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A manifestation of income inequality in the Philippines emanates from geography. From the
period beginning the fourth quarter of 2013 to the third quarter of 2014, the average share of
National Capital Region (NCR) was 36 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP),
while Region 4A or CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon) and Central
Luzon have 18 percent and 9 percent shares, respectively. These regions make up more
one-half of the country’s production, as less than half or 37 percent are distributed to the rest of the
country. Mindanao, the whole island that is at the center of recent headlines, accounts only for 18
percent of the GDP, with the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao posting the lowest
contribution at 0.8 percent. In effect, the improved economic performance currently experienced in
the country can be seen as fundamentally based in Luzon, particularly Metro Manila. In any case,
it is not surprising that the top 3 income-generating regions are both found in Luzon and are in fact
located adjacent to one another. Urbanization—the concentration of population in cities and
towns—is a key feature of economic growth. Given its long history as the country’s trade center,
Manila developed at a faster rate than the other cities in the country. Nevertheless, cities need to be
sustained if these are to survive. With agricultural produce coming primarily from Central Luzon
and manufacturing output from CALABARZON, Metro Manila continues to be the premier urban
area in the country. Yet, clearly, without the development in its surrounding regions, the NCR
would certainly not be able to maintain what others consider its “imperialistic” hold over the
country. At the same time, without the necessary markets provided by the NCR, these nearby
regions will not grow at a rate faster than other regions. This tale of three regions clearly shows
the close relationship between urbanization and economic growth. Metro Manila created greater
non-agricultural activities which did not require land intensity and created agglomeration forces
resulting in increased scale of production. In effect, urbanization promoted a structural
transformation from agricultural, involving more people in the production process and, in turn,
generating increased demand for outputs originating in the two other regions. Each sector
experienced greater productivity because of such trends, and in each location, various region-
specific interventions, including infrastructure, allowed economic units to respond effectively to
these trends. This close urbanization-growth linkage, however, does not happen automatically.
Three interrelated factors are needed to be in place. First, regions should exploit the benefits from
the proximity provided by their geographic location. Even without too much infrastructure, the
contiguity across regions must result in lower transaction costs and greater and easier interactions.
The urbanization in Metro Manila, for instance, created clusters of growth which had improved
production technologies in the adjacent regions. To some extent, geography determines the
comparative advantage, or economic potential of combined regions. Second, regions must
develop integration or increased trade connections. Because it exploits the region’s comparative
advantage, trade has been considered as engine of growth and has been a persistent theme in the
economic development literature. To some extent, this may be exaggerated. However, trade needs
to be considered in terms of the capital infusion and technological innovations that are projected in
each location. Externalities from technological changes and learning by doing effects then
maximize the benefits of this integration process over a long period of time. These are functions
that a first-tier urban area is expected to accomplish. Third, institutions have to be established in
order to make trade between these regions more mutually beneficial. This factor has received
increasing attention in the growth literature as it has become evident that property rights,
appropriate regulatory structures, environmental laws, the quality and independence of the
judiciary, and bureaucratic capacity are significant in many settings and that they were of utmost
importance to initiating and sustaining economic growth. Previously seen as being dependent on
incomes, institutions are now considered essential preconditions and determinants of growth. In
fact, macroeconomic policy and the so-called economic fundamentals depend on the institutional
context. The three regions in Luzon have undergone remarkable transformations during the
last two decades in their economic performance, while many others have experienced sharp
deteriorations. Manila for instance has a strong service sector with the advent of the business-
process outsourcing and call-center industry. More recently, however, an upsurge in the
manufacturing sector is noted, particularly in the outskirts of Metro Manila. This suggests that
moderate changes in region-specific circumstances (policies and institutional reforms such as
“matuwid na daan”), often interacting with the external environment, can produce significant
discontinuous changes in economic performances. The key lesson in this tale of Luzon regions is
that the process of urbanization and growth can be replicated in other urban areas in the country in
order to enhance current economic growth and minimize regional disparities. Surely, the products
and the production process may differ in other regions. Desirable institutional arrangements may
also vary and may have a large element of context specificity, arising from differences in historical
trajectories, geography, political economy or other initial conditions. However, difficult though
it may be, a comprehensive approach involving all three factors is all that is needed for this process
to work. In the end, urbanization and the consequent structural transformation will require
institutional changes that are cognizant of the limits imposed by geography and should incorporate
integration as a necessary outcome to be sustainable. As of 2005, the Philippines has an estimated
total population of 85.3 million (National Statistics Office ([NSO], 2006) and ranks as the 14th most populous country in
the world (CIA, 2006). The World Bank estimates that 62% lives in the urban areas (World Bank, 2005). The country’s
population density is 284 persons per square kilometer. The annual population growth rate has remained stable since
1990; it was 2.1% in 2004. The projected population for 2025 is almost 120 million. Urban areas are, and will continue to
be, the center of economic growth in the Philippines. According to the NSO 2003 Annual Survey of Philippine
Business and Industry, almost half (47.3%) of the manufacturing establishments were located in Metro Manila and the
far second was Region IV1 with 22.8%, while Region VII2 and Region III3 accounted for 9.1% and 8.8%, respectively
(NSO, 2006). The number of businesses and industries had increased considerably in the past decade. The 2003 Annual
Survey of Philippine Business and Industry covered 20,579 establishments, 29% (5,900) of which are in the
manufacturing sector. Metro Manila, albeit geographically is only 0.21% of the country’s land area, recorded the highest
number of establishments with 45.8% of the total.
