Section 2

1. Bit balling

 Formation = reactive shale (

 Mud = water base mud (cause shale to swell and eventually cause bit balling. Balling doesn’t
occur with an oil based mud), rheology
 Drilling Operation = bit type, bit torque, weight on bit (affect cutting’s shape)

*note: bit balling disebabkan oleh mechanical (drilling operation) dan dari chemical (formation and
mud compound). Penanganannya dari 2 sisi juga, secara mechanical (reducing weight on bit prevent
bit balling significantly) dan chemical (use inhibited mud). (Cheatam et al., 1990)

2. Hole Cleaning

 Drilling operation = hydraulic, pump pressure, nozzle size, hole geometry, ROP, string
movement, cutting properties (shape and size), flow regime (laminar and turbulent)
 Mud = rheology (viscosity, yield point -> cutting lifting, gel strength -> prevent cutting from
settling down), mud weight
 Formation = Loose sandstone

*note:

Problems associated with poor hole cleaning:

- Excessive over-pull on trips

- High rotary torque
- Stuck pipe
- Hole pack-off
- Formation break down
- Slow rate of penetration
- Lost circulation

Parameters assist hole cleaning that is within the rig crews control:

- Pumping hole cleaning pills

- Method used to POOH
- Reaming speeds
- Rates of penetration
- Flow rate
- String movement

General factors affecting hole cleaning:

- Cutting transport
- Yield stress
- Hole geometry
- Cutting properties
- Rheology
- Flow rate
- Mud weight
Section 3

1. Wellbore instability (Pauziyah et al., 2003)

 Formation = Reactive and dispersive silty shale, loose sandstone, depleted sandstone,
formation properties, formation pressure,
 Mud = mud weight (balance formation pressure), rheology (shear stress in the wall wellbore
as low as possible), low filtrate loss, good mud cake, low activity mud, mud additives (shale
inhibition)
 Drilling operation = well geometry

Problem Associated:

- Stuck pipe
- Tight-hole overpull
- Sloughing shale

Comprehensive practical methodology for optimum wellbore profile and efficient wellbore stability
analysis (Chen et al., 1998)
2. Hole cleaning (IDEM)

3. Lost circulation

 Mud = mud weight (overbalance condition), ECD, fluid loss, LCM particle size,
 Formation = permeable unconsolidated formation, porous formation, depleted sand (low
pressure zone), formation fracture pressure, loose sandstone, geomechanics stress
 Drilling operation = hydraulic, pump pressure, surge

Lost circulation may have several consequences: (Luzardo et al., 2015)

- Fluid inflow
- Wellbore collapse
- Formation damage
- Non-productive rig time
- Environmental issues
- Differential sticking

Section 4

1. Wellbore instability (Pauziyah et al., 2003)

 Formation = Reactive and dispersive silty shale, loose sandstone, depleted sandstone,
formation properties, formation pressure, coal stringers, fault
 Mud = mud weight (balance formation pressure), rheology (shear stress in the wall wellbore
as low as possible), low filtrate loss, good mud cake, low activity mud, mud additives (shale
inhibition)
 Drilling operation = well geometry

Problem Associated:

- Stuck pipe
- Tight-hole overpull
- Sloughing shale
- Differential sticking
- Mechanical sticking

2. Hole Cleaning (IDEM)

3. Lost circulation

 Mud = mud weight (overbalance condition), ECD, fluid loss, LCM particle size,
 Formation = permeable unconsolidated formation, porous formation, depleted sand (low
pressure zone), formation fracture pressure, loose sandstone, geomechanics stress, fault,
coal stringers
 Drilling operation = hydraulic, pump pressure, surge

Lost circulation may have several consequences: (Luzardo et al., 2015)

- Fluid inflow
- Wellbore collapse
- Formation damage
- Non-productive rig time
- Environmental issues
- Gas kick
- Differential sticking