COCONUT SAP VINEGAR AS INGREDIENT FOR A NATURAL PESTICIDE

AGAINST LEAF FOLDERS (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)

AND PLANT HOPPERS (Fulgoroidea)

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Natural

Science and Research
Tagbilaran City Science High School
Tagbilaran City, Bohol

In Partial Fulfilment of
the Requirements for
Research II

PHOEBE ANNE YOSORES SALES

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 CHAPTER 1

THE RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

Rice crop pests such as leaf folders and plant hoppers are

insects that could give great distractions to the growth of

rice crops. Leaf folders causes longitudinal and transparent

whitish streaks on damaged leaves, on the other hand, plant

hoppers causes yellow spots, white or transparent patches,

and pinholes which enables crescent-shaped white eggs to

insert into the midrib or leaf sheath, to become white to

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brown nymphs, then to brown or white adults feeding near the

base of the rice plants.

This study will be conducted to determine whether using

coconut sap vinegar as ingredient in making pesticide is

effective in killing rice crops pest specifically leaf

folders and plant hoppers. Coconut sap vinegar is the low

glycemic and contains 17 amino acids, minerals, Vitamin C,

broad spectrum B-vitamins and has a nearly neutral PH.

Although regular vinegar is chemically acidic, Coconut Sap

Vinegar is a special liquid having alkalizing effect inside

the body during digestion. This is due to the coconut sap

vinegar’s content of alkalizing minerals such as potassium,

calcium and magnesium. These same minerals synergistically

act to lower blood pressure and cholesterol as well as

ingredients of some commercial pesticides.

Firstly, the researcher chose a research highlighting

coconut sap vinegar specifically since it is predominantly

available in my hometown, Talibon, Bohol. Secondly, the

researcher would like to help the farmer-relatives to harvest

high quality rice in the near future not only in our rice

fields, but also to others.

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Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to determine the

comparative effects of two pesticides, namely; (1) the

organic pesticides with coconut sap vinegar as the main

ingredient and (2) the commercially available one.

Specifically, this study aims to establish some answers to

these questions:

1. ) What is the mass of rice crops harvested after being

treated with;

a. Coconut sap insecticide

b. Commercial pesticide

2. ) Will there be a significant difference on the mass of

rice harvested after applying coconut sap insecticide

and commercial on the rice field?

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Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE

A.) Natural Pesticide

with coconut sap
The amount of Rice
vinegar crops being harvested
B.) Commercial
Pesticide (mass)

Fig. 1.1 Paradigm of Independent and Dependent Variables on

the Comparative effects of Using Coconut Sap Vinegar as an
Ingredient of a Natural Pesticide

Assumptions

The following are the bases of the study:

1. The coconut sap vinegar will be used as the main

ingredient in making the natural pesticides; it will

be extracted fresh and to be fermented for some days

to be in good quality

2. A rice field will be used in the study

3. Each insect will be diverted to roam naturally to test

rice fields. It is assumed that insects will not be

of the same numbers, and of the same variety.

4. The rice planted in the rice field will be of the same

variety.

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Hypothesis

Coconut sap vinegar is an ingredient that cannot be

used to create an alternative pesticide to eradicate rice

crop pests.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be helpful in understanding

the importance of using an environment-friendly approach in

resolving the issues against rice crop pests like plant

hoppers and leaf folders.

Rice accounts for 35 percent of the average caloric intake

of most Filipinos, especially Boholanos, and as much as 60-

65 percent for households among the low-income bracket

households. It is a staple food in almost all Filipinos’ diet

and part of country’s cultural heritage and roots.

It is also an integral part of the country’s economy. The

Philippines is the world’s eighth - largest rice producer,

pegging rice farming as the major source of income and

employment of over 11.5 million farmers and family members.

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 Because of these, the very important aspect to the

country’s economy is enhancing rice productivity as a primary

concern of the Philippines government and the Bohol

provincial government, especially that Bohol is adjudged as

the rice granary of Central Visayas.

However, this rice productivity is being hampered and

reduced by existence of rice crop pests like plant hoppers

and leaf folders. As the advent of organic farming, people

are looking for rice produce which is not applied with

chemical pesticides.

