A

VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

ON
EHT DN. C.S.P.T.C.L. (Bhilai-3)

Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai-3

In partial fulfilment of requirement
Submitted By

D E- 5th Semester
Guided by
MR. J L SAHU (AE 220 KV S/S BHILAI -3)
MR. D M SAHU (AE 132 KV S/S BHILAI - 3)

SESSION: 2019-20
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
B.R.P. Government Polytechnic, Dhamtari (C.G.) -
493776
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report
VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT is based on my own work
carried out during the course of our study under the supervision of
MR. J L SAHU (AE 220 KV S/S BHILAI)
MR. D M SAHU (AE 132 KV S/S BHILAI)
I assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my
research work. I further certify that
I. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by me
under the general supervision of my supervisor.
II. The work has not been submitted to any other Institution for any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this university or any other University of
India or abroad.
III. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text)
from other sources.

Name TUSHAR SAHU

(Roll No.205402417059)
( Enrollment No. BD8669)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Industrial training has an important role in an engineering student life
exposing them to real situations of how an industry works. It was a great
experience for me to worki on training at Chhattisgarh State Power
Transmission Company Limited through which I could learn how to work in a
professional environment. Now. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the
people who guided me and have been a source of inspiration throughout the
period of my summer training. I am sincerely grateful to (Assistant Engineer) at
CSPTCL, Bhilai who gave me this great opportunity to undergo training at 220/
132 KV Substation Bhilai through which. i I am able to understand and grasp a
deep knowledge of how a substation works and about the various equipment's
and instruments used in the substation which made this i training actually
possible. I wish my deep sense of gratitude to Junior & Assistant Engineer's
whose affectionate guidance has enabled me to complete this training
successfully. During the period of 3 week of training at 220/132 KV Substation
Bhilai undertaking and a successor company of CSEB. Industrial training is an
important of engineering.
 Index
S no. Title Page no.
1. Abstract 1
2. Introduction 2
CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER COMPANIES
3. TRANSMISSION MAP 3-4
4. SINGLE LINE DRAIGRAM 5
5. Components of a Substations 6
6. SUBSTATION
 Power Transformer 8
 Current Transformer 9
 Voltage Transformer 10
 Insulator 11
 Capacitor bank 12
7. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION 13
8. Lightning arrester 14
9. Buchholz Relay 15
10. Conservator and Breather 16
11. Transformer cooling 17
12. Isolation 18
13. Circuit breakers 19
14. Wave Trap or Line Trap 20
15. Conclusion 21
16. Bibliography 22
 ABSTRACT
Industrial training is an important part of an engineering student life. A
well l planned, properly executed industrial training helps a lot in developing ai
professional attitude. It develops a problem saving approach in industrial works,
based on a board understanding of process and mode of operation of
organization. During the period of 3 week of training at 220/132 KV Substation
Bhilai, most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course
of studies is put to test. The great effort have been put understand the
substations bus bar arrangement during this training. The substations of Bhilai
are divisions of CSPTCL, Bhilai, which is under Govt. of C.G. undertaking and
a successor company of CSEB.

In the substation of Bhilai the incoming supply of 400 KV comes from

the 11/400 KV generating substation of Korba, and different station. In
Khedamaral 400KV supply step-down to 220kV and transmit to 220/132KV
substation of Bhilai. We learned the process of how to connect 3-phase cable to
supply line and provide earth to it, also about the various equipment.
 INTRODUCTION
CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER COMPANIES
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board was formed in accordance with the Section
5 of the Electricity Supply Act 1948 as per the Notification published in the
gazette of the Government of Chhattisgarh dated 15 November 2000.
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) became functional w.e.f.
01.12.2000. Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board has been reorganized into five
companies in accordance with the provisions contained in the Section 131-134
of Electricity Act 2003 by the Govt. of Chhattisgarh these are :-

1. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER HOLDING COMPANY LTD.

2. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER GENERATION COMPANY LTD.
3. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY
LTD.
4. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
LTD.
5. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRADING COMPANY LTD.
TRANSMISSION MAP
 220/132/33 KV BHILAI - 3 SUBSTATION
 In this substation there is one 220kV input supply coming from
Khedamara. Here 220 kV is step downed to 132kV which is then send to
different 132kV feeders namely.
 5 power transformer’s 2 transformers 160 MVA and 3 transformers 125
MVA.
 This substation joins the transmission system to the secondary
distribution system and plays a vital role in supplying electricity to our
city.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
 Components of a Substation
 Power Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Voltage Transformer
 Insulator
 Capacitor bank
 SUBSTATIONS
Electrical generation, transmissionand distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer,
electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be
owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are
unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. A substation
may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages.

Substations are classified by two broad categories:-

1. According to the service requirement:
 Transformer substation
 Switch substation
 Power factor correction substation
 Frequency change substation
 Converting substation
 Industrial substation
 Collector Substation
 Convertor Substation
 Switching Substation
 Power Transformer
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of
alternating current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the
low voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency.
It works on the principle of static induction principle.
 Current Transformer
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating
electric currents. When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to
measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer
isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the
monitored circuit.
 Voltage Transformer
Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT)) are a
parallel connected type of instrument transformer, used for metering and
protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase shift isolation. They are
designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have an
accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential transformer may
have several secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding, for use
in different metering or protection circuits. The name plate of one of the PT
used is shown below.
 Insulator
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not
flow freely, and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under
the influence of an electric field. The insulator serves two purposes. They
support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to the conductors. The
most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is porcelain. There
are several types of insulators and their use in substation will depend upon the
service requirement.

 Pin type insulator

The pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on the
pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator. The conductor
passes through this groove and is tied to the insulator with annealed wire
of the same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for
transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.
Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too
bulky and hence uneconomical.

 Suspension insulator
For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use
suspension type insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a number of
porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string.
The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
other end of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The
number of disc units used depends on the voltage.
 CAPACITOR BANK
The load on the power system is varying being high during
morning and evening which increases the magnetization current. This
results in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly
due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore
take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it
causes increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in order
to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power
factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power
factor come device taking leading power should be connected in
parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor bank. The
capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize
the lagging reactive component of load current.
Main functions of Capacitor Bank are:-
 Supply Reactive Power
 Improve Terminal Voltage
 Improve Power Factor
 PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION
LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
A lightning arrestor is a device used in power systems
& telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has
a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most
cases to earth.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil
immersed. Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare,
however the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the
transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate
automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. Various protection
methods used for transformers are:-
Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power
transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir
called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device
sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. Depending on
the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a
slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by
decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces
the oil level down. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located
in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit
breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.

Buchholz Relay
Conservator and Breather
When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil
level goes either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the
oil level up to predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it
above the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank
for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the insulating properties of the
oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is
checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.
 Transformer cooling
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the
removal of heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

 Air natural cooling

In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of
surrounding air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is
satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.
 Air blast cooling
It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition
that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and
winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.
 Oil natural cooling
Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core
immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating
medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil
becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from
the bottom of the cooling tank.
 Oil blast cooling
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of
transformers immersed in oil.
 Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank
to a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water
heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat
exchanger.
 ISOLATION
ISOLATERS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect
switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is
completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches
are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications,
where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for
adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit
breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The
disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit,
but only for safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either
manually or automatically (motorized disconnector).
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed
to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a
fault is detected.

GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

 RELAY
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or
electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing
contacts in another circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is
normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the relay is not energized.
 WAVE TRAP OR LINE TRAP
Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of
connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible
impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and thermally
for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking
frequency bank.
 CONCLUSION
Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important
role in our life. At the end of the training, I came to know about the various
parts of substations and how they are operated. Also I learnt about how
transmission is done in various parts of Chhattisgarh.

As evident from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the
transmission system. That’s why various protective measures are taken to
protect the substations from various faults and its smooth functioning.
Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Ltd. takes such steps so
that a uniform and stable supply of electricity can reach in every part of this
state.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Energy efficiency in electrical utilities, Guide book for National certification
examination for energy managers and energy auditors, Bureau of energy
efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
2. General aspect of energy management and energy audit, Guide book for
National certification examination for energy managers and energy auditors,
Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
3. www.wikepedia.com
4. www.slideshare.com
5. www.electrical-installation.org
6. www.home-energy-metering.com
7. www.enspecpower.com
8. www.allaboutcircuits.com