National College of Science and Technology: The Problems and Its Background

National College of Science and
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Amafel Building, Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmariñas City 4114
Engineering and Architecture Department
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Laboratory courses are essential in engineering education in preparing
students for engineering experience and practice. Through laboratory
experiments, students can enhance their knowledge and skills in engineering
field. Facial recognition is a category of bio metric software that maps an
individual's facial features mathematically and stores the data as a face print.
The software uses deep learning algorithms to compare a live capture or digital
image to the stored faceprint in order to verify an individual's identity.
This project design entitled “NCST Engineering Tools Borrowing System
with Facial Recognition” allows the students to borrow equipment and materials
through kiosk machine.
The advantages of such a system over using paper are clear as they can
gain control and keep track of everything in one place, manage their stock levels
and new orders, create stock alerts, and easily share inventory locations with all
lab borrowers so everyone is up to date and in the security of the items. The
system can easily detect the students who are responsible for the return of all the
equipment used during laboratory classes.

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Missing or broken equipment that were borrowed because of student’s by
negligence will be entirely billed to the student’s school account. Failure to settle
the liability may cause a hold on student’s account for future enrollment.
For this reason, the proponents developed the project “NCST Engineering
Tools Borrowing System with Facial Recognition” that can improve the manual
process in National College of Science and Technology since borrowing
equipment and materials takes time specially if it has a queue.
Secondly, it has many of process that results to a time hold for the time of
the professor to teach the students
Lastly is to improve the inventory and security of items in Academic
Technology and Laboratory Office of National College Science & Technology.

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Background of the problem
The manual process in National College of Science and Technology in
terms of Borrowing tools in Academic Technology and Laboratory Office
comprises of numerous flaws that could lead into an inefficient transaction. For
an instance, borrowing equipment during laboratory abates when there are many
of equipment and materials to borrow which hinders the time of the professors to
teach their students. Furthermore, the laboratory tools borrowing operator tends
to struggle when there are multiple students borrowing equipment in the tools
room as it generates pressure when a long queue is created. Lastly current
system only uses tangible transaction records that can easily be lost and forged.
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Statement of the Problem
General Statement
These are the problems that we encountered in the manual process on

how Engineering proponents borrow laboratory tools.
The proponents aim to innovate the system of the project to be able to
give solution for the following question:
1. How does time of professor's wasted when students borrow laboratory
equipment?
2. How does laboratory operator encounter difficulties for example having
hard time locating tools especially if they do not have enough background
on engineering tools management?

3. How does transaction record can be easily forged and lost?
Objective of the Study

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General Objective
The purpose of this proposed project is to secure borrowed items, to
reduce the idle time in the classroom while borrowing laboratory tools, and to
make the inventory fully update.
Specific Objectives
1. To come up with an idea that will reduce the idle time in the classroom.
2. To locate tools quickly using digital device.
3. To have an intangible and secured transaction database.
Theoretical Framework
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According to educational research about laboratory work in natural
science education by Hellen (2005) in her study there are number of factors that
affect learning from laboratory other than the task itself. Students’ understanding
of the purpose of the lab and its context has been found very important. Where
and when the laboratory takes place is another important factor. If students may
work with the same laboratory in different settings, for example in a leisure
environment and in school, the result from the laboratory will be quite different
(Newman, Griffin & Cole, 1989). Based on recordings of students' conversations
with each other during lab sessions in zoology, Wickman (2002) has shown that
students made very few generalizations based on what they saw in the
laboratory. They took much more attention from what they had read in the
course books or picked up during lectures. This should however not be
interpreted as if the students lack the ability to make their own generalizations
(Wickman & Östman, 2002a). Learning from laboratory could rather be
described as a "change of discourse" (Wickman & Östman, 2002b). (Engström,
2006). The quality of the task given to students, how the task is presented and to
what extent the students are given the opportunity to explore the full potential of
the software is mentioned as important factors for learning in laboratory
situations.
A Page on a Website, no author named:

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Theory and practice in lab work, from http://www.it.uu.se/research
Conceptual Framework
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This part presents the graphical representations of the software project.
This part includes the Input, Process, and Output model of the project. It also
shows all the required information, processes to be considered and the expected
output of the project.
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework
The figure represents the input-process-output stages of the project
where the input stage for the pc, the model process where the contents of input
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stage are being process and connected to the pc and comes up to the output of
the project.
Scope and Limitation

