CERAMICS

PORCELAIN-GLASS-STRUCTURAL CLAY-ABRASIVE-ADVANCE CERAMICS

OVERVIEW
Introduction Porcelain Glass Structural
Clay

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END

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Abrasives
Ceramics Ceramics Presentation
OBJECTIVES

 Know the different types of ceramics and their applications

 Describe the processes in which different types of ceramics are

produced
CERAMICS
INTRODUCTION
 A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid made up of either metal
or nonmetallic compounds that have been shaped and then
hardened by heating to high temperatures. In general, they are hard,
corrosion-resistant and brittle.
 ‘Ceramic’ comes from the Greek word meaning ‘pottery’. The clay-
based domestic wares, art objects and building products are familiar
to us all, but pottery is just one of the ceramic world.
 Ceramics are brittle because they’re loaded with irregularly
distributed pores. Some ceramics like bricks, have large pores. “The
larger the pore, the easier it is to break.
EARLY RECORDS
MESOPOTAMIA HISTORY
GREECE Ceramics is one of the most
ancient industries on the planet.
Once humans discovered that
clay could be dug up and formed
into objects by first mixing with
water and then firing, the industry
CHINA was born. As early as 24,000 BC,
animal and human figurines were
made from clay and other
AFRICA materials, then fired in kilns
partially dug into the ground.
 COMPOSITION
CLAY
a fine-grained natural rock
or soil material that
combines one or
more clay minerals with
traces of metal oxides
and organic matter.
SAND
a naturally occurring granular material
composed of finely
divided rock and mineral particles.
FELDSPAR
Feldspar is the name
- most common constituent of sand in given to a group of
inland continental settings and non- minerals distinguished by
tropical coastal settings the presence of alumina
is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2
)
, and silica (SiO2)in t
hei
r
u sua llyin th eform of 
q u ar
tz .
ch em i
s tr
y.
PROPERTIES

STRUCTURAL THERMAL MECHANICAL PHYSICAL

Ceramic compounds are The strong bonding also Ceramic materials are rigid Most ceramic materials are
characterized by covalent provides these materials and brittle, exhibiting a lighter than metals and
and ionic bonding. These with high melting stress-strain behavior best heavier than polymers.
bonds are stronger than temperatures, although characterized as perfectly Melting temperatures are
metallic bonding in metals, some ceramics decompose, elastic higher than for most metals,
which accounts for the high rather than melt, at some ceramics preferring to
hardness and stiffness but elevated temperatures. decompose rather than melt.
low ductility of ceramic
materials.
PROPERTIES
ELECTRICAL
Electrical and thermal
conductivities of most ceramics
are lower than for metals; but
the range of values is greater,
permitting some ceramics to be
used as insulators while others
are electrical conductors.
OPTICAL
Some ceramics,
especially aluminum
oxide (alumina), could be
made translucent. These
translucent materials were
transparent enough to be used
for containing the
electrical plasma generated in
high-pressure sodium street
lamps.
APPLICATIONS

Retention of properties at Low coefficient of friction Low coefficient of Thermal insulators

high temperature (particularly at high loads expansion
and low levels of
lubrication)
APPLICATIONS

Electrical insulation Low density

Traditional Ceramics
silicates used for clay products New Ceramics
such as pottery and bricks,
more recently developed ceramics based on
common abrasives, and cement.
nonsilicates such as oxides and carbides, and
generally possessing mechanical or physical
properties that are superior or unique compared to
traditional ceramics.
PoRCELAIN
PORCELAIN

 A ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin.

 The European name, porcelain in English, comes from the old Italianporcellana (cowrie
shell) because of its resemblance to the surface of the shell.
 It is also referred to as china or fine china in some English-speaking countries, as it was first
seen in imports from China.
 It combines well with both glazes and paint, and can be modelled very well, allowing a huge
range of decorative treatments in tablewares, vessels and figurines.
PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN
 Low permeability and elasticity

 Considerable strength, hardness, toughness, whiteness and

resonance

 A high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock

 White or artificially colored

 Translucent (except when of considerable thickness)

 Pottery and Tableware

This category is one of the oldest, dating back thousands of years; yet it is still one of the most
important. It includes tableware products that we all use: earthenware, stoneware, and china.
The raw materials for these products are clay usually combined with other minerals such as
silica and feldspar.
PORCELAIN
Stoneware
Has lower porosity than
earthenware, resulting from
closer control of ingredients
and higher firing
temperatures.
China
Fired at even higher
temperatures, which
produces the translucence Earthenware
in the finished pieces that Least refined of the group;
characterize their fine it includes pottery and
quality similar articles made in
ancient times.
Earthenware is relatively
porous and is often glazed.
APPLICATION OF PORCELAIN

 Terminal for high-voltage cable

 Bushings of power transformers

 Insulation of high frequency antennas

 Bathroom fittings

 Building materials
GlASS
GLASS

 Transformation from a noncrystalline to a crystalline by the proper high-temperature heat

treatment (crystallization)
 A glass that can simply be considered as a liquid which undergoes a demixing process
when it cools.
 The product is a fine-grained polycrystalline material which is often called a glass-ceramic
 The formation is by a phase transformation, which involves two stages nucleation and
growth stages.
PROPERTIES OF GLASS CERAMICS
 High mechanical strength.

 Low coefficients of thermal expansion.

