards the pump outlet. With its simple design,
the centrifugal pump is well understood and easy to operate and
maintain.
Centrifugal pump designs offer simple and low cost solutions to
most low pressure, high capacity pumping applications involving
low viscosity fluids such as water, solvents, chemicals and light
oils. Typical applications involve water supply and circulation,
irrigation, and the transfer of chemicals in petrochemical plants.
Positive displacement pumps are preferred for applications
involving highly viscous fluids such as thick oils and slurries,
especially at high pressures, for complex feeds such as emulsions,
foodstuffs or biological fluids, and when accurate dosing is
required.

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 4.5 Axial Pump

An axial flow pump is a type of centrifugal pump that uses an

impeller with vanes that direct the flow axially. In this way, they
differ from most other centrifugal pumps, which direct the flow
more radially. In general, axial flow pumps create less pressure
(head) than radial flow centrifugal pumps, but they can produce
much higher flow rates.
Axial flow pumps have performance characteristics that are quite
different from other pump types. Even though they produce very
low heads at their normal operating point, the curve of head
versus capacity is much steeper than with other centrifugal pump
types. The shut-off (zero flow) head may be as much as three
times the head at the pump’s best efficiency point. Also, the
required horsepower increases as flow is decreased, with the
highest horsepower draw being at shut off (zero flow). This is
opposite of the trend with radial flow pumps, which require an
increasing horsepower at higher flow rates.
Axial flow pumps are used in applications that require very high
flow rates and very low amounts of pressure (head). They are
useful as circulating water pumps in power plants. They’re also
commonly used in the chemical industry for circulating large
amounts of fluids in evaporators. And they are useful in flood
dewatering applications where large quantities of water need to
be moved a short distance, such as over a levee or dyke. These
applications are not nearly as common as applications for radial
flow pumps, so there are not nearly as many axial flow pumps as
there are radial flow pumps.

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4.6 Diagrams of Centrifugal Pump (up) &
Axial Pump (down)

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 5. Thermal Power Station (TPS)

The Barauni Refinery has its own thermal power station for the
production of electricity. Some salient features of TPS, Barauni
Refinery are as follows :-
• TPS has Demineralisation Plants where the dissolved salt mainly
iron is removed from raw water.
• DM Plant uses two methods to remove the dissolved salt :
➢ Resin Based
➢ Membrane Based
• It has a pumping station where Fuel Oil (FO) from other units is
filtered and steam heated.
• There are total six boilers out of which four are Russian boilers,
rest of two are new boilers one of IJT company and other of
BHEL.
• It has two Russian turbo generators TG-1 AND TG-II each of
capacity 12MW and one Indian turbo generated made by BHEL
Hyderabad of capacity 12. 5 MW.
• There are four Steam turbines out of which (STG-1 and STG-2)
are Russian and other two are of BHEL.
• There are also two gas turbines (GT-1) and (GT-2), each of
capacity 20 MW.
• The circulation water is cooled in cooling tower systems,

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 5.1 Gas Turbines in TPS

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous

combustion internal combustion engine.

• The basic operation of the gas turbine is based on the Brayton

cycle with air as the working fluid.
The Brayton cycle is the ideal cycle for gas-turbine engines.
Today, it is used for gas turbines in which both the compression
and expansion processes are implemented. There are two
different types of the Brayton cycle; the open gas turbine cycle
and the closed gas turbine cycle respectively. The difference is
that during the open gas turbine cycle, a combustion process takes
place, and exhaust gases are thrown out, in other words the
exhaust gases cannot be recirculated, while in the other cycle, the
combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process, the
exhaust gases are also utilized so as to increase the temperature
of the air which enters the compressor.
Brayton cycle for open gas turbine cycle (right) and close gas
turbine cycle (left) is as follows :

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 • The fresh atmospheric air flows through the compressor that
brings it to the higher pressure.
• The energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting
it so the combustion generates a high-temperature flow.
• This high-temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine, where
it expands down to the exhaust pressure, producing a shaft work
output in the process.
• The turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor ; the
energy that is not used for shaft work comes out in the exhaust
gases that produce thrust.

The three main components of a gas turbine are :

• An air compressor.
• A combustor.
• A power turbine, which produces the power to drive the air
compressor and the output shaft.

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Limitations of a gas turbine :
• The overall efficiency of the gas turbine plant is very low.
• Gas turbine rotor speed is found very high.
• Gas turbine cannot be operated reversibly.
• The weight-to-power ratio of gas turbine is low.
• Self-starting of gas turbine is not possible.

Advantages of a gas turbine :

• Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating
engines;
• Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power
rating.
• Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a
reciprocating engine.
• Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.
• Low operating pressures.