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The scope and limitation are the following:
Scope
 The borrowers can access only if they have registered in the system.
 The system provides a receipt through kiosk machine.
 The system provides multiple database starting with a user database
which shows all the users registered in the system
 The database allows the operator to add and delete user accounts as well
as update the information of the users.
 Inventory database is given to the operator to know the availability of the
borrowed item.
 This also allows the operator to report inventory every end of the month.
 Transaction database that saves all the transaction happened in the
system is for future references and to inform the operator which items are
frequently borrow.
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Limitation.
 The system cannot function without the operator.
 The system cannot provide equipment and materials automatically.
 The borrower cannot login if the system recognizes multiple faces.

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Significance of the Study
This study will be significant to the following:
To the Instructor This project can help them to have more teaching time to
their students. They can also start the laboratory activity immediately without any
distractions.
To the Students This study may serve as a guide and reference for the
students conducting similar studies. This will also help them to improve their
learning capabilities
To NCST This project aims to help the ATLO office about manual process
of borrowing engineering tools, also for the operator who don’t have enough
knowledge about engineering materials.
To the Future Proponents The ideas used by the proponents for this study
can help to enhance their knowledge and skills in their own study. This will also
serve as a reference to give them an overview of this study.

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Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally and lexically to provide a
common frame of reference:
Facial Recognition
Mostly used for security purposes, though there is an increasing interest in
other areas of use. In fact, facial recognition technology has received significant
attention as it has potential for a wide range of application related to law
enforcement as well as other enterprises.
DATABASE
Is a data structure that stores organized information Most databases
contain multiple tables, which may each include several different fields? For
example, a company database may include tables for products, employees, and
financial records. Each of these tables would have different fields that are
relevant to the information stored in the table.
NETWORK
A computer network is a set of computer devices connected together for
the purpose of sharing resources.

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LAN
A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers
within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus
or office building
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
This chapter consists of various related literatures and studies that guide
the proponents in preparing the manuscript and the proposed project. It includes
articles (both published and unpublished materials), books as well as internet
sources. There are many literature and studies in foreign than local. This chapter
consists of various related literature and studies about Facial recognition, also for
using LAN (Local Area Network)

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Foreign Literature
Eigen face
Pent land and Moghaddam (2001), as cited by Tolba, and Harby on their
paper entitled Face Recognition: A Literature Review a differential Eigen space-
based approach that allows the application of statistical analysis in the
recognition process. The main idea is to work with differences between face
images, rather than with single face images. In this way the recognition problem
becomes a two-class problem, because the so-called “differential image”
contains information of whether the two subtracted images belong to the same
class or to different classes. In this case the number of training images per class
increases so that statistical information becomes available, and a statistical
classifier can be used for performing the recognition. The system proposed in
used Dual-PCA projections and a Bayesian classifier.
In 2001, Turk and Pent land used PCA projections as the feature vectors
to solve the problem of face recognition, using the Euclidean distance as
similarity function. This system, later called Eigen faces, was the first Eigen
space-based face recognition approach and, from then on, many Eigen space-
based systems have been proposed using different projection methods and
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similarity functions. In particular, Belhumeur et al. proposed in 2001 the use of
FLD as projection algorithm in the so-called Fisher faces system. In all standard
Eigen space-based approaches a similarity function, which works as a nearest-
neighbor classifier, is employed.
Figure 2.1 Block diagram of a generic eigenspace-
based face recognition system
A Page on a Website:
Tolba, and Harby (2001). Face Recognition: A Literature Review,

retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication
Neural Network Method
Neural networks-based approaches are learned from the example-images
and rely on the techniques from machine learning to find the relevant
characteristics of face images. The learned characteristics, in the form of

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discriminant functions (i.e. non-linear decision surfaces), are subsequently used
for face recognition. Conventionally, face images are projected to a low-
dimensional feature space and nonlinear decision surface is formed using
multilayer neural networks for classifications and recognition. Neural networks
have also been used successfully for face recognition problem. The advantage of
using the neural networks for face recognition is that the networks can be trained
to capture more knowledge about the variation of face patterns, and thereby
achieving good generalization.
The main drawback of this technique is that the networks have to be
extensively tuned to get exceptional performance. Among the neural networks
approaches for face recognition, multilayer perceptron (MLP) with back
propagation (BP) algorithm has been mostly used. However, the convergence of
the MLP networks is slow and the global minima of the error space may not be
always achieved. On the other hand, the RBF neural networks have fast learning
ability and best approximation property. So, in recent times, many researches
have used RBF networks for face recognition and show in figure. However, their
success rates are not so promising as the error rates vary from 5 to 9% under
variation of pose, orientation, scale and light. This may be due to the fact that the
selection of the centers of the hidden layer neurons might not have been done by
capturing the knowledge about the distribution of training patterns and variations
of face pose, orientation and lighting.