Social and Economic
CALABARZON is designated as Region IV-A. The region is composed of five (5) provinces,
namely: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and QueZON. CALABARZON is located in southern Luzon, just south and west
of Metro Manila and is the second most densely populated region. In 2016, the region's palay production at 407,124
metric tons increased by 3.62 percent from 2015 level. Palay area at 116,768 hectares went up by 3.27 percent. Corn
production was 96,821 metric tons and it grew by 49.36 percent. Its area at 35,084 hectares expanded by 20.21 percent.
Crops 19.39
Livestock 28.23
Poultry 30.45
Fisheries 21.93
In 2016, agricultural production in CALABARZON went up by 3.32 percent. The poultry subsector had the biggest share
at 30.45 percent. It grew by 2.83 percent in output. The livestock subsector with 28.23 percent contribution posted a 7.90
percent output gain. The smallest share of 19.39 percent came from crop subsectors. Its production increased by 2.15
percent. Hogs and chicken were the major commodities produced in CALABARZON with a combined share of 47.84
percent of the region's total agriculture output. For these commodities, CALABARZON was second in rank in the
regional production. Other major commodities were chicken eggs, tilapia and milkfish placing the region in the 1st, 2nd
and 3rd rank, respectively. Hogs and chicken were the major commodities produced in CALABARZON with a combined
share of 47.84 percent of the region's total agriculture output. For these commodities, CALABARZON was second in rank
in the regional production. Other major commodities were chicken eggs, tilapia and milkfish placing the region in the 1st,
2nd and 3rd rank, respectively.
Transportation
Transportation Increasing population and urbanization creates an increasing demand for mobility and more effi
cient means of transportation in the Philippines. The rapid expansion of the vehicle fleet in the country has resulted in
increased traffic c congestion and fuel use. Figure 1.1 shows the number of motor vehicles in the Philippines and in Metro
Manila from 1990 to 2005. There has been more than a threefold increase in the number of road vehicles in the past
decade from 1.6 million in 1990 to more than 5 million in 2005, but the growth rate has decreased from the 9% annual
average in the 1990s to 6.5% from 2001 to 2005. In Metropolitan Manila, the number of vehicles increased from about
600,000 in 1990 to approximately 1.6 million in 2005, which is about 31% of the total for the whole country. The
proportion of vehicles registered in Metro Manila has been declining from 42% (1990) to 31% (2005), suggesting that the
growth of vehicle numbers in other major cities and urban centers are increasing. The Cordillera Autonomous Region7
has the highest percent vehicle growth rate at 22% and five other regions have more than 10% annual growth rate for
2004–2005. Other than Region IV, all of the highly industrialized regions (NCR, Regions III, VII, and XI) have less than
10% growth rate meaning that motorization is likewise rapidly increasing in no urbanized areas in the country. 7 The
Cordillera Administrative Region consists of six provinces, Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Apayao, and Mountain
Province. Population as of 2000 is 1.6 million. Baguio City is the regional center. FIGURE 1.1 Registered Motor Vehicles
in the Philippines and Metro Manila, 1990–2005 Source: Land Transportation Office ce, 2006 graphed by Clean Air
Initiative-Asia" Motorcycles dominate the vehicle fleet in the country. Figure 1.2 shows that in 2005, 42.6% or almost
2.15 million units are motorcycles, 32.3% (1.6 million) are utility vehicles, 15.6% (790,000) are cars, and the remaining
9.5% are trucks, sports utility vehicles, buses, and trailers. Majority of registered vehicles are in Metro Manila, Regions
III, and IV, except for motorcycles—which is the preferred mode of transport for short-distance travels. A study
conducted by ADB in 2005 showed that 94% of the country’s motorcycles are with two-stroke engines and use untreated
used oil (ADB, 2005a) instead of the quality of lubricant recommended by vehicle manufacturers. FIGURE 1.3 Regional
Distribution by Vehicle Type, 2005 CAI = Clean Air Initiative; LTO = Land Transportation Office; MC/TC =
