GENDER AND GLOBALISATION:

On the basis of standard trade theory of Heckscher-Ohlin, it has been expected that openness of an economy would
increase the relative returns of those factors of production which are abundant in the economy. Hence, in developing
nations like Pakistan, labour especially unskilled labour is abundant as compared to capital. With the increase in
demand of unskilled labour for specializing in labour intensive exports will increase demand and wages of these
workers relative to skilled labour. This effect narrows the gender gap in wages and labour force participation in
developing countries, as women are mostly engaged in low paid jobs with fewer skills relative to males. Moreover,
regarding to Factor Price Equalization the real wages in developing countries rise in response to fall in the real wages
of developed nations. A few studies have

CASE STUDIES:

 Pakistan. Kucera (1998) found that foreign trade expansion adversely affected female employment in
manufacturing sector in Japan whereas situation is opposite for Germany.
 sector. Braunstein and Brenner (2007) have found that FDI has increased the wages of males and
females for both years but gains for females in 1995 were larger than in 2005. So it is concluded that FDI
will reduce gender wage gaps if FDI is coming for female-dominating indu
 tries. Manda (2002) concludes that globalization has worsened the condition of labour market in Kenya in terms
of widening the gendered wage gap. Menon and Rodgers (2009) checked how increased
 competitiveness through trade liberalization had changed female status in labour market of India. They have
found trade liberalization causes rise in gender-based wage gap in manufacturing sector of India.
 labour. Contrarily, Mujahid (2013) finds negative correlation between global indicators (trade openness and
FDI) and female labour force participation rates. Trade openness and FDI are inversely related with female
labour supply. The impact of trade openness on female labour supply is negative that may be due to high
demand for skilled labour which is captured by skilled labour force

RESULT:
 tests. The results indicate that FDI positively affects whereas openness is found negatively affecting
LFPRD. validity of empirical findings of the study, standard diagnostic applied on both estimated
models. The major conclusion based findings of the study is that gendered labour force participation
significantly reduced by trade openness whereas FDI

REFERENCES:
Ahmed, N. and S. K. Hyder (2006), Gender inequality and trade liberalization: case study of Pakistan. Forman
Journal of Economic Studies, Volume (December), pp. 28-38. MPRA Paper

IMF (2013), Women, work, and the economy: Macroeconomic gains equity. International Monetary Fund Staff
Discussion

GENDER AND EDUCATION:

 According to UNDP's Human Development Report, the Gender Equality Measure (GEM) for South
Asia shows the lowest value (0.235) among all the regions of the world. Furthermore, as per Gender
Development Index (GDI), Pakistan has been rated among the poorest (0.179) South Asian countries
where the average index is 0.226.
 able economic development. The conventional theory of human capital developed by Becker (1962)
and Mincer (1974)3 views education and training as the major sources of human capital
accumulation that, in turn, have a direct and positive effect on the individual's lifetime earnings. In
the Mincerian earning function, the coefficient of school years indicates the returns to education:
how much addition in earnings takes place with an additional school ye
 mes. For example, girls and women in South Asia and China suffer from elevated mortality rates that
have been referred to as the missing women by Amartya Sen and others.5 Employment
opportunities and remunerations also differ greatly by gender in most developing regions. Finally,
there are large gender discrepancies in education, particularly in South
IMPACTS:

First, gender inequality in education and access to resources may prevent a reduction in child mortality,
fertility, and an expansion of education for the next generation. Various studies have proved these
linkages

 According to the results of regression equation 1, the literacy rate, public expenditure on education
as a percentage of GDP and labour force growth rate have a positive and significant impact on
economic growth at 90 per cent level of confidence, while the ratio of literate females to males,
ratio of female to male participation rates, and total investment as a percentage of GDP have a
positive impact on economic growth at 99 per cent level of significance. Moreover, improved results
have been found in equations 2 and 3 when some of them are excluded from the equations in order
to reduce multi-colinearit

RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Female education should be increased with the help of the private sector in Pakistan. • Public
expenditure on education should be raised to a significant level. • Education/training aimed at
improving employability seems to have a positive impact on labour force participation and,
consequently, it will become the source of increase in gross domestic product. • Efforts to promote
self-employment among women should be made at the regional level. • Population policy should be
redesigned in order to control the population growth rate in Pakistan. • Sustainable strategies
should be adopted for improving the economic status of educated women in Pakistan.

CASE STUDY:

1. Grameen BANK STUDY: