UNITS – 1&2

1. (a) What is critical flow? Derive the condition for maximum discharge for a given
value of specific energy.
(b) The specific energy for a 6 m wide rectangular channel is to be 5 kg-m/kg.
If the rate of flow of water through the channel is 24 m3/s. Determine the
alternate depths of flow. [8+8] (2009)

2. Water flows at a steady and uniform depth of 2 m in an open channel of rectangular

cross - section having base width equal to 5 m and laid at a slope of 1 in 100. It
is desired to obtain critical flow in the channel by providing a hump in the bed.
Calculate hump height and sketch the flow profile. Consider the value of Mannings
rugosity coefficient n = 0.02 for the channel surface. [16] (2009)

3. (a) Derive the condition for the best side slope of the most economical trapezoidal
channel.
(b) Design a concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 500 cumecs at a slope of
1 in 4000. The side slopes of the channel may be taken as 1:1. The Manning’s
roughness coefficient for the lining is 0.014. Assume permissible velocity in
the section as 2.5 m/s [8+8] (2009)

4. (a) Explain the criterion for critical state of flow. Derive the expression?.
(b) In a flow through a rectangular channel for a certain discharge the Froude
numbers corresponding to the alternate depths are F1 and F2. Show that
(F1/ F2)(2/3) = (2+ F22)/( 2+ F12) (2009)

5. (a) What do you mean by most economical section of a channel. What are the
conditions for the rectangular channel of the best section?
(b) Determine the dimensions of the most economical trapezoidal earth-lined chan-
nel (Manning-s n = 0.02) to carry 14 m3/s at a slope of 4 in 10,000. [8+8] (2009)

6. Water flows at a steady and uniform depth of 2 m in an open channel of rectangular

cross - section having base width equal to 5 m and laid at a slope of 1 in 100. It
is desired to obtain critical flow in the channel by providing a hump in the bed.
Calculate hump height and sketch the flow profile. Consider the value of Mannings
rugosity coefficient n = 0.02 for the channel surface. [16] (2009)

7. (a) Derive the condition for depth of flow of a most economical circular channel
section subject to the condition for maximum velocity.
(b) Water flows in a channel of the shape of isosceles triangle of bed width ‘a’and
sides making an. angle of 450 with the bed. Determine the relation between
depth of flow d., and the bed width ‘a’ for maximum velocity and for maximum
discharge condition. Use Manning’s formula and note that d is less than 0.5
a. [8+8] (2009)
8. (a) Define specific force in open channel applying momentum principle, obtain an
expression for specific force.
(b) A trapezoidal channel of bed width 6m and side slopes 1:1, carries a uniform
flow of 25m3/s. i. Plot a specific energy curve and find the value of critical depth and minimum
specific energy.
ii. Calculate the alternate depths and their corresponding Froude’s number for a specific energy
of 2.5m
iii. Determine the depth alternate to 1.5m
iv. Determine the type of flow for y=0.5m and y=2.5m. [8+8] (2009)

9. a) What do you understand by i) steady and unsteady flow, ii) uniform and non-uniform flow
in the case of channels?
b) An irrigation channel of trapezoidal section, having side slope s 3 horizontal to 2 vertical, is to
carry a flow of 10 cumec on a longitudinal slope of 1 in 5000. The channel is to be lined for
which the value of friction coefficient in Manning’s formula is n = 0.012. Find the dimensions of
the most economic section of the channel. (6M+9M)

10. a) A horizontal rectangular channel 4 m wide carries a discharge of 16 m3/s. Determine

whether a jump may occur at an initial depth of 0.5 m or not. If a jump occurs, determine the
sequent depth to this initial depth. Also determine the energy loss in the jump.
b) Explain the term hydraulic jump. Derive an expression for the downstream depth of
hydraulic jump. (7M+8M)

11. a) Derive the condition for the best side slope of the most economical trapezoidal channel.
b) Design a concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 500 cumecs at a slope of 1 in 4000.
The side slopes of the channel may be taken as 1:1. The Manning’s roughness coefficient for the
lining is 0.014. Assume permissible velocity in the section as 2.5 m/s. (8M+7M)

12. a) Show that in a rectangular open channel the critical depth is two thirds of specific energy.
b) A trapezoidal channel having bottom width 8 m and side slope 1:1, carries a discharge of 86
m3/sec. Find the depth conjugate to initial depth of 0.75 m before the jump. Also determine the
energy in the jump. (7M+8M)

13. a) A trapezoidal channel has a bed width of 5 m, side slopes of 1 upon 1.5 and Manning’s n
=0.015. Compute the critical slope and the corresponding discharge for a critical depth of 2 m.
b) Derive the condition for depth of flow of a most economical circular channel section subject
to the condition for maximum velocity. (8M+7M)

14. a) A rectangular channel carries a discharge of 2 m3/sec per meter width. If the loss of
energy in the hydraulic jump is found to be 2.75 m, determine the conjugate depths before and
after the jump.
b) Explain the term hydraulic jump. Derive an expression for the downstream depth of
hydraulic jump. (7M+8M)

15. a) A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m and side slopes of 1:1. If the depth of
flow is 1.5 m at a discharge of 20 m3/sec, compute the specific energy and the critical depth.
b) Explain the terms specific energy of a flowing liquid, minimum specific energy, critical
depth, critical velocity and alternate depths as applied to non-uniform flow. (8M+7M)

16. State and discuss the assumption made in the derivation of the dynamic equation for
gradually varied flow. Starting from first principles derive equations for the slope of the water
surface in gradually varied flow with respect to i) channel bed, ii) horizontal. (15M)

17. a) What different types of flows in open channels? And what are different types of open
channels? (8M)
b) Derive Manning’s equation for uniform flow in open channels. Discuss its applications. (8M)

18. a) What are the characteristics of non uniform flow in open channels? State the dynamic
equation of GVF and discuss its uses. (10M)
b) Explain how energy is dissipated in a hydraulic jump formation (6M)

19 a) How does the velocity vary across the cross section of an open channel? What is an energy
and momentum correction factor? Derive their equations. (10M)
b) Discuss critical, sub critical and super critical flows in open channels (6M)

20. a) State the dynamic equation of GVF and discuss its applications (8M)
b) Explain the characteristics of a hydraulic jump. How is the energy dissipated in hydraulic
jump formation? Derive the equation. (8M)

21 a) State and explain Chezy’s formula for uniform flow in open channels. What is momentum
energy correction factor? (8M)
b) What do you mean by most economical section of a open channel? Discuss in detail.

22. a) Derive equation for Gradually Varied Flow from fundaments. Discuss the applications
(10M)
b) What is a hydraulic jump? Where does it form? Explain in detail (6M)

23. a) What different types of flows in open channels? What is energy correction factor? Derive
the equation for the same. (8M)
b) State and explain Bazin’s formula for uniform flow in open channels (8M)
24. a) What is rapidly varied flow? Derive the expression for energy dissipation in a hydraulic
jump formation. (8M)
b) List out different surface profiles of non uniform flow in open channels. (8M)

25. a) Explain the terms: i) specific energy ii) critical depth and iii) Critical velocity.
b) In a rectangular open channel of 5 m width the flow rate is 12 m3/s and depth of flow is
1.0 m. Determine the critical depth and the alternate depth. (6M+9M)

26. a) Explain the term hydraulic jump. Derive an expression for the downstream depth of
hydraulic jump.
b) Define specific energy and draw the specific energy diagram. Explain how it is useful for
the open channel flow. (8M+7M)

27a) Derive the condition for depth of flow of a most economical circular channel section subject
to the condition for maximum velocity.
b) Determine the economical cross-section for an open channel of trapezoidal section with side
slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal, to carry 12 m3/s, the bed slope being 1/2100. Assume
Manning coefficient as 0.022. (7M+8M)

