1.

DESIGN CRITERIA – STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1.1 General

The main purpose and the objective is to formulate and finalize technical data,
design assumptions, codes of practice, methods and procedures to be
adopted in the structural design of Building at 10-C Liberty Market Lahore.

1.2 Reference Codes and Standards

The structural design of the above mentioned building will be carried out in
accordance with the requirements of the codes and standards issued by the
following:

i) ACI 318-02 -American Concrete Institute

ii) UBC-2002 -American Uniform Building Code
iii) ASCE 7-05 -American Society of Civil Engineers
iv) PBC(!(986) -Pakistan Building Code

1.3 Materials

1.3.1 Concrete

The type and quality of concrete will be as stated below:

a) Blinding

- Cement Type : Ordinary Portland Cement

Conforming to ASTM C-150 type I.

- 28 Day Compressive : 1400 psi

Cylinder Strength

b) Foundations and Basement Retaining Walls

- Cement Type : Ordinary Portland Cement

Conforming to ASTM C-150 type I.

- Max. Size of Aggregate : ¾ inch

- 28 Days Compressive : 3000 psi

Cylinder Strength

c) Super Structure Components except Columns

- Cement Type : Ordinary Potland Cement Conforming to

ASTM C-150 type I.
- Max. Size of Aggregate : ¾ inch

- 28 Days Compressive : 3000 psi

Cylinder Strength

d) Columns

- Cement Type : Ordinary Portland cement conforming to

ASTM C-150 type I.

- Max. Size of Aggregate : ¾ inch

- 28 Days Compressive : 3000 psi

Cylinder Strength

1.3.2 Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcing steel of bar size #3 to #8 conforming to ASTM–A615 Grade 60

(fy = 60000 psi) will be used in reinforced concrete works except ties of
beams and columns.

Reinforcing steel of bar size #3 conforming to ASTM–A615 Grade 40 (fy

= 40000 psi) will be used for ties of beams and columns.

1.4 Durability

To ensure adequate durability, the following measures will be adopted in the

analysis, design and detailing of reinforced concrete works.

1.4.1 Cover to Reinforcement

The minimum cover from the surface of concrete to the nearest reinforcement
will be provided as below:

 Footings & Foundations

- Concrete cast against and
Permanently exposed to earth = 2 inch
- Concrete in contract with earth
And surface protected with water = 2 inch
proofing.
 Columns = 1-1/2 inch
 Beams = 1-1/2 inch
 Floor Slabs = ¾ inch

1.4.2 Blinding

3 inch thick concrete blinding layer will be placed under all foundations.
1.4.3 Water Proofing

Water proof membrane shall be applied to all concrete surfaces in contact

with earth and will consist of fabric based impregnated bitumen sheet 0.5mm
thick with aluminum foiled.

1.5 Loads

All foundations, structures and components will be designed to safely

withstand all loads and combinations of loads to which they are likely to be
subjected.

1.5.1 Dead Load (D)

The Dead Load (D) will be considered to include:

a) Self weight of structure including all finishes, partitions, and

superimposed dead loads.

The unit weight of building materials as given below as per PBC (1986) will be
considered for the calculation of dead load.

i) Concrete (Plain) = 144 lbs/ft3

ii) Concrete (Reinforced) = 150 lbs/ft3
iv) Brick Masonry = 120 lb/ft3

1.5.2 Live Loads (L)

Live Loads are the loads imposed due to the use of occupancy of the building
or structure. These cover all the various situations of loading that may occur
during the life of the structure, and include maintenance loads, exceptional
loads and additional equipment etc.

a) Uniformly Distributed Loads

Live loads to be considered will not be less than the minimum specified in
Table 4-1 of ASCE 7- 05

Following loads will be considered as the minimum.

- Retail Stores
Ground and 1st Floors = 100 lbs/ft2
2nd to 5th Floors = 75 lbs/ft2
- Roof = 30 lbs/ft2
b) Reduction in Live Loads

Members having an influence area of 400 sq. feet or more will be designed for
a reduced live load computed using the following equation, if applicable.

L = Lo (0.25 + 15/√A1)
Where,
L = Reduced design live load per square foot of area supported by the
member.
Lo = Un-reduced design live load per square foot.
A1 = Influence area in square feet.

1.5.3 Earthquake Load (E)

The Earthquake Load will be calculated in accordance with American Uniform

Building Code using the following relationship.

V = (ZIC/Rw) W
Where,
V = Maximum Base Shear
Z = 0.15 (Zone: 2A of UBC)
I = 1.00
W = Total self weight of structure
Rw = 5.5
S = 3

1.6 Combinations of Loads

The following combinations of loads will be considered for the structural

design of the structures, components and foundations. The ultimate design
strength shall exceed the effect of these factored load combinations.

i) U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L
ii) U = (1.4 D +1.7 L + 1.0 E) x 0.75
iii) U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E

The following combinations of unfactored loads will be considered in the the

checking of bearing pressures under the foundations. The bearing capacity of
soil shall exceed the effect of these combinations

i) ASD = D+L
ii) ASD = (D + L + 0.714 E) x 0.75

1.7 Methods of Calculations

1.7.1 Superstructure Design

Manual and/or computer calculations will be carried out as considered

appropriate.
The structure shall be analyzed using 3-D frame elements and plate elements
on STAAD3 structural program.

The design will be carried out using the Ultimate Strength Design Method
(USD) of American Concrete Institute Code ACI 318.

Reinforced concrete members subject to flexure shall be designed to have

adequate stiffness to limit deflections or any deformations that may adversely
affect strength or serviceability of a structure at service loads.

1.7.2 Foundation Design

The foundation of Building at 10-C Liberty Market Lahore will be designed as

a mat foundation on elastic subsoil strata. The allowable bearing capacity
(net) of substrata has been used 1.48 ton/ft 2 as per geotechnical investigation
report.

The subgrade modulus will be computed as recommended in BOWLES book

of “Foundation Analysis and Design” for determination of soil springs to use as
elastic support in the analysis of raft.