SONET Technology Primer

by
Gary Nicholl
gnicholl@cisco.com

Gary Nicholl
613-271-3535

Presentation_ID 1
 Agenda

• SONET Introduction
• SONET Framing and Signaling
• SONET Multiplexing
• SONET Overhead
• SONET OAM
• Summary

Presentation_ID 2
 Introduction - What is SONET ?

• SONET - Synchronous Optical NETwork

(ANSI)
• SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU)
• Set of physical layer standards for
communication over fiber optic (and
electrical) links.

Note: The material in this presentation is applicable to both

SONET and SDH, but for simplicity only SONET
terminology is used.

Presentation_ID 3
 What does SONET Provide ?

• TDM multiplexing onto high capacity fiber

systems.
• Standard bit rate, frame format, optical
specifications to ensure multi-vendor
interoperability.
• Fast restoration (50ms) schemes for both
linear (pt-pt) and ring topologies.
• Operations, Administration, Maintenance &
Provisioning (OAM&P)
- provision connections
- performance monitoring
- detect/isolate failures

Presentation_ID 4
 SONET Network Overview
Synchronization OAM
Network Network
ST1

ST2
Provisioning

ADM
Monitoring

DS1
ADM ADM ADM ADM DS1
DS3 ADM
DS3
OC-Nc (IP)
OC-Nc (IP)
ADM

• SONET Transport Network

• Synchronization Network
• OAM&P Network
Presentation_ID 5
 SONET Terminology
Path
Line Line

Section Section Section Section

STE STE
PTE
(REG) (REG) PTE
(Mux,
Mux,ADM LTE (Mux,
Mux,ADM
) (ADM) )

Path Section Line Section Path

Termination Termination Termination Termination Termination

STE= Section Terminating Equipment

Service (DS1, DS3…) LTE = Line Terminating Element Service (DS1, DS3…)
Mapping PTE = Path Terminating Equipment
REG = Regenerator
Mapping
Demapping MUX = Terminal Multiplexer Demapping
ADM = Add/Drop Multiplexer
DCS = Digital Cross-Connect System

Presentation_ID 6
 Signal Hierarchy and Line Rates

Synchronous Line Rate Mbits/s Optical Carrier

Transport Signal

STS-1 51.84 OC-1

STS-3 155.52 OC-3

STS-12 622.08 OC-12

STS-48 2488.32 OC-48

STS-192 9953.28 OC-192

Presentation_ID 7
 STS-1 Frame Format
• 9 rows x 90 columns
• Top row first, transmitted from from left to right
• 125 us frame
• 810 bytes / frame
• 51.84 Mb/s data rate (810 x 64 kb/s)
STS-1 SPE (87 Columns/bytes)

A1 A2 C1 J1 Order of
Section Overhead Transmission
(3 Byte/Rows, B1 E1 F1 B3 1
3 Columns) D1 D2 D3 C2
H1 H2 H3 G1 2
B2 K1 K2 F2
Line Overhead D4 D5 D6 H4
(6 Byte/Rows,
3 Columns) D7 D8 D9 Z3
D10 D11 D12 Z4
Z1 Z2 E2 Z5

Path Overhead
(9 Rows x 1 Column)
Presentation_ID 8
 STS-1 Synchronization & Pointers
• STS-1 SPE ‘floats’ within STS-1 Frame
• Start of SPE (J1) indicated by pointer bytes (H1/H2)
• Accounts for difference between STS-1 SPE and STS-1 Frame
rates
• Can tolerate up to 300ppm offset (1 pointer adjustment/4 frames)
STS-1 Frame (9 rows / 90 columns)
A1 A2 C1
B1 E1 F1
J1
D1 D2 D3 B3
H1 H2 H3 C2
B2 K1 K2 G1
D4 D5 D6 F2
D7 D8 D9 H4 STS-1 SPE
D10 D11 D12 Z3 (9 rows/ 87 columns)
Z1 Z2 E2 Z4
Z5

Presentation_ID 9
 STS-N Frame Format
• STS-N = N x byte interleaved STS-1s
TOH
(3 Byte/Columns)
STS-1#N
A1 A2 C1
1 Interleave
A1 A2 C1
STS-1#1 2 Order
A1 A2 C1 (125 µS)
SOH B1 E1 F1 3
(3 Byte/
Rows) D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
LOH D4 D5 D6 J1 B3
(6 Byte/ D7 D8 D9 J1 C2
B3
Rows) B3C2G1
D10 D11 D12 C2G1F2
G1F2 H4
Z1 Z2 E2 F2H4 Z3
H4Z3 Z4
Z3 Z4 Z5
Z4 Z5
Z5
STS- SPE (87 Byte/Columns)