28. Define specific energy? Sketch the specific energy curve and explain regimes of flow?
Indicate the features of critical flow? Deduce the condition for minimum specific energy and the
related expressions in rectangular channels? (15M)

29. a) Explain the terms specific energy of a flowing liquid, minimum specific energy, critical
depth, critical velocity and alternate depths as applied to non-uniform flow.
b) A trapezoidal channel has a bed width of 5 m, side slopes of 1 upon 1.5 and Manning’s
n = 0.016. Compute the critical slope and the corresponding discharge for a critical depth of
2 m (7M+8M)

30. a) Define a back water curve and derive an expression for finding the length of the back
water curve.
b) A rectangular channel of 5 m width discharges water at the rate of 1.6 m3/s into a 5 m wide
apron with 1/2800 slope at a velocity of 5 m/s. Determine the height of the hydraulic jump and
energy loss. (7M+8M)

31. a) Derive the condition for the best side slope of the most economical trapezoidal channel.
b) Using Bazins formula, determine the discharge through a rectangular ordinary earthen
channel 2 m wide and 0.6 m deep with a slope of l in 2600. Assume Bazins constant
k = 1.303. If Manning constant for this type is 0.025, determine and compare the flow.
(7M+8M)
32. a) Define hydraulic jump and explain under what circumstances it occurs
b) Obtain an expression for the depth after the hydraulic jump and the loss of head due to the
jump. Write the assumptions made. (7M+8M)

33. Find the diameter of a circular sewer pipe which is laid at a slope of I in 8000 and carries a
discharge of 800 liters /s when flowing half full. Take, the value of Manning’s N = 0.020.
[8+8] (RR 2010)

3 4 Prove that the loss of energy head in a hydraulic jump is equal to, (d2−d1) /
4d31d2

where d1 and d2 are the conjugate depths.

Obtain the relationship between the Froude Numbers of flow before and after the hydraulic jump
in a horizontal rectangular channel. (R05 2010)

35 (a) What is specific energy curve? Explain it in detail along with a neat sketch.
(b) A rectangular channel of width 4 m carries a discharge of 10 m3 /S. Plot the
specific energy diagram and use it to find the critical depth and alternate depth to
a depth of 0.7 m. What is the specific energy for this depth Assume α = 1.09. Use the
following depths of flow for computations and drawing the graph: 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.1
and 1.4 m (RR 2010)

36. (a) Derive the equation that defines cross section of an open channel with constant
velocity at all depths of flow.
(b) A flow of water of 100 liters per second flows down in a rectangular flume of
width 60 cm and having adjustable bottom slope. If Chezy’s constant C is 56, find the
bottom slope necessary for uniform flow with a depth of flow of 30 cm. Also find
the conveyance K of the flume. (R05 2010)
UNIT - 3

1. a) Explain the Buckingham theorem and discuss its uses (10M)

b) Derive the expressions for Reynolds Number, Mach Number and Froude Number
(6M)(2011)

2. a) What are the uses of dimensionless numbers? Derive the expressions for Weber, Mach and
Froude Numbers (10M)
b) Explain Buckingham Pi theorem (6M) (2011)

3. a) List out different dimensionless numbers and derive the expressions for any three of
them.(10M)
b) Discuss different similarities between models and prototypes (6M) (2011)

4. a) State Reyleigh’s Theorem and discuss its applications Discuss geometric, dynamic and
kinematic similarities between models and prototypes. (10M)
b) Discuss geometric, dynamic and kinematic similarities between models and prototypes.
(6M)(2011)

5 a) Define the term dimensional analysis and model analysis.

b) In 1:40 model of a spillway, the velocity and discharge are 2 m/s and 2.5 m3/s. Find the
corresponding velocity and discharge in the prototype. (7M+8M) (2012)

