Strain due to shear stress

τ
du1
γ=
dx2
x2 γ Simple shear
τ = Gγ
τ21 = 2G"21
x1
simple shear is ‘pure shear’ plus rotation

γ
!21 = !12 =
2
γ
Ω21 = −Ω12 =−
2
 Strain due to uniaxial normal stress

l + dl
dl du2
!2 = =
l dx2
x2 l
σ2 = E"2

x3 no rotation.
x1
Uniaxial normal stress causes non-uniaxial strain
+σ2
+!2

"1 "3
ν=− =−
"2 "2

ν −!1
!1 = ! 3 = − x2 σ1 = 0
E

x3
x1
 Incompressible rock

θ = " 1 + "2 + "3 = 0

ν 1 ν
σ2 (− + − ) = 0
E E E

ν = 0.5
 Bulk modulus k

σ̄ = (σ11 + σ22 + σ33 )/3

σ̄ = kθ
k (incompressibility) is usually about 2/3 of E
in crustal rocks, or about 50 GPa
 Hooke’s Law in 3D

I know strain and want I know stress and

stress want strain
σij = cijkl "kl or !ij = sijkl σkl
3x3 3x3 3x3 3x3
stiffness compliance
matrix matrix
3x3x3x3 3x3x3x3

For just one component:

!11 = s11kl σkl
3x3 3x3
!11 = s1111 σ11 + s1112 σ12 + s1113 σ13 +
s1121 σ21 + s1122 σ22 + s1123 σ23 +
s1131 σ31 + s1132 σ32 + s1133 σ33
σ τ
τ
Repeat for all the components of !ij

τ σ
Next: many of these τ
τ
compliances are zero σ τ
and some are identical
to each other!
 We can reduce 81 compliances to 36 by
remembering that σij = σji and !ij = !ji

   
!11 !12 !13 !1 !6 !5
!ij =  !21 !22 !23  =  !6 !2 !4  = ! r
!31 !32 !33 !5 !4 !3

Same with the stress tensor.

!ij = sijkl σkl but !ij = !ji so

!ji = sjikl σkl = sijkl σkl = !ij

sijkl = sjikl + many, many more symmetries

Isotropy: the 36 remaining compliances are either 0 or
they can be expressed in terms of 2 elastic modulii

• normal stresses cause normal strains but not shear strains,

so we immediately know (for example):
s3211 s1222 =0

• shear stresses cause no normal strain and just one shear strain:

s1132 s1112 s3312

s1232 s3132 =0
 81 compliances, 36 independent ones if
stress and strain matrices are symmetric, 21
compliances are non-zero but can be
expressed in terms of only two independent
elastic parameters
σ
1+ν ν τ τ
!ij = σij − δij σkk
E E
sijkl -- your choice of... τ σ
τ
1 1+ν ν τ
− 0 σ τ
E E E
 σ33

1+ν ν
!ij = σij − δij σkk
E E

What are the

resulting
strains?
 What about σij = cijkl "kl ?

81 stiffnesses, 36 independent ones if shear

forces balance, 21stiffnesses are non-zero
but are expressed in terms of only two
independent elastic parameters
Typically expressed in terms of λ and µ

τij
τ
µ=
γij
γ
λ = “first Lamé
parameter”
 σij = 2µ"ij + λδij θ

c1111 = c2222 = c3333 = λ + 2µ

c1122 = c1133 = c2233 = c2211 = c3311 = c3322 = λ

c1212 = c2121 = c1221 = c2112 = c1313 = c3131 =
c1331 = c3113 = c2323 = c3232 = c2332 = c3223 = 2µ

The other entries are zero, for example

c1121 = c1112 = c1131 = c1113 = c1123 = c1132 = 0
 Forces on a small block due
x2
to normal stresses on top and
bottom faces
dx2 F12 = [−σ22 − (−σ22 )]dx1 = 0

dx1
x1

x2

dx2
F21 = [σ22 − (−σ22 )]dx1 = 2σ22 dx

dx1
x1
 x2

dx2 F12 = 0.2σ22

∗
dx1
Force
due to normal
dx1 stresses
x1

F21 = [−0.8σ22
∗
− (−σ22
∗
)]dx1 = 0.2σ22
∗
dx1
 F12 = [σ22 |(x2 )o +dx2 − σ22 |(x2 ) ]dx1

If dx1 = dx2 = dx3 = dx

2 σ22 |(x2 )o +dx2 − σ22 |(x2 )o

2D F12 = dx
dx2

3 σ22 |(x2 )o +dx2 − σ22 |(x2 )o

3D F21 = dx
dx2
3 ∂σ22
F2 = dx
∂x2
 2
Force ∂σ 22 ∂ u2
balance:
dx 3
−m 2 =0
∂x2 ∂t

2
∂σ 22 ∂ u2
dx 3
− ρdx 3
= 0
∂x2 ∂t2

1 ∂σ22 ∂ 2 u2
=
ρ ∂x2 ∂t2
Navier’s equation
(with only the one normal stress, σ22 )