motorcycle/tricycle; NCR = National Capital Region; UV = utility vehicle; % = percent Source: LTO, 2006 and graph by
CAI-Asia. 4 COUNTRY SYNTHESIS REPORT ON URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Gasoline-fuelled
vehicles (72% of the total fleet) dominate the country. Both gas- and diesel-fuelled vehicles showed threefold increase in
15 years. Gasoline-fuelled vehicles increased from 1.16 million in 1990 to more than 2.5 million while dieselfuelled
vehicles increased from 440,000 in 1990 to 1.4 million in 2005. Diesel-fuelled vehicles are increasing at an average
annual growth rate of 6%. Public transport system in the country is highly variable, depending on geographic and
economic conditions. The Land Transportation Office ce (LTO) 2005 data showed that only 18% of the country’s vehicle
(890,000 units) is used for public transport, while 80.6% is registered as private vehicles. Light rail transit (LRT) systems
are available in Metro Manila only where they were built primarily to alleviate the chronic traffic c congestion in the
metropolis. The ere are three LRT lines in operation: LRT Line 1 (15-km line with current ridership of 300,000
passengers/day), LRT Line 2 (13-km line with current ridership of 200,000 passengers per day), and Epifanio Delos
Santos Avenue (EDSA)-MRT (17-km line with current ridership of 400,000 passengers per day). As the lines expanded,
more commuters have been utilizing LRT resulting to a 29% increase in ridership from 118 million in 2004 to 147 million
passengers in 2005 (National Statistical Coordinating Board, Light Rail Transit Authority, Department of Transportation
and Communications [DOTC] 2006)
Tourism
The first recorded name of the Province was Kumintang, after the Datu who inherited the dominion from Datu
Balensusa. Its center, the present day Balayan, was the most progressive town of the Province and the traditional center
of governance. Later, as the eruption of the Taal Volcano destroyed a significant portion of the town, the provincial
center was transferred to Taal, which was then called Bonbon and the name of the province was changed after that of the
town. The term Batangas means a raft, the people used so that they could fish in the nearby Taal Lake. It also meant the
numerous logs found in the Calumpang River, the body of water that runs through the northeastern portion of the town
and assumes the shape of a tuning fork. Batangas is a combination of plains and mountains, including the world's
smallest volcano, Mt. Taal, with an elevation of 600 meters, located in the middle of the Taal Lake. Other important
peaks are Mt. Makulot with an elevation of 830 m, Mt. Talamitan with 700 m, Mt. Pico de Loro with 664 m, Mt. Batulao
with 811 m, Mt. Manabo with 830 m, and Mt. Daguldol with 672 m. The Municipality of Nasugbu is the home of the
plantation of Central Azucarera Don Pedro, the Philippines' largest producer of sugar and other sugarcane products.
Batangas also has many islands, including Tingloy, Verde Island(Isla Verde), Fortune Island of Nasugbu.
Although attached to the big Island of Luzon, Batangas boasts of flora and fauna that is distinctively theirs. The
local tree malabayabas is endemic to the province alone while the endangered flying fox thrives there without fear.
Batangas is also home to the kabag (Haplonycteris fischeri), one of the world's smallest fruit bat. In the Municipality of
Nasugbu, wild deers are still inhabiting the remote areas of Barangay Looc. But although Batangas has these land
flying mammals, marine wildlife remains to be the province's crowning glory. In fact, in the second half of 2006,
scientists from the United States discovered that the Sulu-Sulawesi Triangle has its center at the Isla Verde Passage, a
part of the province. According to this study, made by the American Marine Biologist Dr. Kent Carpentier, Batangas
Seas host more than half of the world's species of coral reefs. It is also home to dolphins and once in a while, a
passage of the world's biggest fish the whale shark or the butanding, as the locals call it. The Municipality of San Juan, as
a matter of fact, has a resident marine turtle or pawikan. Pawikans were also prevalent in the Municipality of Nasugbu
during the 1970s.