6 a) State Buckingham’s _- theorem. Why this theorem is considered superior to Rayleigh’s

method for dimensional analysis?
b) A dam 15 m long is to discharge water at the rate of 120 cumecs under a head of 3 m.
Design the model, if the supply available in the laboratory is 50 l/s. (8M+7M) (2012)

7 a) What do you mean by dimensionless numbers? Name any three dimensionless numbers
b) A 1:50 spillway model has a discharge of 1.5 cumecs. What is the corresponding prototype
discharge? If a flood phenomenon takes 6 h to occur in the prototype, how long should it take in
the model. (2012)

8 a) What do you mean by fundamental units and derived units? Give examples.
b) An aeroplane model of scale ratio 1:30 is tested in water, which is 50 times more viscous
and 800 times more dense than the air. If the pressure drop in the model during test is 225.63
N/m2, find the corresponding pressure drop in the prototype. (7M+8M) (2012)

9 Assuming that the viscous force F exerted by a fluid on a sphere of diameter D depends on the
viscosity μ, mass density of the fluid “_”, and the velocity of the sphere _, obtain and
expression for the viscous force. (15M) (2012-sup)

10 a) Explain different types of hydraulic similarities that must exist between a prototype and its
model.
b) Explain the terms: distorted models and undistorted models. What is the use of distorted
models? (7M+8M) (2012-sup)
11 What do you mean by dimensional numbers? Name any four dimensional numbers. Define
and explain Reynold’s number, Froude’s number and Mach number. Derive expressions for any
above two numbers. (15M) (2012-sup)

12 State Buckingham’s _-theorem. Why this theorem is considered superior over the Rayleigh’s
method for dimensional analysis. (15M) (2012-sup)

13 Prove that the resistance F of a sphere of diameter d moving at a constant speed

ν through a fluid of density ρ and dynamic viscosity μ may be expressed as F = μ2/ρ× φ× (vdρ)/µ
[16m] (2009)

14 Assuming that the viscous force F exerted by a fluid on a sphere of diameter D

depends on the viscosity μ, mass density of the fluid “ρ”, and the velocity of the
sphere ν, obtain and expression for the viscous force. [16] (2009)

15 The resisting torque T against the motion of a shaft in a lubricated bearing depends
on the viscosity μ, the rotational speed N the diameter D and the bearing pressure
intensity p. Show that T = μND3 φ ( p/μN ) [16] (2009)

16 The resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body is given by R =

Ρv2 ℓ2 φ (vℓ/ γ) .where ρ and g are the density and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid
while l is the length of the body and v is the velocity of flow. If the resistance to
the motion of a one-eight scale air ship model when tested in water at 12 metres
per second is 22 kg, what will be the resistance to the motion in air of the airship
at the corresponding speed? Kinematic viscosity of air is 13 times that of water
and density of water is 810 times that of air. [16] (2009)

17 Assuming that the viscous force F exerted by a fluid on a sphere of diameter D depends on
the viscosity μ, mass density of the fluid “_”, and the velocity of the sphere _, obtain and
expression for the viscous force. (15M) (2014)

18 a) Explain different types of hydraulic similarities that must exist between a prototype and its
model.
b) Explain the terms: distorted models and undistorted models. What is the use of distorted
models? (7M+8M) (2014)

19 What do you mean by dimensional numbers? Name any four dimensional numbers. Define
and explain Reynold’s number, Froude’s number and Mach number. Derive expressions for any
above two numbers. (15M) (2014)

20 State Buckingham’s _-theorem. Why this theorem is considered superior over the Rayleigh’s
method for dimensional analysis. (15M) (2014)
21 a) What do you mean by model testing? What are pre requisites for model testing?
Properties of a structure can be calculated by analytical method and by model analysis, which is
more suitable. Why? [8+8] (R05 - 2010)

22 (R05 - 2010)

