Introduction to Statistics

Statistics is the Mathematics that deals with the collection, organization and presentation, analysis and interpretation
of all kinds of data pertinent to the study being considered, so that meaningful conclusion can be drawn.

Terminologies:
1. Variable is used to define certain observable values or characteristics

2. Data is a body of information or observations being considered by the researcher.

3. Population consists of all the items or individuals about which you want to draw a conclusion.

4. Parameter is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a population.

5. Sample is the portion of a population selected for analysis.

6. Statistic is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample.

Branches of Statistics

1) Descriptive Statistics
 Is a group of statistical measurements that aims to provide the basic characteristics of data set through tables
and graphs.
 Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Position and Measures of Variation

2) Inferential Statistics
 Aims to infer or to make interpretations by making a concluding statement about the population based on the
result derived from a data set.
 Analysis of Variance, T-Test, Chi-Square Test, Correlation and Regression Analysis, etc.

For each statement, decide whether Descriptive or Inferential Statistics is used.

______________ 1. The average life expectancy at birth in the Philippines for 2014 is 72.48 years.
______________ 2. Taking slimming pills will help you lose weight.
______________ 3. The total amount of estimated losses from typhoon Ondoy is 11 billion pesos.
______________ 4. The studies show that gender is related to excellence in Mathematics.
______________ 5. In 2019, the government projects that some 1.2 to 1.6 million students will enter Senior High
School.

Classifications of Data

I. According to Nature

a. Qualitative or Categorical Data are those obtained form of categories, characteristics, names or labels.
Ex. Gender, Socio-Economic Status

b. Quantitative or Numerical Data are those obtained from variables which are in the form of numbers.
Ex. Age, Height, Weight

Identify if the following is classified under CATEGORICAL or NUMERICAL data.

______________ 1. Occupation
______________ 2. Number of children
______________ 3. Date of birth
______________ 4. Tax Identification Number
______________ 5. Student number
______________ 6. Bank account number
______________ 7. A person’s height
______________ 8. Number of text messages received daily
______________ 9. Plate number
______________ 10. Pages of a book
______________ 11. Number of pages in a book
______________ 12. Gender
______________ 13. Address
______________ 14. Religion
______________ 15. Number of students per class

II. According to Source

a. Primary Data are first hand information. The person who collected the data is the one using it.

b. Secondary Data are second hand information. The data being used are collected by another person or
organization.

Identify if the following is classified under PRIMARY or SECONDARY data.

______________ 1. Data from a market survey
______________ 2. Observed data
______________ 3. Data gathered from newspapers
______________ 4. Data collected from an experiment
______________ 5. Data from journals