With this, it is highly significant for this study to test

whether or not coconut sap vinegar can be used as an organic

ingredient to make an alternative pesticide to eradicate rice

crop pests like plant hoppers and leaf folders.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will be conducted at the researcher’s

hometown at Talibon, Bohol during the school year 2018-2019

with certain type of soil suitable for certain type of rice

variety. This study will only be limited to comparing the

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effects of the commercial pesticide and the organic pesticide

against rice crop pests like leaf folders or plant hoppers.

Definition of Key Terms

To fully understand the terms used in this study, the

following are defined conceptually and operationally:

Acid. It is a sour substance; specifically : any of

various typically water-soluble and sour compounds that

in solution are capable of reacting with a base

(see 1 BASE 7a) to form a salt, redden litmus, and have

a pH less than 7, that are hydrogen-containing molecules

or ions able to give up a proton to a base, or that are

substances able to accept an unshared pair of electrons

from a base.

Alkaline. It is having the properties of an alkali, or

containing alkali; having a pH greater than 7. Alkalinity is

the name given to the quantitative limit of an aqueous

solution to neutralize a corrosive/acid.

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 Coconut Sap Vinegar. A popular acidic condiment in

Southeast Asia and some regions of India. It is a natural

product produced from fermentable coconut sap and the

oxidation of ethanol into acetic acid.

Leaf folders. Any of several moths whose larvae make

shelter cases by folding the leaves of plants.

Pesticide. It is a substance used for destroying insects

or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

Plant Hoppers. It is a small, widely distributed plant-

sucking bug that leaps when disturbed. Some species are pests

of rice and sugar cane.

Repellents. These are substances that prevent bugs,

insects, and pests from approaching or drawing closer.

Rice. It is the starchy seeds of an annual southeast

Asian cereal grass (Oryza sativa) that are cooked and

used for food.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Plate 2.1 Coconut Sap Vinegar

Coconut Sap Vinegar. This substance is low on the

glycemic index, coming in only 35 on scale. It is also rich

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in minrals, it has iron, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur,

boron, zinc and is highly rich in potassium. Coconut Sap

Vinegar is a special liquid having alkalizing effect inside

the body during digestion. This is due to the coconut sap

vinegar’s content of alkalizing minerals such as potassium,

calcium and magnesium.

Plate 2.2 Lemongrass

Lemongrass. A repellent. Citronella is the oil found in

lemongrass (in this manner its somewhat citrus-y fragrance).

Lemongrass needs huge amounts of sun, so the vast majority of

us should appreciate it as a yearly in the summer. Citronella

candles in stores amid the mid year and read how citronella

will keep mosquitoes away. Citronella is a characteristic oil

found in lemongrass, a decorative that can grow up to 4 feet

tall and 3 feet wide in one season. This grass with superb

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culinary uses is solid just in South Florida (Zone 10), so

nearly everybody should develop it as a yearly. It does well

in a pot or in the ground in a radiant, very much depleted

area. Utilize its fragrant, limit leaves in chicken and pork

dishes and to season soups and plate of mixed greens dressing.

Numerous Asian formulas call for lemongrass.

Plate 2.3 Mint

Mint. A repellent. This pleasant-smelling plant

(alongside its cousin lemon ointment/balm) repels gnawing

creepy crawlies. Mint is best developed in pots instead of

the ground since it spreads forcefully. Once settled in the

garden, it can be hard to evacuate. Cuttings of mint in mulch

can enable broccoli, to cabbage and turnips. The leaves are

usually used to enhance minty frosted tea. The fragrant

properties found in the leaves are likewise present in the

stems and blooms. With a little work, the plant's sweet-

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smelling oils can be removed and joined with apple juice

vinegar and shabby vodka (or witch hazel) to make a mosquito

repellent. Holders of mint deliberately put in the garden or

on the yard will help keep adjacent plants creepy crawly free.

Plate 2.4 Organic Pesticides

Organic Pesticide. Pesticides in general, are substances

that can ensure the wellbeing of plants by killing germs,

creatures, or plants that could harmed plants. There are

numerous sorts of pesticides, each is implied to be effective

against particular pests. The term "-cide" comes from the

Latin word "to murder/ kill."

Organic pesticides are becoming more popular and is

safer to use than commercial ones. Organic pesticides are

compounds inferred from plants, creatures and microorganisms

that contain natural deterrents and anti-microbial

properties that offers assistance that guarantee the

great plant development. They also hinder the development,

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nourishing, and improvement or reproduction of pests or

pathogen. Organic pesticides are generally derived from

natural sources with small amount of processing or no

processing at all, as opposed to “conventional” pesticides,

which are generally synthetic. Natural chemicals

are produced by nature without any human intervention.