Natural Attractions
Gerthel Beach is one of the finest beaches of the area. The one-kilometer stretch of white sand beach has a gradually
sloping ocean floor of up to about two hundred meters before the drop off.
Submarine Garden
Lobo, Batangas
The garden consists of living corals near the shore of one of the beaches of Lobo. It can be clearly seen during the early
mornings, when the water is clear and the tide is low.
Located in the town of San Juan, the area has white sand and a living colony of corals.
Hugon Beach
The white sand of Hugon Beach is one kilometer long. Some parts of the sea floor have smooth rocks but most are sandy.
There is a sudden drop-off of about ten meters from the beach. The waters of the beach are also good for snorkeling.
Pollution
Citing harmful effects to marine biodiversity, an environmental group on Tuesday protested the impending large-scale
mining project of an Australian-Canadian firm in Batangas before the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR).
In a statement, Kalikasan People’s Network for the Environment said the large-scale operation of MRL Gold-Egerton
Gold Philippines Inc. in the municipality of Lobo would not only affect the biodiversity in the area, but also the Verde
Island Passage.
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The Verde Island Passage, which has been declared the center of marine biodiversity in the world, is a strait between
Luzon and the island of Mindoro.
“The Aquino government and its local counterpart in Batangas are both out of their minds in allowing the Egerton large-
scale mining project to push through in the municipality of Lobo,” said Clementine Bautista, Kalikasan PNE’s national
coordinator.
The dialogue protest, which was organized and attended by local church leaders, local fisherfolk organizations and other
environmental groups, was particularly aimed at getting the attention of the DENR’s Environmental Management Bureau
(EMB), the agency in charge of issuing environmental compliance certificates, to prevent the foreign firm from operating
in the country.
Bautista said the impending environmental risks of the mining project to the Verde Island Passage should be “more than
enough” for the EMB to deny Gold-Egerton of its compliance certificate.
“The Egerton gold project will be utilizing open-pit mining technology, which will result in the production and dumping
of millions of metric tons of mine wastes into the Lobo River down to the waters of the Verde Island Passage,” Bautista
said. “This impending mine pollution will surely spell death to current marine conservation areas in Lobo municipality
alone.”
In 1997, DENR declared Lobo the fifth of 18 biodiversity centers in the world. The municipality houses four declared
marine conservation areas, namely the Lobo Mangrove Conservation Area, Sawang Olo-olo Fish Sanctuary and Refuge
Area, Malabrigo Fish Sanctuary and Refuge Area and Biga Fish Sanctuary and Refuge Area.
Apart from negative environmental consequences, environmental groups said the mining project would also affect the
food security and source of livelihood of local residents and may even displace some communities.
“As large-scale mining involves deforestation and land clearing, flora and fauna will be surely lost and communities will
be displaced in the development and commercial operation of the mining project,” Bautista said.
In October 2006, the DENR issued a mining exploration permit to MRL Gold Philippines Inc. and its affiliate Egerton
Gold Philippines Inc
Cigarette Smoking
BATANGAS CITY -- The provincial government, through the Provincial Health Office (PHO), is enhancing its tobacco
intervention program as it intensifies the establishment of smoke-free environments in public and enclosed places in the
province by cascading information and awareness through the local health workers. Batangas public information
office chief Jenelyn A. Aguilera told Philippine News Agency on Monday that the PHO, in close coordination with the
Department of Health (DOH) 4-A Regional Office, has convened health workers throughout the province for a two-day
orientation and briefings last June 7 to 8 on the government’s tobacco intervention program. Aguilera said the
attendees included provincial medical personnel, Municipal Health Officers (MHOs); City Health Officers (CHOs);
public health nurses from the different district hospitals and Rural Health Units (RHUs) with resource persons from the
DOH 4-A and PHO. Topping the agenda in the gathering among health workers here is the Executive Order No. 26 on
“Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Places” signed by President
Rodrigo Duterte last May 16, 2017. The Presidential issuance calls for a strict smoking ban in all public and enclosed
places nationwide, clearly defining all places as fixed or mobile that are accessible or open to the public or places for
collective use, whether government or privately-owned. But health authorities here assessed that many Filipinos and even
foreigners are either not complying or unaware of the law’s enforcement covering public places such as schools,
workplaces, government facilities, establishments that provide food and drinks, accommodation, merchandise,
professional services, entertainment or other services. They explained that the smoking ban also applies to public
convergence areas which also include outdoor spaces, such as playgrounds, sports grounds, centers, church grounds,
health/hospital compounds, transportation terminals, markets, parks, resorts, walkways, sidewalks, entrance ways, waiting
areas, and similar areas. They also noted that mobile public conveyances include open or for collective use such
as elevators, airplanes, ships, jeepneys, buses, tricycles, taxicabs, trains, light rail transits and similar vehicles.
