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Dynamic buckling of suddenly heated or compressed FGM beams resting on

nonlinear elastic foundation

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 Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Dynamic buckling of suddenly heated or compressed FGM beams resting

on nonlinear elastic foundation
S.E. Ghiasian, Y. Kiani, M.R. Eslami ⇑
Mechanical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, static and dynamic buckling of an FGM beam subjected to uniform temperature rise loading
Available online 11 June 2013 and uniform compression are studied. Material properties of the beam are assumed to be graded across
the thickness. Each thermo-mechanical property of the beam is assumed to be temperature dependent.
Keywords: Initial imperfection of the beam is also taken into account. The beam is resting over a three-parameter
Nonlinear elastic foundation elastic foundation with hardening/softening cubic nonlinearity which acts in tension as well as in com-
Temperature dependent pression. Nonlinear governing equations are obtained based on the static version of virtual displacements
Thermal buckling
and are solved via the multi-term Galerkin method. Dynamic buckling load levels are estimated based on
Hoff-Simitses Criterion
Dynamic buckling
the well-known Hoff-Simitses criterion. Results reveal that for sufficiently stiff softening elastic founda-
Galerkin method tion, post-buckling equilibrium path becomes unstable. Furthermore, when the thermal post-buckling
equilibrium path is stable, no dynamic buckling occurs according to this criterion.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are known as a class of
novel materials which are generally comprised of different constit-
uents. Structures made of FGMs are typically used in high thermal
environment. Therefore, studying the static or dynamic thermal
stability of structures made of FGMs is a main step for design
purposes.
The linear thermal buckling analysis of FGM beams is well-
studied through the last decade. For instance, Kiani and Eslami
[1,2] analyzed the linear bifurcation analysis of FGM beams sub-
jected to various types of thermal loads. In these researches, the
eigenvalue analysis of stability equations is accomplished to ex-
tract the thermal buckling temperatures of the beam. It is reported
that bifurcation-type of buckling occurs in especial cases of ther-
mal loading and boundary conditions due to the asymmetrical
property distribution with respect to the mid-surface of the FGM
beams. In two other studies, Kiani et al. [3,4] obtained the influence
of applied actuator voltage to enhance the critical buckling tem-
perature of FGM beams. Based on a higher order beam theory,
Wattanasakulpong [5] obtained the linear buckling temperatures
of the FGM beams based on the conventional Ritz method. Based
on finite elements method, Bhangale and Ganesan extracted the
thermal buckling loads and natural frequencies of FGM beams con-
taining a viscoelastic layer [6]. Li and Batra presented explicit
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 64543416.
E-mail address: eslami@aut.ac.ir (M.R. Eslami).
expressions to obtain the axial buckling loads of FGM and homoge-
neous beams based on both Euler and Timoshenko beam theories
[7]. It is shown that, for some types of boundary conditions, the
critical buckling loads of FGM Timoshenko beams can be deduced
from those of homogeneous Euler beams.
Thermal post-buckling analysis of FGM beams is also investi-
gated through the open literature based on various numerical
methods. Among these investigations, Zhao et al. [8] employed
the shooting method to trace the load–deflection equilibrium path
of a heated slender beam. It is reported that bifurcation points may
be detected through the deflection-temperature as well as end-
shortening force -temperature paths. Anandrao et al. [9] carried
out a single term Ritz method based on trigonometric functions
to obtain explicit expressions of temperature-deflection equilib-
rium path in heated FGM beams. Ma and Lee [10] developed an ex-
act closed-form solution suitable for moderately thick FGM beams
to obtain the post-buckled shapes of beams with both edges pin-
ned or clamped as a function of uniform temperature rise. A shoot-
ing method suitable for the Timoshenko FGM beams with both
edges clamped is developed by Li et al. [11]. For the post-buckling
problem of FGM beams over an elastic foundation, Fallah and Agh-
dam [12,13] presented a single-term Galerkin solution for slender
beams subjected to uniform temperature rise loading. The above-
mentioned works on the subject of thermal post-buckling of FGM
beams, however, are restricted to the temperature-independent
materials.
For the FGM beams with temperature dependent material
properties, Esfahani et al. [14] implemented the generalized differ-
ential quadrature method to trace the temperature-deflection

0263-8223/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.06.001
226 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234