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Figure 2.2 Structure of RBF neural network

retrieve from https://www.researchgate.net/publication
Graph Matching
Graph matching is another approach to face recognition. Dynamic link
architecture is an extension to classical artificial neural networks. Memorized
objects are represented by sparse graphs, whose vertices are labeled with a
multiresolution description in terms of a local power spectrum and whose edges
are labeled with geometrical distance vectors. Object recognition can be
formulated as elastic graph matching which is performed by stochastic
optimization of a matching cost function. They reported good results on a
database of 87 people and a small set of office items comprising different
expressions with a rotation of 15 degrees.

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The matching process is computationally expensive, taking about 25
seconds to compare with 87 stored objects on a parallel machine with 23
transputers. extended the technique and matched human faces against a gallery
of 112 neutral frontal view faces. Probe images were distorted due to rotation in
depth and changing facial expression. Encouraging results on faces with large
rotation angles were obtained. They reported recognition rates of 86.5% and
66.4% for the matching tests of 111 faces of 15-degree rotation and 110 faces of
30-degree rotation to a gallery of 112 neutral frontal views. In general, dynamic
link architecture is superior to other face recognition techniques in terms of
rotation invariance; however, the matching process is computationally expensive.
Fisher face
Fisher’s Linear Discriminant is a “classical” technique in pattern
recognition, first developed by Robert Fisher in 1936 for taxonomic classification.
Fisher’s Linear
Discriminant (FLD) is an example of a class specific method in the sense
that it tries to “shape” the scatter in order to make it more reliable for
classification. Belhumeur et al propose fisher faces method by using PCA and
Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis.

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The FLD remove the problem of eigenface method in Pentland by taking the
advantage of within class information, minimizing variation in same image due to
lighting condition

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Foreign Studies
Characterizing mobility and network usage in a corporate wireless local-
area network
According to Magdalena Balazinska and Paul Castro (2003) Wireless
local-area networks are becoming increasingly popular. They are commonplace
on university campuses and inside corporations, and they have started to appear
in public areas. It is thus becoming increasingly important to understand user
mobility patterns and network usage characteristics on wireless networks. Such
an understanding would guide the design of applications geared toward mobile
environments (e.g., pervasive computing applications), would help improve
simulation tools by providing a more representative workload and better user
mobility models, and could result in a more effective deployment of wireless
network components.
Several studies have recently been performed on wireless university
campus networks and public networks. In this paper, we complement previous
research by presenting results from a four-week trace collected in a large
corporate environment. We study user mobility patterns and introduce new
metrics to model user mobility. We also analyze user and load distribution across
access points. We compare our results with those from previous studies to
extract and explain several network usage and mobility characteristics. We find
that average user transfer-rates follow a power law.

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Load is unevenly distributed across access points and is influenced more
by which users are present than by the number of users. We model user mobility
with persistence and prevalence. Persistence reflects session durations whereas
prevalence reflects the frequency with which users visit various locations. We
find that the probability distributions of both measures follow power laws.
Balazinska (2003). Characterizing mobility and network usage in a

corporate wireless local-area network retrieve from https://dl.acm.org
An Introduction to Local Area Networks
According to David D. Clark, Kenneth T. Porgan, and David P. Reed
Within a restricted area such as a single building, or a small cluster of building,
high speed (greater than 1 Mbit/s) data transmission is available at a small
fraction of the cost of obtaining comparable long-haul service from a tariffed
common carrier. Local area networks use this low-cost, high speed transmission
capability as the basis for a general-purpose data transfer network.
There are two basic issues in local area network design. First, how should
the hardware realizing the network be organized to provide reliable high-speed
communication at minimum cost? With the low cost of the raw transmission
capability, care is required to keep the associated hardware cost correspondently
low. Second, what protocols should be used for the operation of the network?
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While many protocol problems are common to local area networks and long-haul
networks such as ARPANET, new protocols are required to exploit the extended
capabilities to local area networks. It also considers the interconnection of local
area networks and long-haul networks and presents a case study which
describes in the detail the host computer interface hardware required for a typical
local area network. This study talks about Lan (Local Area Network) what are the
basic issues in local area network, cost and reliability, The study really help us
the proponents of the proposed project by giving us the idea how Lan works.
Clark (2015). An Introduction to Local Area Networks retrieved from