23 (R05 - 2010)

24 (R05 - 2010)

25 (2010)

26 (2010)
UNIT - 4

1.a) A jet of water strikes with a velocity of 50 m/sec a flat fixed plate inclined at 30 degrees with
the axis of the jet. The cross sectional area of the plate is 100 cm2. Find the force exerted by the
jet on the plate and the ratio in which the jet gets divided after striking. (8M)
b) Derive the equation for the impact of jet striking a moving inclined plate in the direction of the
jet (8M)(2011)

2.a) A nozzle of size 10 cm diameter issues a jet of water with a velocity of 50m/sec.
The jet strikes a moving flat plate perpendicularly at the centre. The plate is moving with
a velocity of 15m/sec in the direction of the jet. Calculate
i) The force exerted on the plate
ii) The work done
iii) Efficiency of the jet (8M)
b) Derive the equation for the impact of jet striking a curved plate at the centre when the
plate is stationary. (8M) (2011)

3. a) A jet of water of diameter 40 mm moving with a velocity of 30m/sec strikes a

curved fixed symmetrical plate at the center. Find the force exerted by the water on the
plate, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120 degrees at the outlet of the curved
plate. (8M)
b) Derive the equation for impact of jet striking a curved plate at one tip and leaving at
the other tip, when the plate is stationary (8M)(2011)

4. a) A jet of oil of specific gravity strikes a fixed curved symmetrical plate at its center
and leaves at the outlet tips. The diameter of the jet is 62 mm and the velocity of the jet
is 45 m/sec. If the jet is deflected by 100 degrees, calculate the force exerted on the
curved plate. (8M)
b) How do estimate the impact of a jet striking a moving normal plate in the direction of
the jet (8M) (2011)

5 a) A jet of water of 10 cm diameter is discharging under a constant head of 80 m. Find the

force exerted by the jet on a fixed plate. Take coefficient of velocity as 0.9.
b) Show that the force exerted by a jet of water on an inclined fixed plate in the direction of
the jet is given by Fx=ρaV2 Sin _, where a= Area of the jet, V= velocity of the jet and
_=inclination of the plate with the jet. (6M+9M)(2012)

6 a) Define the terms: i) Impact of jets, and ii) Jet propulsion.

b) Obtain an expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in the
direction of the jet. (6M+9M) (2012)
7 a) Obtain an expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in
the direction of the jet
b) A jet of velocity of 20 m/s strikes a flat plate inclined at 30° with the axis of the jet. If the
cross sectional area of the jet is 20 cm2, find the force exerted by the jet on the plate. Also
calculate the components of the force in the direction normal to the jet. Find also the ratio in
which the discharge gets divided after striking the plate. (9M+6M) (2012)

8 a) Derive an expression for the force, work done, and efficiency of a moving curved vane.
b) A jet of water diameter 0.12 m moving with a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a curved fixed
symmetrical plate at the center. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of
the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120° at the outlet of the curved plate.
(9M+6M) (2012)

9 a) Obtain an expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in
the direction of the jet.
b) A jet of water of diameter 100 mm moving with a velocity of 35 m/s strikes a curved fixed
symmetrical plate at the center. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of
the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120° at the outlet of the curved plate.
(2012-sup)

10 a) Derive the expression for the force exerted by a water jet on a plate moving in the
same direction of the jet with a velocity less than that of the jet.
b) A blade turns the jet of diameter 2.5cm at a velocity of 25 m/s by 60°. Determine the
force exerted by the blade on the fluid. (8M+7M) (2012-sup)

11 a) Show that the force exerted by a jet of water on an inclined fixed plate in the direction
of the jet is given by Fx=_ aV2 sin2 _, where a= Area of the jet, V=velocity of the jet and
_=inclination of the plate with the jet.
b) A blade turns the jet of diameter 3 cm at a velocity of 20 m/s by 60°. Determine the force
exerted by the blade on the fluid. (7M+8M) (2012-sup)