 Good dielectric properties

 High impact resistance

 A range of optical properties, from translucent to opaque and

sometimes opalescence.
APPLICATION OF GLASS CERAMICS
 Telescopic mirrors

 Table ware oven windows

 Range tops

 Heat Exchangers

 Architectural cladding

 Bioactive glass for biomaterials

STRUCTURAL CLAY
STRUCTURAL CLAY

Structural clay tile describes a category of burned-clay building materials used to construct the walls of
buildings and in structural fireproofing. Also called building tile, structural terra cotta, hollow tile, and clay
block, the material is an extruded clay shape with substantial depth that allows it to be laid in the same
manner as other clay or concrete masonry.
PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL CLAY
 Load-bearing strength

 Resistance to wear

 If underfired, structural clay products have low strength and poor

resistance to frost and freezing

 Resistance to chemical attack

 Attractive appearance

 An ability to take a decorative finish

STRUCTURAL CLAY
BRICK AND TILE REFRACTORIES
Building brick, clay pipe,
unglazed roof tile, and drain tile
are made from various low-
cost clays containing silica and
gritty matter widely available in
natural deposits. These
products are shaped by
pressing (molding) and firing
at relatively low temperatures.
Refractory ceramics, often
in the form of bricks, are
critical in many industrial
processes that require
furnaces and crucibles to
heat and/or melt materials.
PLASTER
Plaster is a building
material used for the
protective and/or
decorative coating of walls
and ceilings and for
moulding and casting
decorative elements.
CEMENT
Cement is made by heating
limestone (calcium carbonate) with
small quantities of other materials
(such as clay) to 1450°C in a kiln.
The resulting hard substance, called
'clinker', is then ground with a small
amount of gypsum into a powder to
make 'Portland Cement', the most
commonly used type of cement
APPLICATION OF STRUCTURAL CLAY

 End pressure Arch construction

 Book Tile

 Structural Glazed Facing tiles

 Exterior walls of either load-bearing or non-load bearing type

 Suitable for both below-grade and above-grade construction

 Use for construction that can withstand high temperature without

melting or decomposing
ABRASIVES
ABRASIVES

 Natural (garnet, diamond, etc.)

 Abrasives can be natural or synthetic
 Diamonds utilized as abrasives; but they are expensive
 Silicon car- bide, tungsten carbide (WC), aluminum oxide and silica sand are typically used
as abrasives.
 Synthetic abrasives (silicon carbide, diamond, fused alumina, etc.) are used for grinding,
cutting, polishing, lapping, or pressure blasting of materials
 Abrasive ceramics are used to wear, grind, or cut away other material, which necessarily is
softer.
PROPERTIES OF ABRASIVES
 Wear resistance

 High hardness at room and elevated temperatures

 Chemical stability

 High degree of toughness

 Friability – capacity to fracture when cutting edge dulls, so a new

sharp edge is exposed

 Low adhesion to the workpiece

COMPONENTS

SILICON TITANIUM TANTALUM CHROMIUM

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
CARBIDE (SIC) CARBIDE (WC)
CARBIDE CARBIDE
, (TIC) (TAC) (CR3C2).

Generally included in the Was the first to be Produced by Made by carburizing More suited to
traditional ceramics group.
developed and is the carburizing the either pure tantalum applications where
In addition to its use as an
abrasive, other SiC most important and minerals rutile (TiO2) powders or tantalum chemical stability
applications include widely used material or ilmenite (FeTiO3) pentoxide and oxidation
resistance heating in the group. resistance are
elements and additives in
steelmaking.
important
APPLICATION OF ABRASIVES

 Grinding

 Polishing

 Lapping

 Sharpening

 Cutting

 Drilling
Advance ceramics
ADVANCE CERAMICS

 Advanced ceramics can be defines as the substances and processes used in the development
and manufacture of ceramic materials that exhibit special properties.
 They are referred to in various parts of the world a technical ceramics, high-tech ceramics and
high-performance ceramics.
 Materials made by refining naturally occurring ceramics and by other special processes
 The term advance ceramics is used in order to distinguish the material from traditional ceramics,
a category of industrial ceramics based on raw materials that are fabricated into products with
comparatively little alteration from their natural state.
PROPERTIES
Structural Coatings
Wear parts, bioceramics, cutting tools, Engine components, cutting tools, and
engine components, armour. industrial wear parts

Electrical Chemical and environmental

Capacitors, insulators, integrated circuit Filters, membranes, catalysts, and catalyst
packages, piezoelectrics, magnets and supports
superconductors
 ADVANCE CERAMICS
CABLES
MAGNETS
Magnetic ceramics are widely
used. Some types can be
permanently magnetized, and
these find use in motors for
electric toothbrushes and knives,
speakers, all of the motors that
power the accessories in a car.
This tape can be used in the
production of high-field
electromagnets such as those used
in hospital imaging devices. It also
increases the capacity to carry
much higher electric currents with
very low energy losses.
BALL BEARINGS
Bearing steel balls are replaced
by SiN4 ball which is harder
and less dense and has higher
compressive strength than
bearing steel.
APPLICATION OF ADVANCE CERAMICS

 Automotive
 Electronic applications
 Energy and environment
 Mechanical engineering
 Medical Technology
 Aerospace
 Modern Industries
Other ceramics
OTHER CERAMICS

Rotor
Made of Alumina Gears
Also made of Alumina
OTHER CERAMICS

Ceramic Brake Discs

For automobiles.
Body armour and other
components
Chosen for their ballistic
properties.
OTHER CERAMICS

Ceramic Hot Gas Filters

Photovoltaic Cells
For harnessing power from solar
irradiance.
Widely used to remove particulate pollution from power generation stations,
industrial processes, and waste incinerators. Other types of porous ceramic
membranes and electrochemical ceramics will effectively remove chemicals
and particles from fluids (especially water) to allow both the fluid and
chemicals to be recycled. Even a complex process such as papermaking will
recycle nearly 100% of water and chemicals now used and will generate all
the heat and electricity needed for the process.