https://groups.csail.mit.edu
Face recognition based on LBPH and regression of Local Binary features
The system recognize face by a variation of LBPH. They use this method
of regression of local binary features to get the landmark of face image whose
computational complexity is very low. They utilize these landmark points which
can be trained to align the face, to extract the facial features. By calculating the
Local Binary Patterns Histogram (LBPH) of these landmark points and its
neighborhood pixels, they can extract effective facial feature to realize face
recognition. This method can increase the calculating speed of LBPH and also
can improve the recognition rate. This project helps us proponents to understand
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how facial recognition process works and this is very suited for our proposed
project.
Gao Xiang (2016). Face recognition based on LBPH and regression of

Local Binary features retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
LBPH based improved face recognition at low resolution
Automatic individual face recognition is the most challenging query from
the past decade in computer vision. However, the law enforcement agencies are
inadequate to identify and recognize any person through the video monitoring
cameras further efficiently; the blur conditions, illumination, resolution, and
lighting are still the major problems in face recognition. Our proposed system
operates better at the minimum low resolution of 35px to identify the human face
in various angles, side poses and tracking the face during human motion. We
have designed the dataset (LR500) for training and classification. This project
employs the Local Binary Patterns Histogram (LBPH) algorithm architecture to
address the human face recognition in real time at the low level of resolution.
Aftab Ahmed (2018). LBPH based improved face recognition at low

resolution retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
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Local Literature
Local Area Network (LAN)
With the development of the computers, almost half of the business
establishments, commercial companies, schools and computer center in the
Philippines are completely automated Airlines, hotels, supermarkets and
department stores are computers to provide instantaneous and accurate data.
And it seems that companies are now taking notice of society’s changing
lifestyle.
Computers are being compared with the human brains. Like the Brain the
advised if, the computer can take data and process it, it can store the data either
in raw form or in processing result and can deliver the raw processed data to the
outside world demand. Computer works in a very fast way that you can ever
imagine. It involves almost everything especially in work like business or school
or we can just say a very large population of people.
For example, Philippines can compete because new technology from
other countries has flowed to us. Imagine running a school with large population
of students and how will you handle it. Also, it affects the kind of environment we
have. In this country not all business people can provide the needs of their
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companies. But still with the help of other technology we create a strategy on
how will we go on with this kind of problem. People create a system that supports
either big or small company, is reasonable because these systems meet the
requirements of the company and best solutions are suited both environment and
networked environment.
A Page on a Website, no author named:
Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC). Local Area Network from

https://www.scribd.com
Face recognition: A literature survey
As one of the most successful applications of image analysis and
understanding, face recognition has recently received significant attention,
especially during the past several years. At least two reasons account for this
trend: the first is the wide range of commercial and law enforcement applications,
and the second is the availability of feasible technologies after 30 years of
research. Even though current machine recognition systems have reached a
certain level of maturity, their success is limited by the conditions imposed by
many real applications. For example, recognition of face images acquired in an
outdoor environment with changes in illumination and/or pose remains a largely
unsolved problem. In other words, current systems are still far away from the
capability of the human perception system.