According to the DOH 4-A, while the Presidential directive also underscores that “public health takes precedence
over any commercial or business interest,” many Filipinos, especially among the government workers, are guilty of not
complying with the EO. In an interview, DOH Senior Health Program Officer Maria Theresa Malubag said that
they were intensifying awareness and consciousness among the local health workers so they could help smokers quit
smoking and avert other individuals from being tempted to be lured into smoking. Malubag explained that their
tobacco intervention program includes requesting patients to be diagnosed of certain illnesses or diseases to also respond
to medical practitioners’ inquiries on their smoking history and those of the family members’ smoking background.
She said those undergoing the Brief Tobacco Intervention and Smoking Cessation Program are given self-help
materials and professional medical advice and counseling provided by health institutions in their localities. She
added that this program is a step towards gradual purging of the smoking habit and averting addiction of the smokers to
the tobacco products, thus lowering the number of tobacco dependents in the province, in particular and the country, in
general. Meanwhile, Dr. Marilou Espiritu, DOH 4-A Medical Officer III for the Health and Wellness Program,
also presented the “Briefer on Intervention to Nicotine Addiction and Essential Intervention Program. She also
informed local health workers here on the ill effects of smoking through the “Three Links of Tobacco Dependence,”
namely biological , psychological and socio-cultural dependence. (PNA)
Burning
The City hereby adopts the following regulation on the use of plastic and Styrofoam materials for packaging in all
business transactions within the City. The use of plastic bags as packaging materials for dry goods is prohibited. All
business establishments shall pack dry good products in biodegradable materials such as recycled product carton boxes
and paper bags. Dry goods maybe packed in plastic bags or non-biodegradable packing materials provided that
such packing materials were supplied by the costumers. The use of plastic bags on wet goods (e.g. fresh fish.,
meat products) is regulated. Plastic bags maybe used for such products as a primary packaging material. No
business establishment shall offer or sell plastic bags to be used as secondary packaging material or as primary packaging
on dry goods. The use of Styrofoam as packaging materials or as containers for food, fruits and vegetables containers is
also prohibited. Plastic bags and Styrofoam containers are hereby de-categorized under non-biodegradable wastes
and hence shall not be collected during the collection schedule for non-biodegradable waste products under the regular
Solid Waste Collection program. These waste materials shall be surrendered to their respective barangay MRF provided
that these materials must be cleaned and dried prior to its turn over to the Barangay. The City ENRO shall monitor
the effective implementation of the banning of plastic after six months of massive information campaign and coordination
with affected business establishments. Gradual implementation of banning of use of plastic materials shall be observed on
following stages; Stage 1 (6 months from approval of this E-code) – Implementation shall cover Market 1, 2, 3 and
all local government institution and all enterprises within its premises. Stage 2 (8 months from approval of this E-code)
– Implementation shall cover all educational institutions. Stage 3 (2 years from approval of this E-code) –
Implementation shall cover all business enterprises within Urban Areas of the City. Stage 4 (3 years from approval
of this E-code) – Full implementation of the banning of use of Styrofoam and non-environmentally accepted and thin
plastic materials. Information Education and Communication Campaign - The City shall promote this regulation
though the conduct of massive information education and communication campaign using media (print, radio, television
and internet) for six month upon approval and effectivity of this code. Section 85. Prohibited and Punishable Acts
a) All business establishments and/or individuals are prohibited from selling and providing plastic bags to customers as
secondary packaging materials on wet goods; selling and providing plastic bags to customers as packaging material on dry
goods; selling and providing Styrofoam as containers; and disposing plastic wastes. b) Littering, throwing, dumping of
waste materials in public places, such as roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros or parks, and other establishments within the
city; c) Collecting, operating or transporting of equipment or any undertakings in violation of sanitation operation in the
City; d) The burning of solid waste in any open areas within the City; e) Disposal of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable materials (plastics and other litter in rivers such as Calumpang river and other river system within the city
of Batangas; f) Uncontrolled dumping of wastes along the bay’s shoreline and coastal waters ; g) Dumping of plastic
materials fishing nets and lines, packing bands, straps, synthetic ropes, plastic bags bottle sheets and other containers and
even medical equipment in all coastal barangays; h) Dumping of waste materials that would pollute Verde Island.(i)
Illegal disposal of domestic waste into vacant residential or commercial lot. j) Collection of non-segregated or unsorted
wastes for both hospital, commercial, industrial and domestic waste in the City (k) Open dumping, burying of
biodegradable or non-biodegradable materials in frequently flooded prone areas particularly in Kumintang Ibaba, Sta.
