Energy Engineering

Engr. Nazish Aslam

Department of Chemical Engineering
Email: nazish.aslam@giki.edu.pk

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Characterize and
classify conventional
& sustainable
resources of energy,

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Utilize energy efficiently,
economically for the
welfare of the society,

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industry with minimum Explore alternate
environmental impacts. resources of energy
by forecasting
futuristic needs.

Course Learning Outcomes

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What is Energy engineering..???

Energy engineering is a broad field of

engineering dealing with

 Identification of energy resources

 Energy transformation and Transmission.

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Sources of Energy

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Thermal Energy

 The internal atomic motion is called thermal

energy, (moving particles produce heat).
 Heat energy can be produced by friction.
 Heat energy
changes temp.
or phase of
matter.

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 Chemical energy

Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to

undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to
transform other chemical substances. Examples include batteries,
food, gasoline, and etc

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 Chemical energy

Many substances and objects store and release chemical energy

 Batteries

 Petroleum

 Wood

 Explosives

 Food

 Bleach and ammonia

 Baking soda and vinegar etc.

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 Electromagnetic Energy

Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that includes radio

waves, microwaves, X-rays and gamma rays, as well as visible
light.

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Nuclear Energy

• The nucleus of an atom is the source of nuclear

energy.
• Huge in Quantity
• Nuclear energy is the most concentrated form of
energy.
• Causes disaster
• Develop Peace

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 Nuclear Energy
 When the nucleus split/Combines (fission)/(fusion),
nuclear energy is released in the form of heat energy
and light energy.
 Nuclear energy is also released when nuclei collide at
high speeds and join ( Ionic ).

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 mechanical Energy
 When work is done to an object
scientifically, it acquires energy.

 The energy it acquires

(K.E + P.E) is known
as mechanical energy

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Energy Conversion

Energy can be changed from one form to

another. Changes in the form of energy are
called energy conversions.

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 Energy Conversion

All forms of energy can be converted into other forms.

 The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted

directly into electricity.

 Green plants convert the sun’s energy

(electromagnetic) into starches and sugars (chemical
energy).

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FUELS

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Recommended books

 Fuels and Combustion; M.L. Smith & K.W. Stinson

 Fuels and Fuel Technology ; W. Francis & M.C. Peters
 Fuel – Solid , Liquid and Gaseous; J.S.S. Brame & J.G. King
 Hydrocarbon Fuels; E.M. Goodger
 Coal Conversion Processes; Stanley & Lee
 Fuel Testing; Laboratory Methods in Fuel Technology; G.W. Himus
 Methods of Analysis of Fuels and Oils; J.R. Campbell
 Tolley's Basic Science and Practice of Gas Service ; John Hazlehurst

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Fuels

A substance which produces heat either by

combustion or by nuclear fission / fusion.

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 Classification of Fuels

 Chemical fuels:
Substances that react with other proximate substances to
release energy, through the process of combustion, are known as
chemical fuels.

• These are divided by their physical properties as;

 Solid fuels: wood, coal, charcoal and coke etc.
 Liquid fuels: petrol, kerosene, diesel, alcohol etc.
 Gaseous fuels: methane, propane, butane, hydrogen,
coal gas, gobar gas etc.

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Classification of Fuels

Chemical fuels can also be divided by how they occur as:

 Primary Fuels/Naturally occurring: Naturally
occurring e.g. coal, wood, natural gas
 Secondary Fuels/Artificially prepared: Which are
derived from primary fuels e.g. kerosene, coke etc.

 Nuclear Fuels
Substances that can release nuclear energy by fission or
fusion, are known as nuclear fuels. i.e. the most common
nuclear fuels are the radioactive metals uranium-235 and
plutonium-239.

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Solid Fuels
Solid materials can be used as fuel to burn and release energy through
combustion, which provides heat and light. The most common
examples of solid fuels are:
 Wood: Includes firewood, charcoal, woodchips, pellets, sawdust,
and so on.
 Charcoal: Produced by heating wood in the absence of oxygen.
 Biomass: Natural plant materials, such as wheat, straw and other
fibrous material.
 Peat: Organic matter and decayed vegetation that can be burned
when dry.
 Coal: Combustible sedimentary rock.
 Coke: High-carbon material derived from coal.
 Waste: Everyday waste can be converted to a fuel source as long as
it does not contain toxic materials.
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liquid Fuels