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This project provides an up-to-date critical survey of still- and video-based
face recognition research. There are two underlying motivations for us to write
this survey paper: the first is to provide an up-to-date review of the existing
literature, and the second is to offer some insights into the studies of machine
recognition of faces. To provide a comprehensive survey, we not only categorize
existing recognition techniques but also present detailed descriptions of
representative methods within each category. In addition, relevant topics such as
psychophysical studies, system evaluation, and issues of illumination and pose
variation are covered.
Zhao, and Chellappa (2003). Face recognition: A literature retrieve

from Published in: ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) Surveys Homepage
archive,Volume 35 Issue 4, https://dl.acm.org
Using biometric facial recognition for verification and identification
Presented is a summary of the results from two research projects that
were carried out on a cooperative basis between the Bundeskriminalamt (Federal
Criminal Police Office) and the Bundesamt fur Sicherheit in der Information
Technik (Federal Office for Security in Information Technology). To sum up, the
result of the BioP I (identification of persons by using biometric facial recognition
systems) project can be stated as follows: Facial recognition is basically suitable

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for use with identification documents and, if certain criteria are met, performance
can even be very good.
Reservations must be made with regard to fake resistance and ageing
effects. The results obtained from the BioP I project are being verified during the
BioP II project on the basis of a larger test group and being compared with the
biometric methods of iris and fingerprint recognition. BioP II, the follow-up project
of BioP I, compares the methods of facial recognition, fingerprint recognition and
iris recognition. Information about the performance of the respective systems is
expected to result from a large-scale field test with more than 2000 participants.
A. Pretzel. Using biometric facial recognition for verification and

identification from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Image Training and LBPH Based Algorithm for Face Tracking in Different B
ackground Video Sequence
Video and video types are changing day by day; due to which, video
processing is becoming complex time to time. There is a lack of particular
algorithm for automatic detection and tracking of human faces in video, to
overcome the challenges that are being faced nowadays. This paper describes a
model for detection and tracking of human faces in different background video
sequence using OpenCV platform. Both positive and negative image samples
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are trained and saved as xml file. With the help of trained samples, LBPH
algorithm clarifies whether the video frame contain faces or not. Further, HOG
descriptor is fed to SVM detector to compute the coefficients that are stored in
the xml file. Based on this, face regions are tracked until the last frame is
reached. We have tested our proposed algorithm on the videos of a technically
challenging dataset. Standard metrics helped to judge the success of the
proposed algorithm. Test results indicate the superiority of our proposed model,
compared to other similar algorithms.
Ranganatha (2018). Image Training and LBPH Based Algorithm for Face
Tracking in Different Background Video Sequence retrieve from
https://www.ijcseonline.org
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Local Studies
Local Area Network Wired and Wireless Simulator
Bismaros, Dulay, and Ignacio (2013), stated that a Local Area Network
and Wireless Simulator is a type of networking that will let the users choose a
computer laboratory that will send the data to the target PC. The system has the
different types of topologies which are bus, ring, and star. It also has the wireless
network. With this new user-friendly simulation, it is possible to connect to the PC
Hub. With the help of this system, user can network the computer in a short
period of time. A computer network is nothing but a connection of two or more
computers by a wire (physical cable) or by a wireless connection to exchange
information. The two types of network that can be developed in home are
wireless network and traditional wired network (Ethernet). With regards the
problems of the students in the ground of networking and connecting to the
computer.
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The study focused on the simulation of computer network operation using
application software. The main propose of the study is to develop a system which
will provide its beneficiaries with information about the different network
topologies and how data is transferred within them. Each time the user needs to
connect to the computer, the program allows the user to choose from the three
types of computer laboratory i.e. Computer 1, Computer 2, and Computer 3.
Once the user had already chosen from the three options, the program could
allow the user to send the data to the target PC. The proposed system provides
option for the user in the types of topologies namely Bus, Star, and Ring. At that
time, the program can connect to the computer with the help of the PC Hub.
The program would solve the networking problem and will send the data by
clicking the send button.
In order to estimate the existing and the proposed system, as well as to
know which is better, the proponents conducted a survey. The respondents, who
are the students of Our Lady of Fatima University, participated in answering the
survey and testing the system and resolve which is better than the existing
system and proposed system. However, the user-friendly, effectiveness,
accessibility, and the speed rated as strongly agree in proposed system.
Bismanos Jr. (2013). Local Area Network Wired and Wireless Simulator
retrieved from https://ejournals.ph
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Improving Face Recognition Systems Security Using Local Binary Patterns
Face recognition systems suffer from different spoofing attacks like
photograph-based and video-based spoofing attacks. This project presents a
new method to empower the face recognition systems against video-based
spoofing by employing efficient scene texture analyzing. To this end, the scene of
input and reference images are divided into same non-overlapped blocks and the
texture pattern of each block is extracted by local binary pattern (LBP) operator.
To reduce the sensitivity of LBP to noise and also to increase the reliability of the
proposed method, first input image transformed to YCbCr color space and then
similarity of texture pattern in Y, Cb and Cr channels are extracted independently.
The majority of similarity of three channels is used as the final similarity of each
block. The ratio of same blocks in the input image and reference image is used
as a measure for detecting video-based spoofing attacks.
The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using several
scenarios. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm
against video-based spoofing attacks in real environments. Face recognition
systems suffer from different spoofing attacks like photograph-based and video-
based spoofing attacks. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated
using several scenarios. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the
proposed algorithm against video-based spoofing attacks in real environments.
A Page on a website:
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Abdolhossein (2015). Improving Face Recognition Systems Security