Manufactured chemicals are made by people utilizing

strategies diverse than those nature uses, and these chemical

structures may or may not be found in nature. This definition

implies a manufactured chemical can be made from a common

item (i.e. naturally derived). Note that in the nourishment

industry, “artificial” is utilized instep of “synthetic”.

Organic Agriculture. The standard of natural

horticulture varies from nation to nation. But the

definition of organic agriculture is for the most

part comparative. According to the FAO/WHO Codex

Alimentarius Commission, organic agribusiness is an

encompassing generation administration framework which

advances and upgrades agro-ecosystem wellbeing, counting

biodiversity, organic cycles, and soil organic. It emphasizes

the utilize of administration practices in inclination to

the utilize of off-farm inputs, taking into account that

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territorial conditions require locally adjusted frameworks.

This is fulfilled by using, where conceivable, social,

organic and mechanical strategies, as restricted to utilizing

synthetic management practices in inclination to the utilize

of off-farm inputs, taking into account that territorial

conditions required locally adjusted frameworks. This is

finished by using, where conceivable social, natural and

mechanical strategies, as restricted to utilizing synthetic

materials, to fulfill any particular work inside the

framework.

Plate 2.5 Rice Plant Hoppers

Plant hoppers. Planthoppers causes leaves

to initially turn orange-yellow and after for some time, it

turns brown and dry and this is a condition called hopperburn

that slaughters/ kills the plant. There are two types of

Plant hoppers namely; These are the brown planthopper

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(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal); and the whitebacked

planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath).

To check the presence of this pest one can find crescent-

shaped white eggs inserted into the midrib or leaf sheath,

white to brown nymphs, and / or brown or white adults feeding

near the base of tillers. You also need to check the field

for; hopperburn or yellowing, browning and drying of plant,

ovipositional marks exposing the plant to fungal and

bacterial infections, presence of honeydew and sooty molds in

the bases of areas infected, plants with ragged stunt or

grassy stunt virus disease. Hopperburn is comparative to

the bolstering harm or "bugburn" caused by the

rice black bug. To affirm hopperburn caused by planthoppers,

check for the presence of sooty molds at the base of the

plant.

Plate 2.6 Leaf folders

Leaf folders. Leaf folders create longitudinal white and

transparent streaks on the edge because they feed inside the

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folded leaf. Rice leaf folders are present in all rice

conditions and are more abundant amid the blustery seasons.

They are usually found in shady regions and zones where rice

is intensely treated. In tropical rice zones, they are dynamic

year-round, while in mild nations they are dynamic from May

to October. The grown-ups are nighttime and amid the day,

they remain under shade to escape predation. Moths fly short

separations when aggravated.

Leaf folders are identified if the plants have symptoms

like; longitudinal and transparent whitish streaks on damaged

leaves, tubular folded leaves, leaf tips sometimes fastened

to the basal part of leaf, and/ or heavily infested fields

appear scorched with many folded leaves. The harm caused by

leaf folders might be vital when it influences the greater

part of the banner leaf and the following two most youthful

leaves in each tiller.

At vegetative stage, products can for the most part

recuperate from harm; however, when leaf folders swarm at

regenerative stage, the harm can be financially imperative.

High bolstering harm on the banner leaves can cause yield

misfortune. Most early season bug spray utilize have

practically zero financial returns. Rather, it can cause

environmental disturbances in regular organic control forms,

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along these lines improving the advancement of optional

nuisances, for example, planthoppers.

Rice. Rice yields can either be immediate seeded or

transplanted. In coordinate seeding, seeds are sown

straightforwardly in the field. While in transplanting,

seedlings are first brought up in seedbeds before they are

planted in the field. Soil ripeness is fundamental for a rice

plant to develop and grow ordinarily. Various product issues

can be identified with supplement unevenness in the field.

Agriculturists lose an estimated average of 37% of their

rice product to bugs and infections consistently. Opportune

and exact determination can diminish misfortunes. Rice is to

a great degree touchy to water deficiencies. Great

administration hones are basic to amplify water proficiency

and yield. Control of weeds amid the readiness is significant

to decrease the measure of weed weight in the field. Loss of

respect weeds is the most exceedingly awful amid 0– 30/40

days in the wake of sowing or transplanting (DAS/DAT).

