Coarse dispersions have...

2 phases
Size of coarse dispersions
>0.5 microns

True solutions are...

molecular dispersions

True or False: Any molecule can have Brownian movement

False; only for small molecules

Sedimentation velocity of spherical particles is governed by...

Stoke's law

When a dispersion becomes larger, it gets into a region where...

gravity is the driving force (sedimentation)

Gravity is neutralized by...

Brownian movement with size of <0.5 microns

Viscosity is...
resistance to flow

Collection of particles into groups held together by strong interactions

aggregation

Aggregates held together by weak interactions that are readily broken

flocculation

The tendency of a system to aggregate, coagulate, or flocculate depends on the...

forces of interaction between the particles

Stability is achieved by balancing...

1. Electrical forces of attraction
2. Electrical forces of repulsion
3. Forces of solvation

Suspensions are classified as...

coarse and lyophobic dispersions due to size of particles and interaction with solvent

A suspension is a (1), (2) dispersed system composed of (3), (4) solute/drug dispersed into a (5)
1. Two phase
2. Heterogenously
3. Finely divided
4. Undissolved
5. Liquid continuous phase
Reasons suspensions are used
1. Drug is insoluble/poorly soluble
2. Drug is more stable in suspension
3. Need to control rate of drug availability
4. Drug has bad taste in solution
5. Dosing flexibility and ease of administration

Suspensions are used for...

1. Oral administration
2. External application as lotions or for otic/opthalmic/nasal instillation
3. Injectables

In a well formulated suspension, the suspended drug should...

1. Not settle rapidly
2. Re-suspend readily to form homogenous dispersion

In a well formulated suspension, the settle drug should...

not form a hard cake

In a well formulated suspension, suspension viscosity should be...

minimized to maintain physical stability, but not restrict liquid flow through orifice

62.
In a well formulated suspension, drug particles must be...
appropriate size for site of administration
63.
A well formulated suspension should maintain...
stability throughout shelf-life

According to DLVO, high electrostatic repulsion results in...

deflocculated particles
69.
According to DLVO, optimal balance in forces of attraction and repulsion leads to...
loosely aggregated particles called "flocs"
70.
In controlled flocculation, conditions are altered so that...
drug particles occupy region of secondary minimum on DLVO diagram
71.
Flocculation involves altering the charge of drug particle by use of...
floccuating agent to adsorb to drug surface (can alter pH of media to change degree of charge)

65.
Aggregates form with strong attractive forces, crystal growth, fusion of particles, making it difficult to
resuspend
caking
66.
DLVO theory is for stability of...
lyophobic solutions
67.
DLVO theory considers...
forces of interaction (electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals)

71.
Flocculation involves altering the charge of drug particle by use of...
floccuating agent to adsorb to drug surface (can alter pH of media to change degree of charge)
72.
High molecular weight polymer is used to prevent caking
bridging (particles flocculated because trapped in complex polymer network)
73.
True or False: All suspensions will settle or sediment over time
True

74.
Reducing particle size and altering medium viscosity by dissolving lyophilic colloids, called "suspending
agents" or "thickening agents" will...
reduce sedimentation velocity
75.
Suspending agents also act as...
"bumpers" to prevent particle contact and reduce caking
76.
Examples of suspending agents
1. Methylcellulose
2. Xantham gum
3. Acacia
4. Veegum

77.
Shearing
shaking
78.
High viscosity under low shear and lower viscosity under high shear
thixotropic suspending agents ("clay type")
79.
Suspending agents should have high viscosity during storage to avoid..
excessive settling
80.
Most drug particles/powders when placed in a dispersion media will...
clump together or float to surface (due to interfacial tension)