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 5.2 Steam Turbines in TPS

A Steam Turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy

from pressurized steam and transforms it into mechanical work.
Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to
driving electrical generators. As the name implies, a steam turbine is
powered by steam. As hot, gaseous steam flows past the turbine'
spinning blades, steam expands and cools, giving off most of the energy
it contains. This steam spins the blades continuously. The blades thus
convert most of the steam's potential energy into kinetic energy. The
turbine is then used to run a generator, producing electricity.
The basic parts of stream turbines are blades and rotors. A set of blades
is known as a stage. They also have steam inlets (usually a set of
nozzles) and outlets. Two independent mechanisms, known as
governors, are used to ensure safe operation of the turbine.

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Two basic types of steam turbines are :
Impulse Turbine : The rotating blades are like deep buckets. High-
velocity jets of incoming steam from carefully shaped nozzles kick into
the blades, pushing them around with a series of impulses, and
bouncing off to the other side with a similar pressure but much-reduced
velocity. Example – Pelton turbine.

Reaction Turbine : In a reaction turbine, there is a second set of

stationary blades attached to the inside of the turbine case. These help
to speed up and direct the steam onto the rotating blades at just the right
angle, before the steam dissipates with reduced temperature and
pressure. Example – Francis turbine.

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 5.3 Boilers in TPS

• All the boilers are water-tube boilers.

A water tube boiler can be defined as a Steam boiler in which the
flow of water in the tubes, as well as hot gases, enclose the tubes.
Not like fire tube boilers, this boiler attains high-pressures, as
well as high-steam capabilities, can be achieved. This is because
of condensed tangential pressure on tubes which is known as
hoop stress.
The water tube boilers are mainly used for generating steam with
high temperature as well as pressure. The internal structure of this
boiler includes a tiny steam drum, small width tubes. The
components of this boiler generate high-volume vapor for high-
capacity applications. These boilers are most frequently used
boilers, which has replaced several boilers like fire tube due to
some reasons like the weight of this tube is less, steam producing
process is faster, custom design, high efficiency. The earlier water
tubes include an arrangement of the only drum by headers that are
connected by short, straight tubes and bent pipes. The hot gases
will flow over the pipes in one go only. The components of water
boiler are :
➢ Boiler Shell: This shell is the external cylindrical part of a
pressure container.
➢ Mud Drum: This is a cylindrical formed space at the base of
the water space. The impurities like mud, sediment, and
others will be gathered.
➢ Strainer: This is a type of device as a filter to hold solid
elements letting a fluid to supply.
➢ Sight Glass: A glass tube is utilized on steam type boilers
for giving observable signs of the water level in boilers.
➢ Security Valve: A spring-loaded tap that unlocks when
force gets the location of the valve. This can be used for

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 stopping the unnecessary force from the construction of a
boiler
➢ Boiler: This is a surrounded space offered for the fuel
combustion.
➢ Feed-Test Tap: The high-force water flows via this tap,
which releases to the boiler simply and supplies the water
to the water type boiler.
➢ Steam-Stop Tap: It controls the steam flow supply at
outside.
➢ Burner: This is one type of device for the beginning of air
and fuel into a boiler at the preferred velocity. This is the
most essential apparatus for the firing of gas or oil.

• The water inside the tubes is heated by convection.

• The mixture of steam and water reaches the boiler drum where
they are separated by a steam separator.
• The demineralized water is used to generate steam from the plants
own DM Plant. For boiler application, we require pure water with
TDS< 1.0 mg/L to safeguard the boiler tubes and Turbine blades.
• It also helps improve heat transfer by eliminating the scaling and
corrosion of boiler tubes.
• Both Fuel Oil and Fuel Gas can be used in the boiler furnace.
• There are six burners in the boilers Fire Box.
• The Fuel Oil used in burning has the following properties
➢ Pour point = 33℃ to 45℃
➢ Flash point = 65℃ to 95°C
➢ Sulphur = 1.0 max
➢ Gross Calorific value = 10, 540 (kcal/kg)
➢ Net calorific value = 10, 000 (kcal/kg) max
9, 700 (kcal/kg) min

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The different types of water boiler are as follows :
Simple Vertical Boiler : This is one type of water tube boiler. In this
type of boiler, the axis of direction is perpendicular with respect to the
position.
Stirling Boiler : The Stirling boiler is one type of water tube boiler,
used for generating steam (50,000 kg steam/hour and 60 kgf /cm2
pressure) in the large area of the stationary plant.
Babcock and Wilcox Boilers : This is a horizontal straight water tube
boiler; it has a steam drum which is made of steel. The two ends of the
drum are associated with a series of two end headers with short riser
pipes.