equilibrium path of FGM beams that are resting over a hardening 2. Functionally graded beam
elastic foundation. Five possible cases of boundary conditions in
conjunction with two types of thermal loading are considered in Consider a beam of Length L, width b, and thickness h referred
their work. Based on a single-term Galerkin method, Fu et al. to the conventional Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z), as shown
[15] studied the influence of piezoelectric layers on the buckling in Fig. 1. The beam is made of functionally graded materials. Prop-
and post-buckling equilibrium path of a heated FGM beam. This erties are assumed to be graded through-the-thickness. The vol-
study, however, is restricted to beams with both edges clamped ume fractions of the constituent materials, which are assumed to
and immovable. A shooting method is also developed by Ma and be ceramic of volume Vc and metal of volume Vm, may be expressed
Lee [16] to solve the highly nonlinear equilibrium equations of a using the power law distribution as [1–4]
heated FGM beam. In this study temperature dependency of the  f
constituents as well as various edge supports are taken into 1 z
Vm ¼ 1  V c; V c ¼ þ ð1Þ
account. 2 h
The dynamic buckling of FGM beams subjected to mechanical where f is the power law index which accepts the nonnegative val-
or thermal loads is not yet reported. However, for other mechanical ues. The common Voigt rule of mixture is used to express the equiv-
structures only a few investigations are available. For cylindrical alent material properties of the beam. According to this rule, each
shells, Shariyat examined the thermal, pressure-loaded, and axially thermomechanical property P may be expressed as
compressed static and dynamic buckling of FGM shells with and  f
without the influence of smart piezoelectric layers [17,18]. The 1 z
Pðz; TÞ ¼ P m ðTÞ þ Pcm ðTÞ þ ð2Þ
complete form of the Green strain tensor is considered in these 2 h
works and equations are discreted by means of the finite element
where Pcm = Pc  Pm, and Pm and Pc are the corresponding properties
technique. Other investigations are reported by Mirzavand et al.
of the metal and ceramic, respectively. In this analysis the material
[19,20] for thermal dynamic buckling of cylindrical shells based
properties, such as Young’s modulus E and the coefficient of thermal
on thin and thick shell theories. The influence of applied actuator
expansion a, are assumed to follow the property distribution (2).
voltage and temperature dependency are also taken into account.
In these studies, the resulting motion equations are obtained based
on the classical and third order shell theories. Solution is accom- 3. Governing equations
plished via the finite-difference method in space domain in con-
junction with the Runge–Kutta method in time domain. Shariyat In this study the kinematics of Euler–Bernoulli beam theory
[21] also studied the dynamic buckling problem of thick FGM rect- (EBT) suitable for the slender beams are adopted. Based on the
angular plates subjected to sudden thermal load and sudden com- kinematics of EBT, axial and transversal displacement components
pression. For axisymmetric thermally-loaded and pressurized FGM on a generic point (U, V, W) may be written in terms of the mid-
spherical caps, Ganapathi and his co-authors [22–24] implemented plane displacement components (u, w) as [26]
the finite element method to discrete the highly nonlinear motion dwðxÞ
equations of the system. Very most recently, Sofiyev [25] adopted Uðx; zÞ ¼ uðxÞ  z
dx
the single term Galerkin approach to study the dynamic buckling ð3Þ
Vðx; zÞ ¼ 0
loads of a conical shell under linearly increasing pressure. In all
Wðx; zÞ ¼ wðxÞ
of these works, the well-known criterion of Budiansky-Hutchinson
is implemented to detect the dynamic buckling loads of the Based on the von-Karman nonlinear strain–displacement rela-
system. tions, suitable for small strains and moderate rotations, strain com-
The above literature survey reveals that while the static buck- ponents are [27]
ling and post-buckling of FGM beams is well-reported through  2
the open-literature, no investigation has been carried out to esti- @U 1 @W @W @W 0
exx ¼ þ þ
mate the dynamic buckling loads of FGM beams subjected to @x 2 @x @x @x ð4Þ
mechanical or thermal loads. Furthermore, a few investigations @U @W
exz ¼ þ
deals with the influence of elastic foundation on the equilibrium @z @x
paths. However, all of these investigations consider only the hard- Here, W0 indicates the initial imperfection function through the
ening type of elastic foundation and no work has been reported yet beam which demonstrates a deviation with respect to the flat con-
on the stability behavior of thermo-mechanically loaded FGM dition. Initial imperfection function is generally a through-the-span
beams on softening foundation. In this research, nonlinear static function. With the substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (4), the only non-
equilibrium equations of a through-the-thickness graded FGM zero component of strain field is the axial strain exx which is equal
beam are obtained based on the concept of static version of virtual to
displacements. Slender beam theory of Euler in conjunction with
 2 2
the von-Karman type geometrical nonlinearity are assumed as du 1 dw dw dw0 d w
the basic formulations. Properties of the constituents are consid-
exx ¼ þ þ z 2 ð5Þ
dx 2 dx dx dx dx
ered to be temperature dependent. A three-parameter elastic foun-
dation with cubic hardening/softening nonlinearity is considered
to be in contact during deformation, which acts in tension as well
as in compression. Initial imperfections are also taken into account.
The governing equations are solved for beams with both edges
clamped. Two types of loading, i.e. uniform heating and uniform
compression, are considered. Static post-buckling equilibrium
paths are obtained based on the multi-term Galerkin method. To
estimate the dynamic buckling loads in thermal and mechanical
phases, the concept of Hoff-Simitses criterion is established. The
influence of various involved parameters are studied through
various parametric studies. Fig. 1. Coordinate system and geometry of FGM beam resting on elastic foundation.
 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234 227

For a beam which is subjected to thermal and mechanical load- dNx

¼0
ings, the linear thermoelasticity of a continuum medium accepts dx !
the next constitutive law [28] 2 2 2 2 ð11Þ
d Mx d w d w0 d w
2
þ N x 2
þ 2
 K w w þ K s 2  K nl w3 ¼ 0
rxx ¼ Eðz; TÞexx  Eðz; TÞaðz; TÞðT  T 0 Þ ð6Þ dx dx dx dx