Presentation_ID 10
 SONET Concatenation (STS-Nc)
A1 A2 C1
STS-1#N
A1 A2 C1
A1 A2 C1 STS-1#1
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
1 Column (N/3)-1 Columns
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
Z1 Z2 E2 J1 Fixed STS-Nc Payload Capacity
B3 Stuff
C2 (N x 780 bytes)
STS POH
(1 Byte/Row) G1
F2 OC-3c = 149.760 Mb/s
H4 OC-12c = 599.040 Mb/s
Z3 OC-48c = 2.3961 Gb/s
Z4
OC-192c = 9.5846 Gb/s
Z5

STS-Nc SPE ( N x 87 Byte/Columns)

Presentation_ID 11
 SONET Multiplexing
STS Envelope STS Transport
Overhead
Payload
P STS-N
IP/ATM O STS-3c SPE Facility
H (155 Mbps)

P
S
STS-1 SPE
DS3 O
(51 Mbps)
T
H
S
Broadband SONET (DS3 or Greater)

Wideband SONET (Channelized STS-1) “N”

D V
P
S DD TV STS-1 SPE
1 SSD 1.5T VV O
(51 Mbps)
1 S 1.5T H Byte
1 1.5T
1 1.5 Interleave
Payload VT Envelope STS Envelope

Presentation_ID 12
 More SONET Multiplexing
TOH
STS- SPE (87 Byte/Columns)
(3 Byte/
Columns) A1 A2 C1
A1 A2 C1
DS3
Interleave
A1 A2 C1 Order
1 (M13 or Clear
SOH Channel)
(125 µS) 2
(3 Byte/ B1 E1 F1
Rows) 3
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
VT 1.5
B2 K1 K2 Superframe
“N” STS-1
LOH D4 D5 D6 Frames for and 500 mS
(6 Rows) D7 D8 D9 STS-N Signal VT 1.5 SPE
D10 D11 D12 V-4 R S
V-3 R S
Z1 Z2 E2 If DS3 Mapped V-2 R S
DS3 Fills SPE V-1 V-5 S
J1
B3
C2 DS1 500 µS
G1 If STS SPE 375 µS
STS POH F2
Mapped
Payload 250 µS
(9 Rows) H4
1 VT Subframe 125 µS
Z3
Z4 per Column
One Sub-Frame
Z5 Per STS-1 Frame
STS- SPE (87 Byte/Columns)

Presentation_ID 13
 IP/ATM Mapping into SONET
• IP packets and ATM cells are mapped into SONET
today !
• Packet/Cell octets aligned with SONET byte
boundaries
• Cell/Packet boundaries can cross SONET STS-N frame
boundaries
Frame n Frame n+1

A1A2 J1 Fixed A1A2 J1 Fixed

B3 Stuff B3 Stuff
C2 C2
G1 G1
TOH F2 TOH F2
H4 H4
Z3 Z3
Z4 Z4
Z5 Z5

Presentation_ID 14
 SONET Overhead Layers

Path
Line Line
Section Section Section Section

PTE REG REG PTE

(ADM, ADM or (ADM,
DSLAM,… DSLAM,…
DCS
Path Section Line Section Path
Termination Termination Termination Termination Termination

PTE = Path Terminating Element

Service (DS1, DS3…) MUX = Terminal Multiplexer Service (DS1, DS3…)
Mapping REG = Regenerator Mapping
Demapping ADM = Add/Drop Multiplexer Demapping
DCS = Digital Cross-Connect System

Presentation_ID 15
 SONET Overhead Byte
Designations
Transport Overhead Path Overhead
Framing Framing Trace/ Growth Trace
A1 A2 STS ID J0/Z0 J1
Section BIP-8 Orderwire User BIP-8
Overhead B1 E1 F1 B3
Section Data Communication Channel Signal Label
D1 D2 D3 C2
Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status
H1 H2 H3 G1
BIP-8 APS APS User
B2 K1 K2 F2
Line Line Data Communication Channel Indicator
Overhead D4 D5 D6 H4
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3
Growth
D10 D11 D12 Z4
Sync Status/ REI/ Growth Orderwire Tandem
Growth S1/Z1 M0 or M1/Z2 E2 Connection Z5
Presentation_ID 16
 Framing Bytes
TOH POH
Framing Framing T/G STS Trace • 2 bytes for framing (F628)
A1 A2 ID J0/Z0 J1