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The boiler operates on the principle of Rankine cycle :
The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat
engine that converts heat into mechanical work while undergoing phase
change. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually
uses water as the working fluid.

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 6. AVU & CRU

The full form of AVU is Atmospheric and Vacuum Unit. And the full
form of CRU is Catalytic Reforming Unit. Both the units are used for
the purpose of crude oil distillation.
In AVU the distillation is done with the help of atmosphere and
vacuum. Hence the name Atmospheric and Vacuum Unit. Typical
products from AVU are : Gas, LPG, naphtha, SKO (Super Kerosene
Oil), HSD (High Speed Diesel), RCO (Reduced Coke Oil) and
Heavy/Dense naphtha.
In CRU the Heavy/Dense naphtha is distilled to give high octane
gasoline and hydrogen.
The reduced coke oil from AVU and hydrogen gas from CRU are
supplied to the Coker Plant and Hydrogen Plant (respectively) present
in the refinery to utilize them effectively and efficiently for other
purposes.
The small amount of unusable/harmful product produced by the
Barauni Refinery from all the plants is supplied to the burner where it
is burned to the atmosphere thereby reducing its harmfulness.

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 6.1 Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a

gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas
compressor. Compressors are similar to pumps : both increase the
pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe.
Reciprocating Compressor : A reciprocating compressor is a
positive-displacement machine that uses a piston to compress a gas and
deliver it at high pressure. They are often some of the most critical and
expensive systems at a production facility, and deserve special
attention. Gas transmission pipelines, petrochemical plants, refineries
and many other industries all depend on this type of equipment. Due to
many factors, including but not limited to the quality of the initial
specification/design, adequacy of maintenance practices and
operational factors, industrial facilities can expect widely varying
lifecycle costs and reliability from their own installations.
Centrifugal Compressor : Centrifugal Compressor is a machine in
which a particular gas or vapor is compressed by a radial acceleration
by an impeller with the help of a surrounding case. It can then be
arranged multistage for greater proportions of compression. When the
air passes through the rotating impeller it experiences force or work
which is performed by centrifugal forces. The work input takes place
as an increase in pressure and velocity or speed of the air flow through
the impeller. The air flow looses it’s velocity after entering in the
diffuser section. The diffuser is actually a fixed or static component that
escorts the air flow when it leaves the impeller. This loss in velocity
eventually results in an additional increase of pressure. The impeller
and the diffuser contributes about 65% and 35% of the total pressure
developed or produced in the compressor.

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6.2 Diagrams of Centrifugal Compressor (up)
and
Reciprocating Compressor (down)

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 6.3 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger in AVU &
CRU

A shell and tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs. It

is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other
large chemical processes, and is suited for higher-pressure applications.
As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell (a
large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. One fluid runs
through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the
shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids. The set of tubes is called
a tube bundle, and may be composed of several types of tubes: plain,
longitudinally finned, etc.
Two fluids, of different starting temperatures, flow through the heat
exchanger. One flows through the tubes (the tube side) and the other
flows outside the tubes but inside the shell (the shell side). Heat is
transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls, either
from tube side to shell side or vice versa. The fluids can be either
liquids or gases on either the shell or the tube side. In order to transfer
heat efficiently, a large heat transfer area should be used, leading to
the use of many tubes. In this way, waste heat can be put to use. This
is an efficient way to conserve energy.
Heat exchangers with only one phase (liquid or gas) on each side can
be called one-phase or single-phase heat exchangers. Two-phase heat
exchangers can be used to heat a liquid to boil it into a gas (vapor),
sometimes called boilers, or cool a vapor to condense it into a liquid
(called condensers), with the phase change usually occurring on the
shell side. Boilers in steam engine locomotives are typically large,
usually cylindrically-shaped shell-and-tube heat exchangers. In large
power plants with steam-driven turbines, shell-and-tube surface
condensers are used to condense the exhaust steam exiting the turbine
into condensate water which is recycled back to be turned into steam in
the steam generator.

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 6.4 Pump Section in AVU & CRU

• The two types of radial pumps are ANSI (based on American

National Institute of Pump standard) and API (American
Petroleum Institute).
• API pumps are used for heavy-duty services than ANSI.
• Centrifugal pump mainly handled in the mechanical workshop
are :
➢ Overhung type :
The impeller is mounted on the end of a shaft which is
“overhung” from its bearing supports. Example : a) Close
Coupled pumps where the impeller is mounted directly on the
motor shaft.
b) Separately coupled or frame mounted where the impeller is
mounted on a separate pump shaft supported by its own
bearings.
➢ Between Bearing type :
Impeller Between Bearings Type: The impeller is mounted on
a shaft with the bearings at both ends. The impeller is
mounted “between bearings”. Example : a) Axial Split,
Horizontal Split Case.
b) Axial Split Vertical Split Case.
➢ Vertical Suspended type :
Vertically Suspended pumps are supported above the medium
to be pumped. The vertically oriented impellers are suspended
below the support and are submerged into the medium.
• API Pumps incorporate double-row, deep groove ball bearings
and angular contact ball bearings for thrust load.
• For larger API pumps, radial bearings namely cylindrical are used
for their greater load carrying ability and tapered roller types are
used for carrying thrust loads.