In the above equation, rxx is the axial stress through the beam. Fur- Consequently, the complete set of natural and essential bound-
thermore, T and T0 stand for the temperature distribution and initial ary conditions are revealed as
temperature, respectively. Based on the EBT the stress resultants
are x ¼ 0 : Nx du ¼ 0 x ¼ L : ðNx þ NÞdu ¼ 0
Z dw
þh=2 x ¼ 0; L : Mx d ¼0 ð12Þ
ðNx ; Mx Þ ¼ ð1; zÞrxx dz ð7Þ  dx   
h=2 dM x dw dw0 dw
x ¼ 0; L : þ Nx þ þ Ks dw ¼ 0
dx dx dx dx
Substitution of Eq. (6) into the Eq. (7) gives the stress resultants in
terms of the mid-surface components as
 2 ! 4. Solution method
2
du 1 dw dw dw0 d w
N x ¼ E1 þ þ  E2 2  N T
dx 2 dx dx dx dx In this study only the case of a beam which is clamped in flex-
 2 ! ð8Þ ural behavior is considered. However, it may be movable or
2
du 1 dw dw dw0 d w immovable in the in-plane direction. The out-of-plane boundary
Mx ¼ E2 þ þ  E3 2  MT
dx 2 dx dx dx dx conditions according to Eq. (12) may be written as

where E1, E2, and E3 represent the stretching, coupling stretching- dw

x ¼ 0; L : w ¼ ¼0 ð13Þ
bending, and bending stiffness, respectively. The constant E2 van- dx
ishes for homogeneous materials whilst it is present for materials The in-plane boundary conditions for immovable (IM) and free
with nonsymmetrical elasticity modulus distribution with respect to move (FM) cases may be extracted according to the first of
to the mid-surface. Besides, NT and MT represent the thermal force Eq. (12)
and thermal moment resultants, which may be written in the fol-
lowing form IM : uð0Þ ¼ 0; uðLÞ ¼ 0
ð14Þ
Z
h=2   FM : uð0Þ ¼ 0; N x ðLÞ ¼ N
Ecm
E1 ¼ EðzÞdz ¼ h Em þ
h=2 fþ1 Furthermore, the initial imperfection through the beam is a
Z h=2   known function. Recalling the clamping conditions, the following
2 1 1
E2 ¼ zEðzÞdz ¼ h Ecm  function is chosen as the initial imperfection through the beam
h=2 f þ 2 2f þ 2
   x2  x2
Z h=2
3 1 1 1 1 w0 ¼ 16lh 1 ð15Þ
E3 ¼ z2 EðzÞdz ¼ h Em þ Ecm  þ L L
h=2 12 f þ 3 f þ 2 4f þ 4
Z h=2 The above shape function is the deflected shape of a clamped
NT ¼ Eðz; TÞaðz; TÞðT  T 0 Þdz beam under the action of the uniform transverse load. The param-
h=2 eter l is known as the imperfection amplitude. As seen, lh repre-
Z h=2 sents the mid-span deflection of the beam with respect to the
MT ¼ zEðz; TÞaðz; TÞðT  T 0 Þdz flatness conditions. In the next, the equilibrium Eq. (11) along with
h=2
the boundary conditions (13) and (14) are solved via the multi-
ð9Þ term Galerkin method.
The equilibrium equations of an FGM beam resting on three-
parameter elastic foundation may be obtained according to the sta- 4.1. Thermal loading
tic version of virtual displacement method [29]. For a beam which
is subjected to in-plane load N, the total virtual potential energy Consider an FGM beam subjected to heating. Here only the case
of the beam is equal to the sum of virtual strain energies of beam, of uniform thermal heating is analyzed. The purpose of this section
elastic foundation, and the potential energy of the applied external is to present a solution for Eq. (11) in conjunction with the out-of-
forces which may be written as plane boundary conditions (13) and IM case of boundary condi-
tions (14). According to the first of equilibrium Eq. (11), the in-
Z L Z þh=2 Z b
plane load is constant through the span. Recalling the definition
dV ¼ rxx dexx dydzdx of in-plane stress resultant (8), one may write
0 h=2 0
Z L Z b   !
dw dw  2 2
þ K w wdw  K s d  K nl w3 dw dydx  bNduðLÞ du 1 dw dw dw0 d w
0 0 dx dx E1 þ þ  E2 2 ¼ NM ð16Þ
dx 2 dx dx dx dx
ð10Þ
Here, NM is the constant of integration which is also compatible
In the above equation, Kw, Ks, and Knl stand for the Winkler, Paster-
with the definition of in-plane force resultant (8). This constant var-
nak, and nonlinear cubic constants of elastic foundation. A common
ies in each thermal loading step, but is constant through the beam
sign of Knl and Kw indicates the hardening elastic foundation, while
span. According to Eqs. (8) and (16), the bending moment through
a softening elastic foundation is concluded with the opposite signs
the beam span may be written in the form
of Knl and Kw.
!
Recalling Eqs. (5)–(8) and applying the integration by part tech- 2
E22 d w E2 M
nique to relieve the virtual displacements, result in the next equi- M x ¼  E3   N  MT ð17Þ
E1 dx2 E1
librium equations
228 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234

