PHYSICS

i.

A)It is advisable to use renewable sources of energy as they are unlimited,do not cause
environmental degradation and it causes less global warming.

B) The oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur that are released on burning fossil fuels are acidic
oxides. These lead to acid rain which affects our water and soil resources.

ii.

a)in a hydropower plant,the potential energy of water stored at a height is converted into knetic
energy of flowing water which is further used to rotate the turbine i.e.mechanical energy which
further produces electrical energy.

Potential energy->kinetic energy->mechanical energy->electrical energy

b)the advantages are flood control,hydroelectricity,navigation,recreation,irrigation,water supply etc

c) constructions of big dams have certain problems associated with it. The dams can be constructed
only in a limited number of places, preferably in hilly terrains. Large areas of agricultural land and
human habitation are to be sacrificed as they get submerged. Large eco-systems are destroyed when
submerged under the water in dams. The vegetation which is submerged rots under anaerobic
conditions and gives rise to large amounts of methane which is also a green-house gas. It creates the
problem of satisfactory rehabilitation of displaced people. Opposition to the construction of Tehri
Dam on the river Ganga and Sardar Sarovar project on the river Narmada are due to such problems

iii.

a)Main constituent of biogas is methane(75%).The plant has a dome-like structure built with bricks.
A slurry of cow-dung and water is made in the mixing tank from where it is fed into the digester. The
digester is a sealed chamber in which there is no oxygen. Anaerobic micro-organisms that do not
require oxygen decompose or break down complex compounds of the cow-dung slurry. It takes a
few days for the decomposition process to be complete and generate gases like methane, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. The bio-gas is stored in the gas tank above the digester
from which they are drawn through pipes for use.

It burns without smoke, leaves no residue like ash in wood, charcoal and coal burning.

b) Biogas plants considered to be boon to the farmers:

(a) Farmers can produce clean fuel from biowastes.

(b) Spent slurry can be used to generate electricity.

(c) The remains of these wastes in biogas plant can be used by the farmer as manure.
c) When wood is burnt in a limited supply of oxygen, water and volatile materials present in it get
removed and charcoal is left behind as the residue. Charcoal burns without flames, is comparatively
smokeless and has a higher heat generation efficiency.

iv)

a)pg249

b)Plane mirror-to reflect max light of sun inside the cooker

Black surface-to absorb more heat as dark colours absorb more heat.

Glass sheet-due to the glass sheet the light energy will go out and the heat will be trapped inside
the cooker to cook food.

c) Advantages of solar cooker are:

1. there is no cost of fuel.

2. it is environment friendly and there is no residue like ash etc.

3. cooking is hygienic and nutritious.

(write any 2)

disadvantages of solar cooker are:

(write any 2)

1. cooking is slow.

2. it cannot be used all times.

3. a solar cooker can perform only limited functions.

4. solar cookers have limited utility at the places where sunlight is less as in the polar regions or
where there are too much rains

V.

a)nuclear fusion

b)
 Basis Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

Fusion would be defined as

Fission would be defined as
the joining of two or more
Definition the division of single atom into
small atoms to form a large
multiple atoms of small size.
atom.

Huge amount of energy

The necessity of Requires less energy to divide
required to combine small
Energy atoms to two or more ones.
atoms to form a large atom.

The amount of energy

The release of energy in
The release of released in fission is much
fusion is way higher than that
Energy lower than the energy
of the fission reaction.
released in fusion.

c) The major hazard of nuclear power generation is the storage and disposal of spent or used fuels –
the uranium still decaying into harmful subatomic particles (radiations). Improper nuclear-waste
storage and disposal result in environmental contamination. Further, there is a risk of accidental
leakage of nuclear radiation