COMPUTER 3.

Tablet computers/tablets are handheld

A computer is an advanced electronics device that computers that are even more portable than
takes raw data as input from the user and processes laptops having a touch sensitive screen for typing
these raw data under the control of set of instructions and navigation.
(called program) and gives the result (output) and 4. Servers are computers that serve up information
saves output for future use.
to other computers on a network.
Four Functional Elements of computer
Other types of computer
1. Input – receives data and instruction
1. Smartphones – cellphones that can do a lot of
2. Process – processes data
things that computers can also do
3. Output – produces data
2. Wearables – general term for a group of devices
4. Storage – stores result
that are designed to be worn throughout the day
3. Game consoles – specialized type of computer
Uses of computer
that is used for playing video games on the TV
1. Create documents, brochure and pamphlets for
4. TV – TVs include applications or apps that let
businesses
you access various types of online content.
2. Use it as media of learning
3. Use it for researches
HISTORY OF COMPUTING – Technological
4. Communicates with your friends globally
Development of computer
through chat
5. Use it for entertainment such as games, videos
MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
and music
Blaise Pascal developed the first automatic
6. Use it for business online
computing device consisting of lots of gears and
chains. It was called Pascaline and was used to
Capabilities of computer
perform repeated addition and subtraction.
1. They can do repetitive and routine work
Charles Babbage, the Grandfather of Modern
because they can perform same operation
Computer, innovated Pascaline into another
tirelessly
mechanical calculating device; the difference and
2. They have the speed to process voluminous
analytical engine.
data in a flash, resulting in a greater productivity
Difference engine is an automatic, mechanical
and less man power needs
calculator designed to tabulate polynomial
3. Computers are reliable and accurate
functions.
4. They can store and recall information because
Analytical engine is a general purpose computing
it has data storage capability
device which could be used for performing any
5. Computers have a self-checking capability
mathematical operation automatically.
6. Computers can be self-operating
7. They can do remote processing
First Generation Computers – Vacuum tubes
8. Computers can also make your office work
(1940-1956)
faster and addition to that, it will allow you to
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
perform multitasking
Computer) was produced by a partnership
between University of Pennsylvania and the US
Limitations of computer
government. It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes
1. It cannot make decisions of its own
and 7,000 resistors. It was developed by John
2. It cannot think for itself
Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.
3. It cannot correct wrong instruction
• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
4. It cannot produce information on its own
Automatic Computer) was designed by Von
5. It is vulnerable for any virus attack
Neumann in 1945 with a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.
Different types of computer
• UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
1. Desktop computers are designed to be placed
was designed by Remington Rand and
on a desk.
collectively owned by US census bureau and
2. Laptop computers are battery-powered
General Electric. It amazingly predicted the
computers that are more portable than desktops.
winner of 1952 presidential elections.
Second Generation Computers – Transistors
(1956-1963)
• IBM 1920 – it was small as compared to First
generation computers and mostly used for
scientific purpose.
• From Computing Tabulating-Recording
Company (CTR), CTR was renamed International
Business Machines (IBM) in 1924.
• IBM 1401 – it was small to medium and used
for business applications.
• Control Data Corporation (CDC) 3600 – it
was large and used for scientific purpose.
Third Generation Computers – Integrated
Circuit (1964-1971)
• Integrated circuit (IC) was invented by Jack
Kilby in 1958. It is a combination of electronic
components into a small silicon disc, made from
quartz.
Fourth Generation Computers – saved. Hard driver can be of two type: PATA
Microprocessors (1971-Present)
• Microprocessors also control the logic of
almost all digital devices.
• Two typical components of a CPU:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – performs
arithmetic and logical operations
Control Unit – extracts instructions from
memory and decodes and executes them, calling
on the ALU
PARTS OF THE UNIT
• There are six main system unit components:
1. Motherboard – a system core. Actually, it is a
heart of computer. Other system elements are
connected to motherboard, and the whole system
is managed and controlled by it. Motherboard
contains special chips on which some ICs
(Integrated circuits) are etched.
2. Processor – a computer engine, its brain. CPU
(central processing unit) manages most of
computer operations. Processors can be with pins
or pin-less. It contains a control unit and a logic
unit.
3. RAM (random access memory) – primarily
memory. It stores all data processed by programs
and apps on the computer. There are dynamic and
static RAMs.
4. Hard Drive – a system memory that stores data
in a form of archives. Here all our files, folders,
operating system, programs, and applications are
(Parallel Attachment Packet Interface) and SATA
(Serial Attachment Packet Interface).
5. Video Card (graphics adapter) – with its help
the outputs from a computer are displayed on the
screen. Modern video cards support HDMI (high
definition multimedia interface), VGA (video
graphics array) and DVI (digital visual interface).
6. Power Supply – provides every part of PC with
electrical power.

Fifth Generation Computers – Artificial

Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
Games playing – programming computers to
play games such as chess and checkers.
Expert systems – programming computers to
make decisions in real-life situations.
Natural language – programming computers to
understand natural human languages.
Robotics – programming computers to see and
hear and react to other sensory stimuli.