BIP-8 Orderwire BIP-8 • reside in all STS-1s

SOH User B3
B1 E1 F1 • framer typically searches for
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label A1/A2 boundary
D1 D2 D3 C2
• set by h/w
Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status
H1 H2 H3 G1

BIP-8 APS APS User

B2 K1 K2 F2

Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator

D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3

Growth
D10 D11 D12 Z4

Sync REI M0 or Order

Tandem
S1/Z1 M1/Z2 wire
Connection
E2
Z5

Presentation_ID 17
 Performance Monitoring
TOH POH
Framing Framing T/G STS Trace
A1 A2 ID J0/Z0 J1 • Separate checks for Section,
Line and Path
SOH BIP-8 Orderwire User BIP-8
B1 E1 F1 B3 • BIP = ‘Bit Interleaved Parity’
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label
C2
• Simple ‘even parity’ scheme
D1 D2 D3
Path Status
• Parity calculated over all
Pointer Pointer Pointer
H1 H2 H3 G1 corresponding bit positions in
BIP-8 APS APS User previous frame.
B2 K1 K2 F2
• set by h/w
Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator
D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth
• B1: 1 x BIP-8 byte / STS-N
D7 D8 D9 Z3 • B2: N x BIP-8 bytes / STS-N
D10 D11 D12
Growth
Z4
• B3: 1 x BIP-8 byte / SPE
Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem
wire
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2
Connection
Z5
• B1/B3 do not scale well with N!

Presentation_ID 18
 Section BIP-8 (B1) Example
Even parity calculated Even parity calculated
over all bit 1s from over all bit 8s from
previous STS-N frame. previous STS-N frame.

B1 Byte
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A1 A2 C1 A1 A2 C1
A1 A2
A1 A2 C1 A1 A2
A2 C1
B1 E1C1F1 A1B1 E1C1F1
B1 E1
B1 E1 F1 B1 E1
E1 F1
D1 D2F1D3 B1D1 D2F1D3
D1 D2
D1 D2 D3 D1 D2
D2 D3
H1 H2D3H3 D1H1 H2D3H3
H1 H2 H3
H1 H2 H2 H3
H1 H2
H1
B2 K1H3K2 B2 K1H3K2
B2 K1
B2 K1 K2 B2 K1
K1 K2
D4 D5K2D6 B2D4 D5K2D6
D4 D5
D4 D5 D6 D4 D5
D5 D6
D7 D8D6D9 D4D7 D8D6D9
D7 D8
D7 D8 D9
D9 D7 D8
D7 D8 D9
D9
D10 D11 D12 D10 D11 D12
D10D11
D10 D11D12
D12 D10D11
D10 D11D12
D12
Z1 Z2 E2 Z1 Z2 E2
Z1 Z2
Z1 Z2 E2
E2 Z1 Z2
Z1 Z2 E2
E2

Frame n Frame n+1

Presentation_ID 19
 Line BIP-8 (B2) Example
Even parity calculated Even parity calculated
over all bit 1s from over all bit 8s from
previous STS-1 frame - LOH. previous STS-1 frame - LOH.

B2 Byte
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6 D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9 D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12 D10 D11 D12
Z1 Z2 E2 Z1 Z2 E2
Frame n Frame n+1
Presentation_ID 20
 Data Communication Channel
(DCC)
TOH POH
Trace
Framing
A1
Framing
A2
T/G STS
ID J0/Z0 J1
• Out-of-Band communications
channel
SOH BIP-8 Orderwire User BIP-8
B1 E1 F1 B3 • Used to transmit OAM data
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label to/from Network Management
C2
D1 D2 D3 system
Path Status
Pointer
H1
Pointer
H2
Pointer
H3 G1 • Separate Section and Line
channels
BIP-8 APS APS User
B2 K1 K2 F2 • D1-D3 - 192 kb/s OSI/CMIP
Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator • D4-D12 - 576 kb/s OSI/CMIP
D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3

