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(Sweden)
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of a disconnecting circuit-breaker (DCB) for air-insulated substations (AIS) has been
discussed in several Cigré papers since the middle of the 1990’s [1][2][3]. The DCB is aimed at
replacing the traditional combination of a circuit-breaker (CB) and its associated conventional
disconnectors (DS). The long intervals between maintenance of the DCB, compared with the
conventional open-air DS, provide high availability also with simplified substation configurations. In
addition, the lower number of switching devices means that space requirements are reduced and that
control systems can be simplified. An example of DCB application in a 400 kV transmission
substation is shown in Figure 1.
*jan.lundquist@stri.se
The main advantage of the DCB compared to a conventional disconnector is that the electrical
contacts are enclosed in SF6 gas, thereby protected from the influence of ambient conditions including
the effects of pollution. The protected environment provides improved reliability and prolonged
intervals between de-energisation for maintenance of the DCB.
The possibility of excluding the conventional disconnectors is based on the reduced maintenance
demands of modern circuit-breakers; one major traditional function of the disconnector has been to
isolate the breaker for maintenance of the breaker itself. With the prolonged maintenance intervals
associated with modern circuit-breakers (de-energisation required typically only every 15 years), this
isolating function of the disconnector is becoming obsolete. Furthermore, other major functions of the
conventional disconnector, e.g. the isolation of lines, transformers, etc., for operational or maintenance
purposes, can be equally well handled by the DCB, as will be described in this paper.
The development of a policy for application of disconnectors in the Swedish transmission system is
reviewed, and the future trends are discussed in Section 2 of the paper.
The technical design aspects of the DCB have been presented in [4]. Other aspects, such as using the
DCB to achieve simplified substation configurations with high availability and reduced environmental
impact, were discussed in [3]. Since 1999, the DCB concept has been applied in several transmission
and sub-transmission substations in various countries, from 72 to 420 kV. A recent example is the
application of DCB for rehabilitation of a major 400/130 kV substation in the south of Sweden, owned
by Svenska Kraftnät and Sydkraft Nät, respectively. The reasons for selecting the DCB concept for
both the 400 kV and the 130 kV voltage levels are discussed in Section 3.
An important aspect of the DCB is its ability to provide safe working conditions during maintenance
and repair work in substations. When the DCB is used as a disconnector for this purpose, it has to be
assured that the open contacts are not closed unintentionally, or bridged by a disruptive discharge. This
important aspect has been considered in the design and specification of the DCB. In Section 4 of the
paper, the safety locking system of the DCB is described, and an analysis of the insulating properties
of the DCB in the open position is presented, taking into account the voltage stresses and the risks and
consequences of a disruptive discharge.
The importance of the safety aspects is reflected in the upcoming IEC standard for combined function
disconnecting circuit-breakers. The current results of the standardisation work are briefly outlined in
Section 5.
2
Today, the policy of Svenska Kraftnät is to integrate the breaking and disconnecting functions, which
can be obtained by using the DCB. Reliability studies carried out by Svenska Kraftnät have shown that
the expected outage rate, and the resulting unavailability of a substation, is lower when DCBs are used
to replace conventional circuit-breakers and disconnectors.
3
and the capacitor bank with two breakers. This will enable the “second” DCB to sustain service to
these objects in case the “first” DCB needs to be taken out of service.
In the rehabilitation of the 400 kV substation, the existing main busbar could be retained and, after
extension, be used as one of the busbars in the rebuilt substation.
400/130 kV OH-
150 MVAr line 150 MVAr 100 MVAr
750 MVA
Figure 3. Single line diagram of Hemsjö 400 kV substation. (Legend: See Figure 4.)
4
130/50 kV 400/130 kV
25 MVA 750 MVA
Legend
OH- OH- OH- OH- OH-
line line line line line Disconnecting Circuit Breaker
Disconnector
Earthing switch
Current Transformer
Voltage Transformer
Power Transformer
Auto Transformer
Capacitor Bank
Manual disconnection point
5
Figure 5. Latch for blocking the Figure 6. Operating rod of DCB Figure 7. Detail of locking
operating mechanism in the open locked in open position by mechanism for DCB operating
position. separate operating device. rod (locked position).