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 6.5 Valves

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid

(gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically
fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open
valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
The word is derived from the Latin valva, the moving part of a door, in
turn from volvere, to turn, roll. The valves are of the following types :
Ball Valve : Ball valve is a quarter turn operated valve. The closure
member is a spherical plug with a through hole. When the valve is in
open state, the through hole is in-line with the fluid flow and hence, the
fluid passes through it. The valve is closed by rotating the globe by 90
Deg. such that the hole now becomes perpendicular to the flow and
hence, stops the flow.

Gate Valve : Gate valve is a sliding type of valve. In gate valves, the
closing member is a metal gate. The gate slides down to close the valve.
In fully open conditions, the flow area is equal to the area of the pipe
and hence, there is negligible pressure drop across the valve. Gate valve
should ideally be used as on-off valve. It is not advisable to use them
as throttling valves because in partly open conditions, erosion of gate
might take place. In partially open conditions, due to vibrations, valve
is exposed to quick wear and tear. Also, during closing and opening,
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there is considerable amount of friction and hence, opening and closing
these vales quickly and frequently is not possible.

Plug Valve : Similar to ball valves, plug valves are also quarter turn
type of valves. This valve consists of a plug which can be either
cylindrical or conical in shape. The plug has a through slit which
remains in-line with the flow in the open condition. When the plug is
turned by 90 Deg., this slit becomes perpendicular to flow and the valve
gets closed. Plug valves are well suited to handle fluids with suspended
solids, slurries etc.

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Globe Valve : Globe valve is a linear motion type of valves and is
typically used in both on-off and throttling applications. In globe
valves, the flow of the fluid through valve follows an S-path. Due to
this, the flow direction changes twice which results in higher pressure
drops. Due to other advantages offered by them, they are widely used
in applications where pressure drop through the valve is not a
controlling factor. These valves are generally not used beyond sizes
larger than NPS 12 (DN 300) as enormous forces are exerted on the
stem to open or close the valve under fluid pressures. Globe valves
require high pressures on the seat to keep it closed when the fluid exerts
pressure from the bottom of the disc.

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Disc Check Valves : Disc check valves, also called as non-return
valves allow the flow to pass through them in only one direction and
stop the flow in reverse direction. Because of this unique directional
property, disc check valves are essentially used for some critical
applications in the steam systems. There are four major types of disc
check valves as follows :
• Lift Check Valve
• Swing Check Valve
• Spring loaded Check Valves
• Diaphragm Type Check Valve

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 6.6 Coolants used in Pumps and
Compressors

A coolant is a substance, typically liquid or gas, that is used to reduce

or regulate the temperature of a system. An ideal coolant has high
thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, chemically inert
and neither causes nor promotes corrosion of the cooling system.
Coolant does three main things:
• Prevents Freezing and Boiling.
• Lubricates the Water Pump Seal.
• Inhibits Corrosion.

A used oil generator uses an on-site filtration system to filter

contaminants from metal working oils, commonly known as coolants,
in order to extend the life of these oils.
Coolant recycling, which includes the on-site maintenance, filtering,
separation, reconditioning, or draining of coolants used in machining
operations, is intended to extend the life of the oil and is incidental to
the production process. This type of recycling is incidental or ancillary
to a primary processing activity and is not intended to produce used oil
derived products or facilitate burning for energy recovery.

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 7. References

1. https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/BarauniRefinery.aspx
2. https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-types-of-casings-used-in-
a-centrifugal-pump
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/axial-flow-
pump
4. https://www.michael-smith-engineers.co.uk/resources/useful-
info/centrifugal-pumps
5. https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/775/reciprocating-
compressor
6. https://www.mech4study.com/2017/11/centrifugal-
compressor.html
7. https://www.forbesmarshall.com/Knowledge/SteamPedia/Valve
s-and-Valve-Basics/Types-of-Valves
8. https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-
generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-
description-and-characteristics/
9. http://greenbugenergy.com/get-educated-knowledge/types-of-
turbines
10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978184
5697280500021
11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978184
5697280500021
12. https://www.electrical4u.com/steam-boiler-working-
principle-and-types-of-boiler/
13. https://www.elprocus.com/water-tube-boiler-working-
principle-types-of-water-tube-boilers/
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolant

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