Reduces contact angle by lowering interfacial tension

wetting
82.
Emulsions are classified as...
coarse and lyophobic dispersions
83.
Emulsions are a (1) system, consisting of at least two (2) with one (3) as (4) in the other, with the aid of an (5)
1. Two phase
2. Immiscle liquids
3. Heterogenously dispersed
4. Fine globules/droplets
5. Emulsifying agent
84.
Pharmaceutically, liquids in emulsions are generally...
oil or non-polar liquid and polar liquid/water
85.
Phase that is presented as fine droplet in emulsions
dispersed phase or internal phase
86.
Phase in which dispersed phase is suspended in in emulsions
continuous phase or external phase
87.
Pharmaceutical emulsions can be...
1. Oil in water
2. Water in oil

Oil in water emulsions

oil dispersed in continous aquous phase
89.
Oil in water emulsion examples
1. Mineral oil
2. Vitamin emulsions
90.
Water in oil emulsions
water dispersed in continuous oil phase
91.
Water in oil emulsion examples
1. Creams
2. Lotions
3. Ointments
92.
True or False: Liquid phases in emulsions cannot be semi-solid
False
93.
Reasons to use emulsions
1. Convenient administration
2. Masks unpleasant taste
3. Dissolves hydrophobic drugs
4. Oral absorption via lymphatic system (chylomicrons)
94.
Emulsions are used for...
1. Oral
2. Opthalmic
3. External
4. Injectables
95.
Emulsions stability
thermodynamically unstable, kinetically stable

96.
A stable emulsion may be defined as one that...
remains uniformly distributed dispersed phase through continuous phase
97.
Reduce interfacial tension between two phases, impart charge, and act as steric barrier
emulsifying agents
98.
Emulsifying agents (1) at the (2) interface between the two phases and (3)
1. Adsorb
2. Liquid-liquid interface
3. Stabilize emulsions
99.
Emulsifying agents stabilize emulsions by...
1. Decreasing interfacial tension
2. Forming physical/steric barrier around dispersed phase
3. Impart electrostatic charge (electric double layer)
100.
Monomolecular emulsifying agents include...
surfactants, amphiphiles

101.
Multimolecular emulsifying agents include...
hydrophilic colloids (aciacia, gelatin)
102.
Form a film surrounding dispersed phase providing physical/steric barrier between particles (don't alter
interfacial tension significantly)
multimolecular emulsifying agents
103.
Substantially reduce interfacial tension
monomolecular emulsifying agents
104.
Change in interfacial tension or film between two phases that leads to separation of emulsion into constituent
parts is called...
cracking or breaking
105.
Instability of emulsion can be classified as...
1. Creaming
2. Coalescence
3. Phase inversion
4. Miscellaneous physical/chemical changes
106.
Many emulsions "cream" upon standing due to...
density differences between phases

07.
Oil in water emulsions cream (1) and water in oil emulsions cream (2)
1. Up
2. Down
108.
True or False: Creaming is a sign of instability
False; globules can be redispersed upon agitation since film stabilizing droplet is still intact
109.
Creaming is considered a violation of...
pharmaceutical elegance (but can also increase possibility of more serious issues such as coalescence)
110.
True or False: Creaming is considered flocculation
True
111.
The rate of creaming can be decreased by...
1. Reducing globule size
2. Decrease density difference between phases
3. Increase viscosity of continuous phase (suspending agents)

112.
Irreversible process where dispersed globules that have flocculated and/or creamed can fuse together, resulting
in larger globules
coalescence
113.
Coalescence is due to...
loss of stabilizing forces surrounding dispersed phase (loss of DLVO stabilizing forces or physical removal of
emulsifiers)
114.
Process of interconversion between O/W to W/O emulsion, or vice versa
phase inversion
115.
Phase inversion is seen in compounding in...
dry gum method (4:2:1)
116.
Phase volume ratio or amount of dispersed phase can constitute...
>50% of total volume (alterations can lead to phase inversion)
117.
True or False: Phase inversion can also occur due to alterations in emulsifier HLB value by adding ions
True

_ - the process of mechanically reducing the particle size of a solid substance

comminution
_ - grinding of a drug in a mortar
trituration
_ is the grinding of and insoluble powder in a liquid to create a paste
levigation