Substitution of the above equation into the first of Eq. (11) with the displacement through the beam span may be obtained from
simultaneous aid of Eq. (16) yields Eq. (16). The total bending moment results can be easily deduced
! ! based on Eq. (17). Therefore, at this step the thermal post-buckling
4 2 2 2
E22 d w T M d w d w0 d w problem of an imperfect FGM beam resting on nonlinear harden-
E3  4
þ ðN þ N Þ 2
þ 2
þ Kww  Ks 2
E1 dx dx dx dx ing/softening elastic foundation may be assumed to be solved.
 K nl w3 ¼ 0 ð18Þ
4.2. Mechanical loading
The above equation is in terms of the lateral deflection function
only. Therefore, the main benefit of definition (16) is the uncoupling The problem for the case of an FGM beam under the pure in-
the in-plane and out-of-plane regime of displacements through the plane mechanical loading differs mainly for the in-plane boundary
governing equations. To solve Eq. (18), the concept of Galerkin conditions. It is assumed that load N is applied at x = L and there-
method is implemented. According to this method, the function fore FM case of boundary conditions (14) is adopted. Similar to the
w(x) may be written in the form previous section, according to the first of equilibrium Eq. (11) the
X
N in-plane force through the span is constant. The first boundary
wðxÞ ¼ W n Un ðxÞ ð19Þ condition implies that this constant is equal to the known applied
n¼1 force N. Therefore, the following nonlinear equation governs the
post-buckling deflection of the beam
Here, N is the number of terms which should be included in series
! !
expansion to assure the convergence. Furthermore, each of the 4
E22 d w
2 2
d w d w0
2
d w
functions Un(x), n = 1, 2, . . ., N should satisfy the boundary condi- E3  4
þN 2
þ 2
þ K w w  K s 2  K nl w3 ¼ 0
E1 dx dx dx dx
tions (13). In this study the polynomial functions are used as the ba-
sic functions of the expansion (19). According to the clamping ð25Þ
condition, an admissible set of these functions may be written in A Galerkin procedure similar to the one implemented for ther-
the form mal loading case may be used here.
x2  xnþ1 !
Un ðxÞ ¼ 2nþ3 1 ð20Þ E22 XN X N XN
L L E3  W n Að4Þ W n Að2Þ W n Að0Þ
nr þ ðN  K s Þ nr þ K w nr
E1 n¼1 n¼1 n¼1
It is worth noting that the in-plane boundary conditions may be
applied at this stage, since the out-plane displacement is known. ð2Þ
X
N X
N X
N

Integrating Eq. (16) in the domain x = [0, L] and recalling the þ lhNA1r  K nl W n W m W p C ð0Þ
nmpr ¼ 0 ð26Þ
p¼1 m¼1 n¼1
immovability conditions u(0) = u(L) = 0 reaches us to
Z ( !) For any magnitude of the applied load N the above equation should
E1 L X N
dUn XN
dUm dU1
M
N ¼ Wn Wm þ 2l h dx ð21Þ be solved according to the Newton–Raphson method. Therefore, the
2L 0 n¼1
dx m¼1
dx dx lateral displacement is obtained through the beam span according
to Eq. (19). To obtain the in-plane displacement regime through
The residue of the Galerkin method is revealed with the substitu-
the beam span, one may refer to the definition of the in-plane force
tion of Eq. (19) into Eq. (18)
resultant through the span. For the problem in-hand the first of Eq.
!
E22 XN 4
d Un XN 2
d Un (8) takes the form
Res ¼ E3  Wn 4
þ ðNT þ N M  K s Þ W n 2  2 !
E1 n¼1 dx n¼1 dx du 1 dw dw dw0
2
d w
E1 þ þ  E2 2 ¼ N ð27Þ
X
N dx 2 dx dx dx dx
þ K w W n Un þ lhðNT þ NM ÞU1
n¼1 Integrating the above equation with respect to x in the domain
X
N X
N X
N [0, x] in conjunction with the clamping condition and immovability
 K nl W n W m W p Un Um Up ð22Þ condition at x = 0 exhibits the in-plane regime of displacement
p¼1 m¼1 n¼1
through the beam span as
Finally, to obtain the constants Wn the residue (22) should set Z ( !)
1 x X N
dUn XN
dUm dU1
orthogonal with respect to each of the functions Ur. The process re- u¼ Wn Wm þ 2l h dx
sults in N nonlinear algebraic equations in which Wn’s are unknown. 2 0 n¼1
dx m¼1
dx dx
These N equations may be written in a compact form as N
!  x ð28Þ
E22 XN  X
N X
N E1
E3  ð4Þ
W n Anr þ NT þ NM  K s W n Að2Þ
nr þ K w W n Að0Þ
nr
E1 n¼1 n¼1 n¼1
Finally, the bending moment resultant may be evaluated similar
to the process developed for thermal loading case as
ð2Þ
X
N X
N X
N
! 2
þ lhðNT þ NM ÞA1r  K nl W n W m W p C ð0Þ
nmpr ¼ 0 ð23Þ E22 d w E2
p¼1 m¼1 n¼1 M x ¼  E3   N ð29Þ
E1 dx2 E1
where the following definitions apply
Z 2 4
!
L
d Un d Un 5. Dynamic buckling criterion
Að0;2;4Þ
nr ¼ Un ; 2 ; 4 Ur dx
0 dx dx
Z ð24Þ
L Various criteria for dynamic buckling have been developed in
C ð0Þ
nmpr ¼ Un Um Up Ur dx the past 50 years. The most well-known criteria are the phase
0
plane criterion of Hoff-Hsu, the equation of motion approach of
The solution of Eq. (23) is obtained based on the Newton–Raphson Budiansky-Hutchinson and the modified potential energy ap-
method. It should be emphasized that, after the unknown constants proach of Hoff and Simitses [30]. However, there are other criteria
Wn are obtained, the post-buckling deflection of the beam is revealed which have been used in the open literature. For instance, Kleiber
from Eq. (19). At the onset of evaluation of NM from Eq. (21), the axial et al. [31] proposed a criterion based on the eigenvalues of the
 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234 229