12 a) Define the terms: i) Impact of jets, and ii) Jet propulsion.

b) A jet of water of diameter 55 mm moving with a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a fixed plate in
such a way that the angle between the jet and the plate is 60°. Find the force exerted by the
jet on the plate i) in the direction normal to the plate, and ii) in the direction of the jet.
(6M+9M) (2012-sup)
13 (a) Define the term: impact of jets. Obtain an expression for the force exerted by
a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in the direction of the jet.
(b) Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 100mm on a stationary
flat plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with a velocity of 30m/sec.
[8+8] (2009)

14 A jet of water having a velocity of 40m/sec strikes a curved vane, which is moving
with a velocity of 20m/sec. The jet makes an angle of 300 with the direction of
motion of the vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 900 to the direction of motion
of the vane at outlet. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet and determine
the vane angles at inlet and outlet so that the water enters and leaves the vane
without shock. [16] (2009)

15 A jet of water having a velocity of 60m/sec is deflected by a vane moving at 25m/sec

in a direction at 300 to the direction of jet. The water leaves the vane normally to
the motion of the vane. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles and find out
the vane angles for no shock at entry and exit. Take the relative velocity at the
exit as 0.8 times the relative velocity at the entrance. [16] (2009)

16 A jet of water moving at 12m/sec impinges on vane shaped to deflect the jet through
1200 when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5m/sec, find the angle of the jet so
that there is no shock at inlet. What is the absolute velocity of the jet at exit in
magnitude and direction and the work done per second? Assume that the vane is
smooth. [16] (2009)

17 a) Obtain an expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in
the direction of the jet.
b) A jet of water of diameter 100 mm moving with a velocity of 35 m/s strikes a curved fixed
symmetrical plate at the center. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of
the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120° at the outlet of the curved plate.
(7M+8M) (2014)

18 a) Derive the expression for the force exerted by a water jet on a plate moving in the
same direction of the jet with a velocity less than that of the jet.
b) A blade turns the jet of diameter 2.5cm at a velocity of 25 m/s by 60°. Determine the
force exerted by the blade on the fluid. (8M+7M) (2014)

19 a) Show that the force exerted by a jet of water on an inclined fixed plate in the direction
of the jet is given by Fx=ρaV2 sin2 θ, where a= Area of the jet, V=velocity of the jet and
θ=inclination of the plate with the jet.
b) A blade turns the jet of diameter 3 cm at a velocity of 20 m/s by 60°. Determine the force
exerted by the blade on the fluid. (7M+8M) (2014)
UNIT - 5

1 a) What are the different heads and efficiencies associated with hydroelectric power plants?
(8M)
b) Differentiate between impulse turbine and reaction turbine with examples (8M)(2011)

2 a) What is draft tube? Why is it a part of reaction turbines? (8M)

b) Explain the phenomenon of water hammer. What is a surge tank? Where is it located in a
power plant? (8M)(2011)

3 b) A hydraulic turbine develops 8000 KW under a head of 30 m at 250 rpm. What is the
specific speed of the turbine? What would be the speed and power under a head of 18m.
(8M)(2011)

4 a) Explain the working of a Pelton wheel with neat sketches? (8M)

b) A Francis turbine works under a head of 8.5 m at a speed of 300 rpm. A power of 100
KW is developed with a discharge of 3 m3/sec. The runner diameter is 2.2 m. Find the
speed, discharge and power if the head is increased to 18m. (8M) (2011)

5 a) How do you achieve the governing of turbines? Explain with neat sketches. (8M)
b) Discuss the different characteristic curves of turbines? (8M) (2011)

6 a) What is the type of Francis turbine? Explain its working with neat sketches. (10M)
b) Discuss the significance and uses of the draft tubes? Derive the equation for the
efficiency of a draft tube. How are they classified? (6M) (2011)

