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"ratio of stress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that
axis"
It can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield
1 Pa (N/m2) = 1x10-6 N/mm2 = 1.4504x10-4 psi
Strain - ε
Strain is the "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in dimension divided by the original value of the
dimension - and can be expressed as
ε = dL / L (1)
where
Stress - σ
Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as
σ=F/A (2)
where
tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts normal to the stressed area
compressible stress - stress that tends to compress or shorten the material - acts normal to the
stressed area
shearing stress - stress that tends to shear the material - acts in plane to the stressed area at right-
angles to compressible or tensile stress
Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity - E
Young's modulus can be expressed as
E = stress / strain
= σ/ε
= (F / A) / (dL / L) (3)
where
named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young
Elasticity
Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after
distortion.
A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it
back to its original length. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's
Law.
Hooke's Law
It takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement
upon the stretching force is called Hooke's law and can be expressed as
Fs = -k dL (4)
where
Note that Hooke's Law can also be applied to materials undergoing three dimensional stress (triaxial loading).
Yield strength - σy
Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo
before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.