Z L Z b=2 Z h=2
tangent stiffness matrix. The ability of this criterion is examined in 1
some simple cases and good agreement is observed between the
U¼ rx ex dzdydx  bNuðLÞ
2 0 b=2 h=2
results of this criterion and the Budiansky-Hutchinson criterion. Z Z  2 !
L þb=2
Gilat and Aboudi examined the ability of Lyapunov exponents
1 dw 1
þ K w w2 þ K s  K nl w4 dydx ð32Þ
criterion on some dynamic buckling problems [32]. It turns out 2 0 b=2 dx 2
that the response of an structure may be remained unbounded,
Recalling the definition of stress resultants, the total energy func-
thought not necessarily stable. Accordingly, the definition of
tion may be written in terms of stress resultants. Besides, the term
stability limit in these cases has to be based on other criteria such 2
as the Budiansky-Hutchinson criterion. There are other criteria  N2EbL
1
in the integrand of the above integral should be ignored since
such as those belong to Kounadis [33], Kubiak [34], and Volmir this trajectory is not contributed to any buckling mode. The modi-
[35]. Each of these criteria has its own disadvantages and benefits fied total potential energy then becomes
when are compared with respect to each other. For instance, Z  2 ( !
L 2
1 du 1 dw dw0 dw d w
Hoff-Simitses criterion is mainly restricted to the conservative U mod ¼ b Nx þ þ  Mx 2
systems, while the advantage of this criterion is its capability in 2 0 dx 2 dx dx dx dx
 2 )
predicting the dynamic buckling loads of suddenly loaded struc- dw 1 N 2
bL
tures through the static equilibrium paths, mainly for unit step þK w w2 þ K s  K nl w4 dx  bNuðLÞ þ ð33Þ
dx 2 2E1
function case of loading. This criterion may be used for loads with
finite or infinite time duration and with the presence or the ab- For each magnitude of in-plane mechanical loading, displacements
sence of preloads. The ability of this criterion has been demon- and stress resultants are evaluated according to the process of pre-
strated in many investigation. Mainly, Sheinmann and Jabareen vious sections. The modified total potential energy, Eq. (33), is then
[27] performed a comparison on dynamic buckling loads predicted evaluated. A null value of Umod reveals the magnitude of in-plane
by Budiansky-Hutchinson and Hoff-Simitses criteria for slender load N in which unbounded motion occurs when load is applied
simply-supported beams subjected to sudden in-plane load. A very suddenly at x = L. Such load is called the dynamic buckling load of
good agreement is observed between the results. Motivated by a suddenly compressed beam.
Sheinmann and Jabareen [27] in this study, to predict the dynamic
buckling loads of a suddenly heated or compressed beams, 6. Results and discussion
Hoff-Simitses criterion is implemented. According to this criterion,
a load level is known as a dynamic buckling load if the modified The procedure outlined in the previous sections is used to study
total potential energy of the structure under the same static load the static and dynamic buckling of thermally or mechanically
level becomes zero [30]. The modified total potential energy is loaded FGM beam. Constituents of the FGM are Stainless Steel as
the total potential energy in which all of the nonadmissible metal and Silicon Nitride as ceramic. Properties of Stainless Steel
pre-buckling deformations are excluded. and Silicon Nitride are temperature dependent. Each property P
may be described based on the Touloukian model
5.1. Thermal buckling
P ¼ P0 ðP1 T 1 þ 1 þ P1 T þ P2 T 2 þ P3 T 3 Þ ð34Þ
To total energy of a beam over a three-parameter elastic foun-
dation that is subjected to thermal loading may be written as where P1, P0, P1, P2, and P3 are constants and unique to each con-
Z Z Z stituent. For the constituents of this study, these constants are given
L b=2 h=2
1 in Table 1. Here, TD belongs to the case when properties are as-
U¼ ðrx ðex  aðT  T 0 ÞÞ  Ea2 ðT  T 0 Þ2 Þdzdydx
2 0 b=2 h=2 sumed to be temperature dependent. In contrast, TID refers to the
Z Z  2 ! case of temperature independent material properties.
L þb=2
1 2 dw 1 4
þ Kww þ Ks  K nl w dydx ð30Þ For pure mechanical loading, properties are evaluated at refer-
2 0 b=2 dx 2
ence temperature T0 = 300 K. It should be pointed out that coeffi-
Recalling the definition of stress resultants, the total energy func- cients of elastic foundation are normalized according to following
tion may be written in terms of stress resultants. In this case, the definition
!
integrand of the modified total potential energy is equal to the total 12K w L4 12K s L2 12K nl L4 h
2

potential energy. The modified total potential energy then becomes ðkw ; ks ; knl Þ ¼ 3
; ref 3 ; 3
ð35Þ
( ! Eref
c h Ec h Eref
c h
1 L  Z  du 1 dw2 dw dw
0
U mod ¼ b Nx  NT þ þ where Eref
c stands for the ceramic elasticity modulus at reference
2 0 dx 2 dx dx dx
) temperature.
2  2
d w dw 1
ðM x  M T Þ 2 þ K w w2 þ K s  K nl w4 dx ð31Þ 6.1. Comparison study
dx dx 2