7 a) What is specific speed? What are its uses? (10M)

b) Why is governing of turbine required? Discuss how the turbines are governed with
neat sketches. (6M) (2011)

8 a) Explain the working of a Kaplan turbine with neat sketches. (6M)

b) What is a draft tube? What are its types? Explain its use and derive the equation for
its efficiency. (10M) (2011)

9. a) What are different unit quantities? Derive the equations (8M)

b) A reaction turbine develops 7000 KW under a head of 45m with a speed of 150 rpm.
What is the specific speed of the turbine? What will be the power and speed when the
turbine works under a head of 20m. (8M)(2012)

10. a) Explain briefly the principles on which a Kaplan turbine works.

b) Explain the different types of the efficiency of a turbine (8M+7M) (2012)

11. Explain i) Unit speed, ii) Unit discharge, iii) Unit power of a hydraulic turbine. Derive
expressions for each of them. (2012)

12. a) How will you classify the turbines?

b) Differentiate between turbines and pumps. (8M+7M)(2012)
13. What do you understand by the characteristics curves of turbine? Name the important
characteristics of a turbine. (15M) (2012)

14 a) A pelton wheel, working under a head of 400 m, produces 12000kW at 400 rpm. If the
efficiency of the wheel is 80%, determine i) discharge of the turbine, ii) diameter of the
wheel and iii) diameter of the nozzle (assume suitable data)
b) With a neat sketch discuss layout of a typical hydropower installation. (7M+8M) (2012)

15. a) How does the load variation on generator have effect on turbine in hydropower
installation? What is the role of a governor?
b) What are unit quantities? Define the unit quantities for turbine (8M+7M) (2012)

16 a) A Pelton wheel turbine produces 20 MW while running at 700 rpm under an effective
head of 1700 m. Calculate, i) least diameter of the jet, ii) mean diameter of the runner and
iii) Number of buckets
b) Explain the different types of the efficiency of a turbine (8M+7M) (2012)

17. a) What is cavitation? How can it be avoided in reaction turbine?

b) What is the basis of selection of a turbine at a particular place? (7M+8M) (2012)

18 a) Explain how hydraulic turbines are classified.

b) Explain briefly the principles on which a Kaplan turbine works. (7M+8M) (2012-sup)

19. a) What is cavitation? How can it be avoided in reaction turbine?

b) What is the basis of selection of a turbine at a particular place? (8M+7M) (2012-sup)

20 a) What are the main differences between impulse and reaction turbines?
b) List the various efficiencies used to express the performance of hydraulic turbines.
(7M+8M) (2012-sup)

21. a) What are unit quantities? Define the unit quantities for turbine.
b) By means of a neat sketch explain the governing mechanism of Francis turbine.
(7M+8M) (2012-sup)

22a) What is draft tube? What are its functions?

b) Describe functions of various main components of Pelton turbine with neat sketch
(7M+8M) (2012-sup)

23. a) What do you mean by surge tank? What are different types of surge tanks?
b) Explain various characteristics curves of a hydraulic turbine. (8M+7M) (2012-sup)

24 a) How will you classify the turbines?

b) Differentiate between turbines and pumps. (7M+8M) (2012-sup)

25. What do you understand by the characteristics curves of turbine? Name the important
characteristics of a turbine. (15M) (2012-sup)
UNIT – 6

1 a)What are the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps ? (8M)

b) Determine the number of the impellers required for a multistage centrifugal pump to
deliver 3000 litres per minute to a height of 200m at a speed of 800 rpm. The specific
speed value is not to exceed 600. (8M) (2011)

2 a) What is a centrifugal pump? How are the centrifugal pumps classified? (8M)
b) A fluid is to be lifted against a head of 120m. The pumps that run at a speed of 1200
rpm with rated capacity of 300 litres per second are available. How many pumps are
required to pump the water if specific speed is 700. (8M)(2011)