Rita, BSU site and public market; l) Unauthorized removal of recyclable material intended for collection by authorized
persons; m) The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any vehicle, box, container or
receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal; n) The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally
acceptable packaging materials. o) Importation of consumer products packaged in non-environmentally acceptable
materials; p) Importation of all toxic wastes, with or without the “recyclable” or “with recyclable content”; q) Transport
and dump log in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial, and institutional wastes in areas other than centers or
facilities prescribe under this Act; r) Site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste management
facilities without an Environmental Compliance Certificate required pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this
Act and not conforming with the land use plan of Batangas City; s) Squatting within the San Jose Sico controlled dump
site and decommissioned dump site in Brgy Tingga Labac is prohibited. t) The construction or operation of landfills or
any waste disposal facility or any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area and/or any portion thereof.
Violation of Article XII Section 85 on prohibited and punishable acts under this code shall be penalized as follows:
Third offense and each succeeding offense Php 1,500.00 fine and/or imprisonment of not more than six (6) months
upon the discretion of the court. In addition to the imposition of fines and penalties on individual violators, in the case of
business establishments, Php1,500.00 for the first offense, Php5,000.00 for the second offense and cancellation of their
license to operate and/or closure for a period of one year.
This factsheet provides information on 2012 greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the Philippines. Included is an
overview of emissions by sector, changes in emissions, information on carbon intensity, as well as climate change
mitigation targets and plans. The Philippines total GHG emissions in 2012 were 157.6 million metric tons of carbon
dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e), totaling 0.33 percent of global GHG emissions. In the Philippines, 54 percent of GHG
emissions came from the energy sector, followed by the agriculture, industrial processes, waste, and land-use change
and forestry sectors which contributed 33 percent, 8 percent, 7 percent and -1 percent respectively to GHG
emissions. GHG emissions in the Philippines increased 53 percent between 1990 and 2012. The Philippines’ GDP
increased by 134 percent in the same time period, indicating that GDP was growing faster than GHG emissions.
Despite GDP growing faster than GHG emissions, in 2012, GHG emissions relative to GDP were higher than the
world average, indicating potential for improvement. In 2010, the Philippines Climate Change Commission (CCC)
formulated the 2010-2022 National Framework Strategy on Climate Change which identified a long-term mitigation
objective of facilitating the transition towards low GHG emissions for sustainable development. Greenhouse gas
(GHG) emission in the Philippines is set for “dramatic increases” unless a proactive approach to mitigation is taken,
according to a report of the Asian Development Bank The ADB’s 89-page report, “Pathways to Low-Carbon
Development for the Philippines,” finds that without actions to mitigate climate change, GHG emissions from the
sectors of transportation, power generation and household electricity may rise by six times between 2015 and 2050.
The ADB said that, on the other hand, a limited number of options in these sectors have the potential to dramatically
reduce emissions, with nearly a 70-percent reduction by 2050 .“When the fact that many of these options have
substantial co-benefits is considered, this suggests that the Philippines has much to gain from a low-carbon path,” the
bank said. “It also suggests that the country may be an efficient object of carbon finance were international carbon
markets to emerge from the Paris Agreement or as an object of international assistance,” the ADB added, referring to
an international pact to limit global warming to below 2 degrees from pre-industrial level. The multilateral lender
said that, in the Philippines, most of the mitigation potential were seen in low-carbon electricity generation in the
power sector. “In the medium term, this study finds substantial potential for abatement from renewables using
current technologies, while in the longer term, more advanced technologies are likely to be needed to continue low-
carbon growth of the energy mix,” the ADB said. In the power generation sector, ADB finds that current policies
provide many of the elements needed to promote increased generation from renewables and other low-carbon
sources. But the bank also finds that implementation can be extended and augmented with a greater array of
complementary measures like facilitative infrastructure and altered contracting arrangements.