SYSTEM UNIT
• The system unit is the box-like case that contains
the electronic components of a computer. It is the
core of a computer system. Many people
mistakenly refer to this as the CPU. Inside, you
will find the power supply, different drives, the
fan, the connectors, and the motherboard.
• The other names for the system unit are
computer chassis, cabinet, box, tower, enclosure,
housing, or simply case.
BASIC INPUT DEVICES Joystick is an input device consisting of a stick
Input Devices are peripherals used to transfer that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
data from the outside world into a computer direction to the device it is controlling.
system. Input device is any device that provides Keyboard has alphanumeric, numeric, cursor
input to a computer. movement and function keys for entry of the
information. It is considered as the primary input.
Microphone converts audio signals to electric
waves and can be converted by electronic
circuitry in the computer to digital form. 5M 3T 2G BCD SWEP JK
MIDI Keyboard or Musical Instrument Digital
Interface keyboard is a musical instrument like Microphone
piano keyboard. MIDI Keyboard or Musical Instrument Digital
Mouse is a handheld pointing device used to Interface
move a pointer of the screen. Mouse
Magnetic strip card contains data encoded and Magnetic Strip Card
stored in a magnetic strip usually found in ATM, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
credit cards.
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) Trackball
can identify character printed with a special ink Touchpad
that contains particles of magnetic material. This Touch Screen
device particularly finds applications in banking
industry. Graphics
Trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball Gamepad
held by a socket containing sensors to detect a
rotation of the ball about two axes. Barcode Reader or Price Scanner/POS Scanner
Touchpad is a device for pointing on a computer Cameras
display screen. It is an alternative to the mouse. A Digital Camera
touch pad works by sensing the user’s finger
movement and downward pressure. Scanner
Touch Screen (can be both input and output) is Webcam
basically allows the user to operate/make Electronic Whiteboard
selections by simply touching the display screen. Pen Input or Tablet Pen
Graphics tablet allows you to hand - draw images
and graphics. Joystick
Gamepad also called joypad or control pad, is a Keyboard
type of game controller held in two hands.
Barcode reader or price scanner/POS scanner
is a hand - held or stationary input device used to
capture and read information contained in a bar
code.
Cameras allow you to record visual images in the
form of photographs, movie film or video signals.
Digital Camera records and stores photographic
images in digital form.
Scanner is an input device that can read text or
illustration printed on paper and translates the
information into a form that the computer can use.
Webcam is a video camera that feeds its images
in real-time to a computer or computer network.
Electronic Whiteboard is a hardware device that
is similar to a white board that transmit
information written on a white board to a
computer or multiple computers.
Pen Input or tablet pen can be an input device
and a pointing device that lays down ink.
BASIC OUTPUT DEVICES COM or Computer Output Microfilm produces
Output device receives information from the output in the form of tiny images on a 3. 5mm roll
CPU and presents it to the user in the desired of film or in 4 x 6 inch of film.
from. The processed data, stored in the memory of
the computer is sent to the output unit, which then
converts it into a form that can be understood by MPINILL SHF PTC
the user. The output is usually produced in one of
the two ways – on the display device, or on paper Monitor
(hard copy). Printers
Impact Printers
Monitor is often used synonymously with Non-impact Printers
“computer screen” or “display.” Monitor is an Inkjet and Deskjet Printers
output device that resembles the television. Like Laser Printer
the television, monitors are also available in LCD Projector
different sizes.
Printers are used to produce paper (commonly Speaker
known as hardcopy) output. Based on the Headset
technology used, they can be classified as Impact Facsimile Machine (FAX)
or Non-impact printers.
Impact printers use the typewriting printing Plotters
mechanism wherein a hammer strikes the paper Thermal Printer
through a ribbon in order to produce output. Dot- COM or Computer Output Microfilm
matrix and Character printers fall under this
category.
Non-impact printers do not touch the paper
while printing. They use chemical, heat or
electrical signals to etch the symbols on paper.
Inkjet, Deskjet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under
this category of printers.
Inkjet and Deskjet printers produce hard copy
by spraying ink onto paper.
Laser printer is a popular type of PC printer that
uses a non - impact photocopier technology.
LCD Projector is a device designed to take an
image from a video source and project it as
faithfully as possible onto a screen or other
surface.
Speakers (with the help of a microphone) enable
the computer to output, to record sound input from
a microphone connected to the computer, and
manipulate sound stored on a disk.
Headset is a pair of headphones with a
microphone attached that can be used as either
listening or recording device.
Facsimile machine (FAX) (can be both input and
output) is a device that can send or receive
pictures and text over a telephone line. Fax
machines work by digitizing an image.
Plotters are used to print graphical output on
paper. It is capable of producing graphs,
drawings, charts, maps etc.
Thermal printer uses heat to register an
impression on paper. It contains many small
resistive heating pins that on contact melt wax -
based ink onto ordinary paper or burn dots onto
special coated paper.