3 a) What is the principle of working of a reciprocating pump? Explain the working of

reciprocating pump with neat sketches. (8M)
b) Water is to be pumped to a height of 90m. The pumps that run at a speed of 1000
rpm with rated capacity of 200 litres per second are available. How many pumps are
required to pump the water if specific speed is 800. (8M) (2011)

4 a) What is indicator diagram of a reciprocating pump? Explain the working of a

reciprocating pump with neat sketches. (8M)
b) How many impellers are required in a multistage pump to lift 5000 litres/minute
against a head of 200m, at a speed of 800 rpm. The specific speed of the impeller is not
to exceed 700. (8M) (2011)

5 What do you mean by manometric efficiency, mechanical efficiency and overall efficiency
of centrifugal pump? (15M) (2012)

6 Define a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal pump with
neatsketches. (15M) (2012)

7 a) Discuss in general the main operating characteristics of a centrifugal pump. What is the
importance of constant efficiency curves?
b) Define cavitation. What are the effects of cavitation? (8M+7M) (2012)

8 a) Explain condition in which two pumps may be operated in series or in parallel.

b) What is multistage pump and what are its advantages (8M+7M) (2012)

9 Define a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal pump with
neat sketches. (15M) (2012-sup)

10 What do you mean by manometric efficiency, mechanical efficiency and overall

efficiency of centrifugal pump? (15M)(2012-sup)
11 Define a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal pump with
neat sketches. (15M) (2012-sup)

12 Draw and discuss the operating characteristics of a centrifugal pump (15M) (2012-sup)

13 (a) What is meant by priming of a centrifugal pump? What are the different
priming arrangements employed for small and big pumping units?
(b) A centrifugal pump works against a head of 30 m and discharges 0.25 m3/s
while running at 1000 rpm. The velocity of flow at the outlet is 3 m/s and the
vane angle at outlet is 300. Determine the diameter and width of impeller at
outlet if the hydraulic efficiency is 80 per cent. [8+8] (2009)

14 (a) Define a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal
pump.

(b) The water is to be pumped out of a deep well under a total head of 90m. A number
of identical pumps of design speed 1000 rpm and specific speed 900 rpm with a rated
capacity of 150 lps are available. How many pumps will be required and how should
they be connected ? [8+8] (2009)

15 (a) What is meant by priming of a centrifugal pump? What are the different
priming arrangements employed for small and big pumping units?
(b) A centrifugal pump works against a head of 30 m and discharges 0.25 m3/s while
running at 1000 rpm. The velocity of flow at the outlet is 3 m/s and the vane angle at
outlet is 300. Determine the diameter and width of impeller at outlet if the hydraulic
efficiency is 80 per cent. [8+8] (2009)

16 (a) How will you obtain an expression for the minimum speed for starting a cen-
trifugal pump.
(b) A centrifugal pump with 1.2m diameter runs at 200 rpm and pumps 880 litres
per second, the average lift being 6m. The angle which the vanes make at
exit with the tangent to the impeller is 260 and the radial velocity of flow is
2.5 m/s. Determine the manometric efficiency and the least speed to start
pumping against a head of 6m, the inner diameter of the impeller being 0.6
m. [8+8] (2009)

17 Define a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal pump with
neat sketches. (15M) (2014)

18 What do you mean by manometric efficiency, mechanical efficiency and overall

efficiency of centrifugal pump? (15M) (2014)

19 Define a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal pump with
neat sketches. (15M) (2014)

20 Draw and discuss the operating characteristics of a centrifugal pump (15M) (2014)
21 (R05- 2010)

22 (R05- 2010)

23 (R05- 2010)

24 (2010)
25 (2010)

26 (2010)

27 (a) How are pumps classified ? Quote the approximate values of specific speed for different
types.
(b) Discuss in general the main and operating characteristics of a centrifugal pump ? What is the
importance of constant efficiency curves ? [8+8] (RR 2010)