Using Local Binary Patterns retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.nethttps://www.researchgate.net
Real Time Face Recognition of Human Faces by using LBPH and Viola
Jones Algorithm
In our social life face is the primitive center for consideration, which plays
a vital task for identification and an emotion. Live Face Recognition has attained
enormously consideration in security systems, due to its non-intrusiveness,
accurate and fast results etc. Real time human Face recognition executes in two
levels, such as Face detection and Face recognition. For face detection we are
using viola-jones algorithm because of its high precision and high real time
permit rate which is deployed in OpenCV by python language. In Face
recognition two categories are considered: training phase and evaluation phase.
In training phase, the algorithm is trained with the samples of the image to
be learned and in estimation phase, the test image is compared among all the
trained samples in the dataset. The facial features are extracted with the
detected faces from live stream by Local Binary Patterns Histogram (LBPH). By
using the LBPH, face recognition is finished using Euclidean distance classifier.
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The Experimental results getting after implementations and testing is of accuracy
85%-95%.
Suma(2018).Real Time Face Recognition of Human Faces by using LBP

H and Viola Jones Algorithm retrieved from https://www.isroset.org
A real-time face recognition system based on the improved LBPH algorithm
The Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) algorithm is a simple solution
on face recognition problem, which can recognize both front face and side face.
However, the recognition rate of LBPH algorithm under the conditions of
illumination diversification, expression variation and attitude deflection are
decreased. To solve this problem, a modified LBPH algorithm based on pixel
neighborhood gray median (MLBPH) is proposed. The gray value of the pixel is
replaced by the median value of its neighborhood sampling value, and then the
feature value is extracted by the sub blocks and the statistical histogram is
established to form the MLBPH feature dictionary, which is used to recognize the
human face identity compared with test image. Experiments are carried on
FERET standard face database and the creation of new face database, and the
results show that MLBPH algorithm is superior to LBPH algorithm in recognition
rate.
The Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) algorithm is a simple solution
on face recognition problem, which can recognize both front face and side face.
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However, the recognition rate of LBPH algorithm under the conditions of
illumination diversification, expression variation and attitude deflection are
decreased. To solve this problem, a modified LBPH algorithm based on pixel
neighborhood gray median (MLBPH) is proposed. The gray value of the pixel is
replaced by the median value of its neighborhood sampling value, and then the
feature value is extracted by the sub blocks and the statistical histogram is
established to form the MLBPH feature dictionary, which is used to recognize the
human face identity compared with test image. Experiments are carried on
FERET standard face database and the creation of new face database, and the
results show that MLBPH algorithm is superior to LBPH algorithm in recognition
rate. This project employs the Local Binary Patterns Histogram (LBPH) algorithm
architecture to address the human face recognition in real time at the low level of
resolution which we use on our proposed project.
XueMei (2017). A real-time face recognition system based on the

