Position of the organs in the other systems

Endocrine, skin and reproductive systems

CJ Jacobs
G J Roode

Acknowledgement for graphics used :

• The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry. 3rd Liebgott
• Atlas of human Anatomy FH Netter
• Human Anatomy 4th Ed Kent van den Graaf
• Human Anatomy and Physiology 6th Ed.
Elaine N Marieb
Position of the organs in the other systems

Endocrine system, skin and reproductive systems

Topics
Study guide 1.8 p27

A. Endocrine glands and their position

B. Skin
C. Reproductive organs
A. Endocrine system
 Ductless glands
 Secrete their products in the intercellular spaces
 Needs a high vascularity environment to absorb and transport
products to effectors

Position of ductless glands:

• Hypophysis (pituitary gland): sella turcica in midcranial fossa
• Pineal body (gland) : epithalamus, between splenium & midbrain
• Thyroid gland : isthmus opposite 2 & 3 tracheal rings, lobes lying on
the sides of trachea
• Thymus : superior mediastinum , posterior to manubrium
• Suprarenal glands (adrenals) superior pole of each kidney, Left and right
lumbar regions
• Endocrine pancreas : Langerhans islands in the pancreas, epigastrium
• Gonads: 2x Testis in scrotum
2x Ovarium in broad ligament on lateral walls of pelvis
• “Local hormones” : see physiology. Produce in organ for organ
Pineal body
Liebgott p 247
Hypophysis
Liebgott p 247, Bosman p 58

Liebgott p 158-9
Liebgott p 20, 84

Liebgott p 124

Liebgott p 119

Liebgott p 128

Liebgott p 125
 Liebgott p 248
Liebgott p 253
Hypophysis & Pineal body
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)

Liebgott p181
Sella turcica with
hypophyseal fossa
Figure 5-10 The common carotid artery and its branches.
Liebgott p 145

13
1. BRACHIOCEPHALIC A

2. SUBCLAVIAN A

3. COMMON CAROTID A
5
14 4. INTERNAL CAROTID A
12
11 5. Internal carotid a
entering carotid canal
6
6. EXTERNAL CAROTID A
9
4 7. Superior thyroid a

8 8. Lingual a
10
7 9. Facial a

3 10. Ascending pharyngeal a

11. Occipital a

Thyroid 12. Posterior auricular a

gland 13. Superficial temporal a

2 14. Maxillary a
1

6
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Fig. 3-29 Lateral view of right mediastinum. Liebgott p 80
The right lung has been removed. 1. Diaphragm

2. Root of right lung

4 3. Heart within pericardial sac
15 5
8 4. Esophagus

5. Trachea
13a
Thymus gland 6. Aorta

7. Inferior vena cava

10 14
13b 2 8. Superior vena cava
3 9. Azygous v
9
1 10. Intercostal n a v
16
11. Sympathetic trunk

6 12. Splanchnic nerves a) Greater, b) Lesser

7
11 13. Communicating rami a) White, b) Gray
17
14. Phrenic n
18
12a 15. Vagus n

12b 16. Vagal nerve plexus

17. Anterior vagal trunk

18. Posterior vagal trunk

7
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Figure 4-32 Section through a suprarenal gland.

Liebgott p 124

1
steroids 1. Cortex
•salt/water balance
•carb. Metabolism 2. Medulla
•Collagen production
•Sex hormones

2
•adrenalin
•noradrenalin

8
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Figure 4-33 Scheme of the male genital system.

Liebgott p 125

1. Pubic symphysis
5
5 4 2. Epididymis

1 3. Ductus deferens
6 1
4. Inguinal canal
7 4 3
5. Seminal vesicle

6. Ejaculatory duct

7. Prostate gland
9 8
8. Urethra

3 2

Testis
9
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Figure 4-42 Median section through a female pelvis.
Liebgott p 128, 131

Ovarium
1. Pubic symphysis
8 2. Bladder

3. Urethra

4. Uterus
4
5. Vagina

6. Rectum
2 6
7. External anal sphincter
1
8. Sacrum
3
5
7

10
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 B. Skin Liebgott p 31 – 34.

Notes: Self

Two types
• Thick skin: palmar and plantar surfaces – no hair
• Thin skin: Rest of body – covered with hair

Skin color:
• melanin pigment
• vessels contribute to skin coloring

Two components
• Epidermis : keratin counteract abrasive forces
• Dermis: matrix of collagenous and elastic fibers

Functions : mechanical envelope:

organ:

11
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 Fig. 1-32 Skin and fascia.
Liebgott p 34

Stratum corneum of epidermis Hair

EPIDERMIS
Germinative layer of epidermis
Sebaceous gland

DERMIS
Arrector pili muscle

Cutaneous nerve

SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
Fat

DEEP FASCIA

MUSCLE OR BONE

12
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B. Skin Liebgott p 31 - 34
Largest organ !!!
With which other organ
systems does the parts of
the skin integrate with?
• Cardiovascular system
blood supply except
epithelium
• excretory system sweat
• nervous system
Sympathetic nerves
• muscular system
Smooth muscle
• skeletal system Vitamin
D protection etc.
13
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 C. Reproductive organs

14
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Figure 4-41 Median section through a male pelvis.
Liebgott p 131
Label the diagram to indicate the position of the parts of the organs.

1. Pubic symphysis

8 2. Bladder

3. Spongy urethra

4. Prostate gland
6 5. Seminal vesicle
2
1 5 6. Rectum

7. External anal sphincter

4
8. Sacrum
3 9. Penis
7
9 10. Testis

10

Liebgott p 125-28

15
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Figure 4-42 Median section through a female pelvis.
Liebgott p 131
Label the diagram to indicate the position of the parts of the organs.
Liebgott p 128 - 131
1. Pubic symphysis
8 2. Bladder

3. Urethra

4. Uterus
4
5. Vagina

6. Rectum
2 6
7. External anal sphincter
1
8. Sacrum Liebgott p 130
3
5
7

Parts of Uterine duct:

Parts of uterus:
Parts of vagina: Liebgott p. 128-130
Parts of vulva:
Parts of perineum:Mosby items and derived items © 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
16
Subdivisions of some female organs:
Parts of Uterine duct: Abdominal ostium
Fimbriae
infundibulum
isthmus
Parts of uterus: fundus
body and isthmus
internal and external os of cervix
Parts of vagina: body
anterior fornix
posterior fornix
lateral fornices x2
Parts of vulva: see diagram p 130

Parts of perineum: urogenital triangle

anal triangle

17
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Figure 4-38 Scheme of female genital system.
Liebgott p 128

2 6

5 1. Ovary

2. Ovarian ligament

3 3. Infundibulum
10 4. Fimbria
4
5. Uterine tube
1
7 6. Fundus

13 8 7. Cervix

8. External uterine os
11 9. Vagina

10. Broad ligament

9
11. Round ligament (of uterus)

12. Labium majus

12 13. Inguinal canal

18
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Figure 4-39 The external female genitalia.
•Female urethra : 4 cm. More susceptible to infection due to lenght
•Position of opening relative to external genitalia. Notes: self

1 1. Mons pubis
2. Clitoris
3. Labium majus
2 4. Labium minus

3
5. Vestibule
6 6. Urethral opening
5 7. Vaginal opening
4 8. Labial frenulum
7

19
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The End The end of
Macro Anatomy
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