6
frequency. Compared with a conventional DS, the risk of disruptive discharges across the DCB is
affected by the presence of the breaker chamber insulator. The overall risk of disruptive discharges is
lower when one side of the DCB is grounded, due to the lower maximum voltage stress on the
longitudinal insulation.
The risk of external flashovers due to power frequency voltages are minimised by appropriate co-
ordination of the external insulation with regard to pollution and ice. The risk of internal or external
disruptive discharges due to overvoltages are minimised by proper co-ordination between insulation
withstand levels and overvoltage levels.
In a situation with closed earthing switch, the power arc current resulting from a disruptive discharge
across a DCB will be equal to the earth fault current. The earthing switch will handle the fault current,
and the ordinary protection system of the substation will clear the fault. If the earthing switch is open,
the power arc current will be equal to the current of a closed DCB in the same position. This means
that the current level may be high or low, depending on the prevailing load conditions in the network.
In the very unlikely event of an internal sparkover, the interrupting chamber is dimensioned to
withstand the stresses without explosion.
7
5. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISATION WORK
The disconnecting circuit-breaker is a combined function switching device, which means it has to
comply with both circuit-breaker and disconnector standards. The IEC has initiated the work on a new
standard for this novel type of equipment: IEC 62271-108, “Combined function disconnecting circuit-
breakers”, expected to be published in 2005.
The main difference in the standard’s requirements on the “combined function disconnecting circuit-
breaker” compared to a conventional circuit-breaker are the repeated dielectric tests following the
mechanical and short-circuit tests. The aim of repeating the dielectric tests (with requirements
according to the disconnector standard) is to prove that the disconnecting properties of the DCB are
fulfilled during its service life, despite contact wear and any decomposition by-product generated by
arc interruption.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The concept of disconnecting circuit-breakers has been illustrated by presenting the application of the
DCB in a major 400/130 kV transmission substation. It was shown that the substation configuration
could be simplified in a considerable way by using the DCB instead of conventional switching
devices, at the same time improving the overall availability of the substation.
The safety aspects of the DCB have been discussed with reference to the blocking system (ensuring
that the DCB is not closed unintentionally when used as a disconnector), and with reference to the
longitudinal insulation in open position. The risk of a disruptive discharge across the open DCB is
always lower than with a conventional CB. Furthermore, the risk is reduced to an arbitrarily low level
by adequate insulation co-ordination with respect to overvoltage levels and environmental conditions.
A new international standard, taking into account the special requirements on “Combined function
disconnecting circuit-breakers”, is soon to be published.
7. REFERENCES
[1] B Wahlström, Y Aoshima, Y Mino, C Lajoie-Mazenc, D R Torgerson, A N Zomers, “The
Future Substation: a reflective approach, “ Report 23-207, Cigré Session, Paris, 1996.
[2] P Norberg, M Tapper, W Lord, A Engqvist, “The Future Substation - Reflection About
Design,” Report 23-105, Cigré Session, Paris, 1998.
[3] C-E Sölver, H-E Olovsson, W Lord, P Norberg, J Lundquist, “Innovative Substations with
High Availability using Switching Modules and Disconnecting Circuit-breakers,” Report 23-
102, Cigré Session, Paris, 2000.
[4] H-E Olovsson, C-E Sölver, “Innovative Solutions for Increasing Reliability and Availability
in AIS Substations,” Cigré SC23 Colloquium, Venezuela, 2001.
[5] K Markussen et al., ”The Insulation Between Terminals of Circuit-breakers and
Disconnectors,” Electra No. 26, 1973.
[6] C S Engelbrecht, R Hartings, H Tunell, B Engström, H Janssen, R Hennings, “Pollution
Tests for Coastal Conditions on an 800-kV Composite Bushing,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3, July 2003, pp. 953-959.
[7] M. Farzaneh et al., “Insulator Icing Test Methods and Procedures – A Position Paper
Prepared By the IEEE Task Force on Insulator Icing Test Methods,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 4, October 2003, pp. 1503-1515.