At each step of thermal loading, displacements and stress resultants
are evaluated according to the process of previous sections. The
modified total potential energy, Eq. (31), is then evaluated. A null
value of Umod indicates a temperature in which unbounded motion
occurs when temperature is applied as a sudden uniform load
throughout the beam domain. Such temperature is called the dy-
namic buckling temperature of a suddenly heated beam.
5.2. Mechanical buckling
To total potential energy of a beam over a three-parameter elas-
tic foundation that is subjected to an in-plane load may be written
as
To assure the validity and accuracy of the present model, some
comparison studies should be accomplished. Due to the lack of any
data on the dynamic buckling characteristics of fully clamped
homogeneous/FGM beam, comparison is confined to the nonlinear
equilibrium path of a heated FGM beam. In Fig. 2, post-buckling
deflection of a beam under in-plane thermal load is compared with
the results of Esfahani et al. [14]. Results of Esfahani et al. [14] are
obtained through the complete nonlinear equilibrium equations
via the generalized differential quadrature method. For the case
of a contact-less beam with L/h = 40 and f = 1, post-buckling equi-
librium path is presented and compared in Fig. 2. It is seen that
comparison is well-justified and the solution procedure seems to
be accurate and efficient.
230 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234

6.2. Thermal analysis

Some parametric studies are performed to study the influence

of various parameters on the stability behavior of FGM beams. In
Fig. 3, nonlinear postbuckling equilibrium paths of perfect/imper-
fect in-contact FGM beams are depicted. Three cases of linear con-
tact condition, i.e. (kw, ks) = (0, 0), (50, 0), (50, 10) are considered.
Previous investigation of Kiani and Eslami [2], Esfahani et al. [14]
and Ma and Lee [16] proves that temperature dependency plays
an influential role on primary and secondary equilibrium paths.
Therefore, in this figure only TD case of material properties is con-
sidered. As Fig. 3 reveals, for perfect FGM beams with both edges
clamped, temperature-deflection equilibrium path of the beam is
of the bifurcation-type buckling. Secondary equilibrium paths for
all three cases are stable. For associated imperfect cases, however,
temperature-deflection paths are unique and stable. Equivalently,
for imperfect FGM beams, with or without linear elastic founda-
tions no bifurcation occurs. However, the behavior of imperfect
and perfect beams is totally different at initial temperature steps.
Nonetheless, at higher temperatures, imperfect case follows the
perfect one. Both Winkler and Pasternak constants of elastic foun-
dation enhance the critical buckling temperature of the beam. Fig. 2. A comparison on thermal post-buckling equilibrium path of perfect clamped
Equivalently, the higher the Winkler or Pasternak constants of FGM beam. Results of this study and Esfahani et al. [14] are overlapped.
elastic foundation, the higher the pre-buckling range. Post-
buckling deflections are, however, settled due to the stiffer config-
uration of in-contact beams in comparison to contact-less ones. It
should be pointed out that in three cases Umod for the case of
thermal loading is evaluated. Results reveal that through the
heating Umod remains negative. Consequently, the Hoff-Simitses
criterion does not predict any scaping/unbounded motion for the
associated dynamic cases.
Thermally induced post-buckling paths of FGM beams resting
on nonlinear elastic foundation are demonstrated in Fig. 4. Only
the hardening type of elastic foundation is considered in this fig-
ure. Same as the previous figure, only TD case is considered. For
perfect FGM beams over a hardening elastic foundation, the re-
sponse is of the bifurcation-type buckling. It is worth-mentioning
that properties of ceramic–metal FGMs are nonsymmetrically dis-
tributed with respect to the mid-surface. In such condition, even
for uniform heating, extra thermal moments are generated through
the beam. Nonetheless, due to the ability of clamping condition,
additional bending moment is generated at the edges which com-
pensates the induced extra moment prior to buckling. Conse-
quently, beam experiences a deflection-less path at the initial
steps of thermal loading. Nonlinear constant of elastic foundation
has no influence on critical buckling temperatures. On the other Fig. 3. Thermal postbuckling equilibrium path of perfect and imperfect clamped
hand, stiffer nonlinear elastic foundation enhances the stiffness FGM beams resting on linear elastic foundation.
of the structure and results in less lateral deflection. Same as the
case of beams in contact with linear elastic foundation, thermal foundation with softening nonlinearity. Fascinating results may
equilibrium path of initially imperfect case is unique and stable. be extracted through this figure. The post-buckling equilibrium
It is worth noting that in these three cases Umod for thermally path of perfect beams resting over softening elastic foundation
loaded beam is evaluated. Results reveal that through the heating may be stable, weakly stable (neutral), or unstable. The unstable
process Umod remains negative. Consequently, the Hoff-Simitses case occurs for sufficiently stiff nonlinear constant. For elastic
criterion does not predict any scaping/unbounded motion for the foundations with loose softening effect, stiffness of the structure
associated dynamic cases. tackles the softening effects and beam reveals the hardening
The next figure, i.e. Fig. 5, demonstrates the thermal post- behavior through the heating. The associated imperfect case
buckling of clamped FGM beams resting over nonlinear elastic experiences a unique and stable path. On the other hand, for

Table 1
Temperature dependent coefficients for SUS304 and Si3 N4 [2,14].