Liquids can be used to create mechanical energy, although it is

the fumes rather than the fluid of liquid fuels that is flammable.
Fossil fuels account for the majority of liquid.
 Petroleums
The most common type of liquid fuel is petroleum, formed from
dead plants and animals. Examples of petroleum include:

o Gasoline/petrol: Produced by removing crude oil from

petroleum and distilling it in refineries.
o Diesel: A mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from
petroleum, and processed to reduce the sulphur level.
o Kerosene: Extracted from petroleum.
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liquid Fuels

 Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas

Natural gas can be compressed to a liquid and is much 'cleaner'
than other hydrocarbon fuels. However, to maintain the fuel in a
liquid state it requires a constant high pressure.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of propane and

butane, and is more easily compressed than natural gas.

 Biodiesel
This is a diesel fuel based on vegetable oil or animal fat, although
it yields around 10% less energy than conventional diesel.

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liquid Fuels

 Alcohols
The most common types of alcohol fuels are:
o Methanol: Produced from methane, methanol is the lightest and
simplest form of alcohol.
o Ethanol: Most commonly found in drinks, but can be combined
with gasoline for use as a fuel.
o Butanol: Usually produced by fermenting biomass using
bacteria, butanol has a high energy content.

 Hydrogen
Liquefied hydrogen is commonly used as liquid rocket fuel. Large
volumes of hydrogen are required for successful combustion.
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Gas Fuels
Gaseous fuels are distributed through pipes from point of origin to point of
use, although some are liquefied for storage. Odorisers are often added to fuel
gases so that they can be detected, since an undetected build up of gas can lead
to an explosion.
Natural gas (composed mainly of methane) is the most commonly used type,
but there are numerous manufactured fuel gases, such as:
 Coal gas: Derived from coal.
 Water gas: A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from
synthetic gas.
 Syngas: Synthetic gas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and often
carbon dioxide.
 Biogas: A mixture of gases derived from organic matter breaking down in
the absence of oxygen.
 Blast furnace gas: Derived from the manufacture of metallic iron in blast
furnaces.
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 Fundamental Definitions
 Calorific value
Amount of heat liberated by the combustion of unit quantity of
fuel. kcal/ kg , kcal / m3.

 Gross Calorific Value (G.C.V) or HCV

Heating value measurement in which the product water vapour is
allowed to condense.

 Net Calorific Value (N.C.V) or LCV

Heating value in which the water remains a vapour and does not
yield its heat of vaporization.

HHV = LHV + (mwater /mfuel)ʎwater

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Calorific values of fuels

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Determination of Calorific Value

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Fundamental Definitions

 Flash Point
The lowest temperature at which a liquid fuel gives
enough vapours in air which produce a momentary
flash when exposed to a flame.

 Fire point
The lowest temperature at which a liquid fuel
vapours in air produces a continuous flame when
exposed to a flame.

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Fundamental Definitions

 Basic Flame types

Premixed: Fuel and oxidizer are mixed first

and burned later.

Non-premixed: Combustion and mixing occur

simultaneously.

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Fundamental Definitions

 The Flammable Range (Explosive Range)

The range of a concentration of a gas or vapour that will burn (or
explode) if an ignition source is introduced. Below the explosive
or flammable range the mixture is too lean to burn and above the
upper explosive or flammable limit the mixture is too rich to
burn.

Methane - LEL: 5% by volume in Air / UEL: 17% by volume in Air

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Fundamental Definitions

 Density

 Specific gravity

 Viscosity & Types

 Carbon Residue

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Fundamental Definitions

 Viscosity Index
The viscosity index is an arbitrary number indicating
the effect of change of temperature on the kinematic
viscosity of an oil. A high viscosity index signifies a
relatively small change of kinematic viscosity with
temperature.

The viscosity index of an oil is calculated from its

viscosities at 40 & 100°C.

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Viscosity Index

 Naphthenic base oils change more than paraffinic

base oils. Certain synthetic lubricants change
much less than paraffinic oils.
 Hence, the VI of an oil is important in
applications where an appreciable change in
temperature of the lubricating oil could affect the
start up or operating characteristics of the
equipment.

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Viscosity Index

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Fundamental Definitions

 Theoretical Flame Temperature

It is the temperature attained by the products of
combustion of fuel when there is no loss of heat
to the surroundings.

 Flue Gas
It is the gaseous product of combustion of fuel.

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