improved LBPH algorithm retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methods of Research
This study used the descriptive method of research methodology aimed at
casting light on current issues and problems through a process of data collection
that enables them to describe the situation more completely.
The focus of this paper is to innovate an Engineering tools borrowing
system through an applicable implementation of the various stages involved in
facial authentication. The proponents used applied research to develop new and
innovative idea that is benefices to the community, as it focused on applying the
latest knowledge and technologies in the creation of useful products, services
and processes which are indicated to the systems' development life cycle of the
study using Spiral Model, the registration flowchart and system flowchart of the
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proposed project shows the process of system. It also includes the GUI graphical
User Interface, where illustrate the step-by-step procedure, Prototype
development that discussed the function of the materials in the project, software
development that discussed the software used for processing of bio metrics and
the evaluation instrument which shows the plans and procedures made by the
researchers to determine the suitability and functionality of the project.
System Development Life Cycle
A System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in
project management that describes the stages involved in an information system
of the project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the
completed application. It is an abstract of a development process.
In this part of figure 3.1 the methodology shows the system development
life cycle used by the researchers in presenting the project to make the study
acceptable and functional. The proponents show the procedures involved in the
Project Implementation of Facial Recognition Verification for Engineering Tools
Borrowing System and guide the proponents on the the steps needed to make it
functional. Spiral model is combining elements of both design and prototyping-
in-stages, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up
concepts. This model of development combines the features of the prototyping
model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is favored for large, expensive,
and complicated projects. These are some reasons of the proponents in choose
Technology 39
Spiral Model among the other models, using this model the proponents can
estimates budget and schedule. The project became more realistic as work
progressed because important issues were discovered a head of time.
Furthermore, early involvement of developers and managing risks develops the
system into phases. Spiral Model is often chosen over Waterfall Model because
unlike Spiral Model, Waterfall approach does not define the process to go back
to the previous phase to handle changes in requirement .
DESIGNING OF A SYSTEM
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Figure 3.1 Software Development Life Cycle for the Project Innovation of
NCST Engineering Tools Borrowing System with Facial Recognition
Planning – The proponents first discussed the different ideas, process and
desired concept of each member regarding the project and to gather information
from different related sources that will help in making the system. Starting from
the name of the project, an applicable concept, logo design to layout design, the
researchers divided the tasks for each member.
Risk Analysis – The proponents discussed the possible problems that may
occur as the project development is ongoing. Each possible problem was
discussed thoroughly to conduct different solutions. The risk analysis for system
development design will help proponents in determination of problem such as the
existing technology and other related studies available.
Engineering – After discussing the risk analysis, the proponents continue giving
suggestion on layout design that was appropriate for the project while getting
more information about the kind of algorithm to use for the computer programs
and the mechanism inside.

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Evaluation –After finishing the software and hardware requirements, testing of
system is conducted to the target user to evaluate and to recommend some
suggestion for the maintenance and troubleshooting of the system.
Development Cost of Project
Here is the list of the proposed budget and materials during the
development of the project for the hardware components.
Unit cost Sub-Total

Materials Quantity/Unit
(PhP) (PhP)
Touch Screen 1pc. 8,500.00 8,500.00
Monitor
Camera 1pc. 1,800.00 1,800.00
RAM 1pc. 2,900.00 2,900.00
Prototype 1 1,940.00 2,832.00
Miscellaneous 4,125.00 4,125.00
TOTAL TOTAL (PhP) 20,157.00

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Table 3.1 Development Cost of Project
Time Consumed in the Development of the Project
2019
Task Jan Feb March April May
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Project
Proposal
Researching
Analysis
Designing
Programming
Documentation
Testing
Table 3.2 Time Consumed in the Development of the Project
The table above (Table 3.2) The Gantt chart shows the time consumed
(in weeks) in developing the project. From third week of January to third week of
February the proponents started making project proposals, and end up with a
proposed project entitle “NCST Engineering Tools Borrowing System with Facial
Recognition”. During the second week of February until third week of April the
Technology 43
proponents have done the research. Analyzing of the project was started last
week of February until second week of April. The proponents started to design
their actual project during the last week of March until last week of April.
Programming started from first week of March until last week of May. The
documentation of the project was started in the third week of March until last
week of April. And for the testing of the Project it was started in the second
week of April until now second week of May.

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Block Diagram of the Project
Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of the Project
Figure 3.2 represents the block diagram that serves as a development to
attain the goals of the design. The processor comprised of Touch Screen Monitor
where the GUI display, Camera for the Facial Recognition and Thermal Printer
for Student’s borrowed item receipts.