Material Properties P1 P0 P1 P2 P3

SUS304 a (K1) 0 12.33e6 8.086e4 0 0
E (Pa) 0 201.04e+9 3.079e4 6.534e7 0
Si3N4 a (K1) 0 5.8723e6 9.095e4 0 0
E (Pa) 0 348.43e+9 3.07e4 2.16e7 8.946e11
 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234
Fig. 4. Thermal postbuckling equilibrium path of perfect and imperfect clamped
FGM beams resting on nonlinear hardening elastic foundation.
Fig. 5. Thermal postbuckling equilibrium path of perfect and imperfect clamped
FGM beams resting on nonlinear softening elastic foundation.
moderately stiff softening foundations there exists the possibility
of weakly stable equilibrium path. For sufficiently stiff softening
foundation, the stiffness of the foundation tackles the stiffness of
the structure and post-buckling equilibrium path becomes unsta-
ble. Therefore, the structure becomes imperfection sensitive.
Consequently, the associated imperfect case reveals a maximum
load carrying capacity. Equivalently, the response of the imperfect
case is of the limit-load type of instability. It is worth mentioning
that prediction of thermal dynamic buckling loads reveals that
only in case 3 the modified potential energy of the structure be-
comes zero. From Figs. 3–5 it may be concluded that for structures
with stable post-buckling equilibrium path or those possess a
unique and stable path, no scaping/unbounded motion occurs.
On the other hand, structures that undergo the limit-load type of
instability experience the dynamic buckling event. The conclusion
was formerly reported by Simitses [30].
231
Fig. 6. Static and dynamic imperfection sensitivity of clamped FGM beams resting
on elastic foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (0, 0, 1000).
Fig. 7. Static and dynamic imperfection sensitivity of clamped FGM beams resting
on elastic foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (100, 0, 1000).
In the next figures, static and dynamic imperfection sensitivity
of FGM beams in depicted. Figs. 6–8 reveal three cases of contact
conditions. In all three cases, nonlinear constant of softening
elastic foundation is chosen as a sufficiently large number to assure
the existence of imperfection sensitivity feature. Both static limit
temperature and dynamical buckling temperature are shown.
Furthermore results for both TD and TID cases are presented. As
one may conclude, the higher the magnitude of the initial imper-
fection, the less the static and dynamic buckling temperatures.
Temperature dependency assumption, results in underestimation
of DTcr for both static and dynamic cases. Limit load temperature
always stand as an upper bound for the dynamic buckling temper-
ature. Furthermore, for a perfect structure, predicted dynamic
buckling temperature is coincident with the static limit tempera-
ture. The Winkler or Pasternak foundations result in stiffer config-
uration of the beam. Consequently, both limit temperatures of
static equilibrium path and dynamic buckling temperatures
associated to unbounded motions are enhanced.
232 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234

6.3. Mechanical analysis

In this section, static limit loads and dynamic buckling loads of

Fig. 8. Static and dynamic imperfection sensitivity of clamped FGM beams resting
on elastic foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (100, 10, 1000).
In Table 2, the influences of composition rule, imperfection
amplitude, and temperature dependency are examined. Softening
constant of elastic foundation is chosen as a sufficiently large num-
ber to assure the existence of limit load type of buckling. Both sta-
tic and dynamic limit load levels are presented. Apparently,
structure is imperfection sensitive under the action of both static
and dynamic loads. Static limit loads serve as upper bounds for
the dynamic buckling loads. For the constituents of FGM in this
study, an increase in the power law index leads to the decrease
of the critical states. As previously discussed, the TD assumption
predicts lower values for both static and dynamic limit tempera-
tures. The deviation of critical temperatures between TID and TD
cases is more profound at higher temperature levels.
clamped slender FGM beams are studied. As revealed in the previ-
ous section, dynamic buckling occurs only for those possess the
unstable post-buckling path or those exhibit the limit-load type
of buckling. This feature exists also in the case of mechanical sta-
bility analysis. In the rest, for the sake of generality, the nondimen-
sional critical buckling load kcr is presented which is defined by
2
kcr ¼ 12NL
ref 3 . In Table 3 static limit loads and dynamic buckling loads
Ec h
of FGM beams are presented. Various values of power law index
along with various imperfection parameters are considered. As
seen, for the case of perfect beams, static limit loads are coincident
with the dynamic buckling loads. On the other hand, for imperfect
cases, dynamic buckling load remains as a lower bound for static
limit load. For the constituents of this study, the higher the power
law index, the lower the critical buckling load. This feature is due
to the lower elasticity modulus of metal constituent in comparison
with the ceramic one. The deviation of dynamic buckling load from
the static buckling load increases as the imperfection parameter
increases. It is worth noting that the influence of imperfection
magnitude may be compensated by the effect of the power law
index. For instance, the critical buckling load of a beam with
(f, l) = (1, 0.02) is approximately equal to the one that a beam with
(f, l) = (0.5, 0.05) possesses.
Figs. 9 and 10 depict the dependency of the load carrying capac-
ity and dynamic buckling loads of FGM beams to the softening con-
stant of elastic foundation. Results of Fig. 9 accept the fact that the
influence of nonlinear elastic foundation on both static and dy-
namic buckling loads is more profound for higher imperfection
magnitudes. With the increase of imperfection parameter, devia-
tion of dynamic buckling loads from the static buckling loads
increases permanently. As one may conclude, the influence of
softening elastic foundation is more profound in lower power
law indices. Same as the conclusions of the previous figures, static

Table 2
Critical buckling temperature difference DTcr[K] for clamped FGM beams with L/h = 25 resting over an elastic foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (10, 10, 1000) subjected to uniform
temperature rise.