The world rice crop is attacked by various types of

insects and 20 out of 100 types of these insects can cause

economic damage and monetary harm. Insect pests that can cause

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significant yield losses are stem borers; leafhoppers and

planthoppers (which cause direct damage by feeding as well as

by transmitting viruses); gall midges, a group of defoliating

species (main1y lepidopterans); and a grain-sucking bug

complex that feeds on developing grains. Average yield loss

due to various insect pests in Asia-where more than 90% of

the world's rice is produced—is about 20%. Any decrease in

pest damage means a corresponding increase in needed rice

production (M. D. Pathak and Z. R. Khan, 1994).

Plate 2.7 Lemongrass

Rosemary. Repels mosquitoes and an assortment of

bugs/insects/pests destructive and harmful to vegetable

plants. Rosemary is accessible in different structures.

Plants can be developed in compartments on a porch and formed

into fancy pyramids, developed in herb gardens or planted in

landscaped beds, where a few assortments can become very

substantial. Rosemary's oils are as heavenly to home cooks

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who utilize herbs as they are unsavory to numerous bugs. The

plant itself and its cuttings are successful anti-agents.

Notwithstanding repulsing mosquitoes, strong and potent

rosemary will help shield your vegetable plants from

pervasion and infestation.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Materials Used:
Coconut sap vinegar Rosemary
Mint Lemongrass
Water

Equipments Used:
Spray bottle
Farming tools
Rice field 5 meters by 5 meters
Pencil
Spoon
Bowl
Pencil
Plastic containers
Cotton cloth

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 III.
Plantation of rice

AN EVALUATION STUDY OF COCONUT SAP VINEGAR

AS INGREDIENTFOR A NATURAL PESTICIDE IV.
II.
AGAINST RICE CROP PESTSLIKE LEAF
Production of Testing of the
(FOLDERSCnaphalocrocis medinalis) organic pesticide
organic pesticide
AND PLANT HOPPERS (Fulgoroidea)

I. V.
Preparation of Analysis
materials

Figure No. 3.1 Process Flow Chart

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Procedures

I. Preparation of materials

Coconut sap vinegar will be extracted fresh at a farm

during coconut season. It will be best for us to extract it

fresh so that it will be more effective to use. Water is

already available at the researcher’s home.

Rosemary and Mint will be bought at a store, while the

lemongrass will be picked at the backyard of the researcher’s

house. Water is already available at the researcher’s house.

II. Production of Organic Pesticide

Half a liter of vinegar will be mixed together with half

a liter of water, 3 tablespoons (43 grams approximately) of

rosemary, mint and lemongrass using a spoon in a bowl. After

mixing it together, let it stand for about 30 minutes to fully

mix the solution then filter any solids using a cotton cloth

and put it on the spray bottle.

Coconut Sap Vinegar has alkalizing effect, with well-

known herbicidal properties; it is commonly utilized

by natural cultivators and agriculturists as a pesticide. The

lemongrass, rosemary and mint will be used as repellents and

will improve the quality and boost the power of the pesticide.

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 III. Plantation of rice

To conduct this research, the plantation of rice is a

must. There will be 6 5 meter by 5 meter rice field -which

has 100 crops each field-, three for the commercial pesticide,

while the other three is for the organic. The variety of rice

will be the same, however, it will not be in the insects/

pests. There is no guarantee that the pest will be of the

same number but will be analyzed by percentage. Pests need

not to be captured for they are lured by the rice crops at a

specific time, near the harvest season. And at this time, the

researcher will be spraying the organic pesticide that the

researcher made.

IV. Testing of Organic Pesticide

After the plantation of rice, the researcher will wait

for about 15 days to spray the pesticide. It will be done,

near the harvest time, for this is the time that the insects

or pests will show up. Both pesticides will be sprayed at the

same time, the same day and the same amount. The researchers’

schedule to spray both pesticides will be every morning for

every 10 days until the grains will be sprouting.

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 V. Analysis

No. of harvested
rice crops
Rice field
(mass)
A

Rice crops sprayed with commercial -

pesticide

Rice crops sprayed with Organic -

pesticide

The researcher will be analyzing the pesticides’

effect twice a week. This analysis will serve as proof

that both of the pesticides that will be used in the

study will kill the pests like plant hoppers and leaf

folders.

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