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Flowchart of the Project
User:
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Figure 3.3 User Flowchart
Admin:
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Figure 3.4 Admin Flowchart

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Design Project of the Prototype
Figure 3.5 Front View of the Design Project
Figure 3.6 Isometric View of the Design Project
The System Design of the project

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Figure 3.7 Registration Form
Figure 3.8 Login Form

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Figure 3.9 User Form
Figure 3.10 Return Form

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Figure 3.11 Borrow Form
Figure 3.12 Admin Login Form

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Figure 3.13 Admin Head Main Form
Figure 3.14 Admin Main Form

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Figure 3.15 Admin Student List
Figure 3.16 Admin Inventory List Form

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References
1. Tolba, and Harby (2001). Face Recognition: A Literature Review,

retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication
2. Balazinska (2003). Characterizing mobility and network usage in a

corporate wireless local-area network retrieve from https://dl.acm.org
3. Clark (2015). An Introduction to Local Area Networks retrieved from

https://groups.csail.mit.edu
4. Gao Xiang (2016). Face recognition based on LBPH and regression of

Local Binary features retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
5. Aftab Ahmed (2018). LBPH based improved face recognition at low

resolution retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
6. Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC). Local Area Network from

https://www.scribd.com
7. Zhao, and Chellappa (2003). Face recognition: A literature retrieve

from Published in: ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) Surveys Homepage
archive,Volume 35 Issue 4, https://dl.acm.org
8. Pretzel. Using biometric facial recognition for verification and

identification from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
9. Ranganatha (2018). Image Training and LBPH Based Algorithm for Face
Tracking in Different Background Video Sequence retrieve from
https://www.ijcseonline.org
Technology 55
10. Bismanos Jr. (2013). Local Area Network Wired and Wireless Simulator
retrieved from https://ejournals.ph
11. Abdolhossein (2015). Improving Face Recognition Systems Security

Using Local Binary Patterns retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.nethttps://www.researchgate.net
12. Suma(2018).Real Time Face Recognition of Human Faces by using LBP

H and Viola Jones Algorithm retrieved from https://www.isroset.org
13. XueMei (2017). A real-time face recognition system based on the

improved LBPH algorithm retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
14. Theory and practice in lab work, from http://www.it.uu.se/research

National College of Science and Technology: The Problems and Its Background

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National College of Science and

THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND

Laboratory courses are essential in engineering education in preparing

students for engineering experience and practice. Through laboratory

experiments, students can enhance their knowledge and skills in engineering

field. Facial recognition is a category of bio metric software that maps an

image to the stored faceprint in order to verify an individual's identity.

This project design entitled “NCST Engineering Tools Borrowing System

through kiosk machine.

equipment used during laboratory classes.

Missing or broken equipment that were borrowed because of student’s by

process in National College of Science and Technology since borrowing

equipment and materials takes time specially if it has a queue.

the professor to teach the students

Lastly is to improve the inventory and security of items in Academic

Technology and Laboratory Office of National College Science & Technology.

Background of the problem

The manual process in National College of Science and Technology in

terms of Borrowing tools in Academic Technology and Laboratory Office

room as it generates pressure when a long queue is created. Lastly current

Statement of the Problem

These are the problems that we encountered in the manual process on

The proponents aim to innovate the system of the project to be able to

give solution for the following question:

1. How does time of professor's wasted when students borrow laboratory

on engineering tools management?

Objective of the Study

The purpose of this proposed project is to secure borrowed items, to

make the inventory fully update.

According to educational research about laboratory work in natural

(Newman, Griffin & Cole, 1989). Based on recordings of students' conversations

course books or picked up during lectures. This should however not be

(Wickman & Östman, 2002a). Learning from laboratory could rather be

described as a "change of discourse" (Wickman & Östman, 2002b). (Engström,

the software is mentioned as important factors for learning in laboratory

A Page on a Website, no author named:

Theory and practice in lab work, from http://www.it.uu.se/research

This part presents the graphical representations of the software project.

output of the project.

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

The figure represents the input-process-output stages of the project

Scope and Limitation

The scope and limitation are the following:

 The system provides a receipt through kiosk machine.

 The system provides multiple database starting with a user database

which shows all the users registered in the system

as update the information of the users.

 Inventory database is given to the operator to know the availability of the

 Transaction database that saves all the transaction happened in the

 The system cannot function without the operator.

 The system cannot provide equipment and materials automatically.

 The borrower cannot login if the system recognizes multiple faces.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following:

knowledge about engineering materials.

serve as a reference to give them an overview of this study.

The following terms are defined operationally and lexically to provide a

common frame of reference:

Mostly used for security purposes, though there is an increasing interest in

attention as it has potential for a wide range of application related to law

enforcement as well as other enterprises.

Is a data structure that stores organized information Most databases

relevant to the information stored in the table.