l Power law index (f)

0 0.5 1 2 5 1
0.001 Static TID 882.546 671.320 612.625 572.583 539.741 479.516
TD 624.778 511.198 478.846 457.666 440.695 397.928
Dynamic TID 881.960 669.899 612.125 571.698 538.662 478.427
TD 622.886 509.706 477.068 456.643 439.476 396.502
0.01 Static TID 839.070 634.957 578.541 538.956 507.282 449.759
TD 598.985 487.076 454.895 433.265 415.798 374.548
Dynamic TID 832.510 628.260 572.663 534.714 501.880 444.860
TD 590.926 480.341 448.878 426.345 409.752 367.727
0.02 Static TID 810.325 611.207 555.126 517.243 486.143 429.450
TD 582.062 471.214 439.067 417.318 399.440 359.052
Dynamic TID 799.630 601.653 546.611 509.456 476.565 420.656
TD 569.596 459.380 427.735 406.614 389.450 349.831
0.05 Static TID 760.198 568.009 513.970 476.139 445.947 391.977
TD 550.643 441.444 409.300 387.024 369.426 329.683
Dynamic TID 741.417 551.469 497.398 459.913 429.250 377.730
TD 530.727 422.904 390.429 370.397 351.785 313.199
0.10 Static TID 719.811 530.927 477.702 440.045 408.921 357.185
TD 524.327 415.316 382.648 359.420 339.803 302.322
Dynamic TID 691.702 507.292 454.708 418.229 385.729 334.849
TD 494.727 389.343 357.479 335.241 316.853 281.048
0.15 Static TID 707.973 516.184 461.008 422.300 390.202 338.974
TD 513.928 403.167 369.456 345.019 324.229 287.094
Dynamic TID 675.715 487.268 434.344 394.759 362.307 313.390
TD 477.541 372.392 340.525 315.816 295.010 261.069
 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234 233

Table 3 buckling limit loads stand as the upper-bonds of the dynamic

Critical buckling load kcr for clamped FGM beams with L/h = 25 resting over an elastic buckling loads.
foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (0,0,100) subjected to axial compression.

l Power law index (f) 7. Conclusion

0 0.5 1 2 5 1
0.001 Static 39.097 33.623 31.630 30.199 28.849 25.170 A multi-term Galerkin solution is presented to study the static
Dynamic 39.002 33.539 31.542 30.113 28.782 25.088 and dynamic stability of imperfect FGM beams subjected to uni-
0.01 Static 37.748 32.405 30.461 29.066 27.750 24.168 form compression or uniform heating. The beam is resting over
Dynamic 37.380 32.065 30.136 28.748 27.430 23.915 an elastic foundation with cubic nonlinearity which may be of
0.02 Static 36.777 31.530 29.623 28.254 26.964 23.453 the hardening or softening type. Temperature dependency of the
Dynamic 36.210 30.982 29.101 27.778 26.452 23.088 constituents is also taken into account. Among the parametric
0.05 Static 34.690 29.654 27.827 26.516 25.282 21.927 studies presented in the previous section, the next general conclu-
Dynamic 33.649 28.787 26.978 25.647 24.445 21.218 sions may be presented.
0.10 Static 32.235 27.458 25.728 24.488 23.321 20.156
Dynamic 31.107 26.089 24.468 23.216 22.173 19.127  The post-buckling equilibrium path of heated or compressed
0.15 Static 30.354 25.783 24.130 22.946 21.833 18.818 perfect clamped FGM beams resting on hardening elastic foun-
Dynamic 28.608 24.332 22.639 21.537 20.407 17.597 dation is of the bifurcation-type buckling. The post-buckling
0.20 Static 28.806 24.405 22.817 21.681 20.614 17.725 equilibrium path is stable within the studied range.
Dynamic 27.165 22.723 21.150 20.153 19.143 16.388  The post-buckling equilibrium path of imperfect heated or com-
pressed clamped FGM beams resting on hardening elastic foun-
dation is unique and stable.
 The post-buckling equilibrium path of imperfect heated or com-
pressed clamped FGM beams resting on sufficiently stiff soften-
ing elastic foundation is of the limit-load type of buckling. The
associated perfect case reveals a bifurcation type of instability
with unstable post-buckling branch.
 Bifurcation-point loads or temperatures are independent of
cubic nonlinearity of the elastic foundation. On the other hand,
post-buckling deflections are highly dependent to this constant.
 For structures with stable post-buckling equilibrium path or
those possess a unique and stable equilibrium path, no
unbounded motions are predicted according to the Hoff-Simit-
ses criterion. On the other hand, for those possess an unstable
equilibrium path or those experience a limit load type of insta-
bility dynamic buckling occurs.
 Static buckling load (temperature) serves an upper bound for
dynamic buckling load (temperature).
 Increasing the imperfection amplitude, softening constant of
elastic foundation results in lower static and dynamic buckling
loads and temperatures. On the other hand, increasing the Win-
Fig. 9. Influence of nonlinear constant of softening elastic foundation on static and kler constant or Pasternak constant of elastic foundation
dynamic buckling loads of compressed FGM beams for various imperfection
amplitudes.
enhances the static and dynamic buckling capacities
 Temperature dependency assumption is an influential parame-
ter on limit-temperature, bifurcation temperature, and dynamic
buckling temperatures. Generally, accountancy of temperature
dependency of the constituents leads to the underestimation
of DTcr in each of these cases.

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