Growth
D10 D11 D12 Z4

Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem

wire Connection
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2 Z5

Presentation_ID 21
 Automatic Protection Switching
(APS)
TOH POH
Framing Framing T/G STS Trace
A1 A2 ID J0/Z0 J1 • K1/K2 - Automatic Protection
Switching (APS)
SOH BIP-8 Orderwire User BIP-8
B1 E1 F1 B3 • Bit mapped communication
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label channel between LTEs for
C2
D1 D2 D3 controlling protection switching.
Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status
H1 H2 H3 G1 • Under control of APS s/w on line
card
BIP-8 APS APS User
B2 K1 K2 F2 • Used on P link only
Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator
D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth W
D7 D8 D9 Z3
LTE LTE
D10 D11
Growth P
D12 Z4

Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem

wire
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2
Connection K1/K2 Channel
Z5

Presentation_ID 22
 Reverse signaling
TOH POH

Framing Framing T/G STS Trace • LTE-LTE Signaling

A1 A2 ID J0/Z0 J1
• Indicates to upstream LTE of
BIP-8 Orderwire BIP-8
SOH
B1 E1
User
F1 B3 downstream failure.
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label • RDI - Remote Defect Indicator
C2
D1 D2 D3 (hard failure - K2)
Path Status
Pointer
H1
Pointer
H2
Pointer
H3 G1 • REI - Remote Error Indicator
(B2 bit errors - M1)
BIP-8 APS APS User
B2 K1 K2 F2

Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator • set by h/w

D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3

Growth
LTE L Fail LTE
D10 D11 D12 Z4
L-RDI (k2)
Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
wire Connection B2 errors
E2 Z5 L-REI (M1)
Presentation_ID 23
 Path Trace
TOH POH
Framing Framing Trace Trace
J1
A1 A2 J0/Z0 • J1- Path Trace.
SOH BIP-8
B1
Orderwire
E1
User BIP-8
B3
• End-End path connectivity
F1
Signal Label
check
Section Data Comm. Channel
D1 D2 D3 C2 • 64 byte (SONET) or 16 byte
Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status (SDH) repeating message.
H1 H2 H3 G1
• Inserted continuously at
User
BIP-8
B2
APS
K1
APS
K2 F2
source, checked against
expected value by receiver
Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator
LOH D4 D5 D6 H4 • message typically set by user
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3
• J0 - Section Trace. Not
Growth
D10 D11 D12 Z4 defined yet (old STS ID byte)
Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem
wire Connection
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2 Z5

Presentation_ID 24
 Signal Label
TOH POH

Framing Framing Trace Trace

A1 A2 J0/Z0 J1 • Describes contents of payload
BIP-8 Orderwire BIP-8
(e.g. DS1, ATM, FDDI etc.)
SOH User
B1 E1 F1 B3 • fixed value, set by application
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label
D1 D2 D3 C2 C2 Byte
Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status
H1 H2 H3 G1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BIP-8 APS APS User
B2 K1 K2 F2 HEX VALUE PAYLOAD
Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator 00 Unequipped
D4 D5 D6 H4 01 Equipped – Nonspecific payload
LOH 02 Virtual Tributaries
Growth 04 DS3
D7 D8 D9 Z3
12 139.264Mb/s
Growth 13 ATM
D10 D11 D12 Z4 14 DQDB
Order 15 FDDI
Sync REI M0 or Tandem
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
wire Connection 16 Scrambled POS (Proposed)
E2 Z5 CF Unscrambled POS

Presentation_ID 25
 Path Status
TOH POH
Framing Framing Trace Trace • G1 Byte
A1 A2 J0/Z0 J1
• Performs function of REI & RDI
BIP-8 Orderwire BIP-8
SOH
B1 E1
User
F1 B3 for PTE
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label
D1 D2 D3 C2

Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status G1 Byte

H1 H2 H3 G1

BIP-8 APS APS User

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B2 K1 K2 F2
REI-P RDI-P UD
Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator
D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth
REI-P: G1 bits 1-4
D7 D8 D9 Z3 RDI-P: G1 bits 5-7
Growth
Undefined: G1 bit 8
D10 D11 D12 Z4

Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem

wire Connection
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2 Z5

Presentation_ID 26
 Order wire
TOH POH
Framing Framing Trace Trace
A1 A2 J0/Z0 J1
• 64kbps voice channels
BIP-8 Orderwire User BIP-8
SOH
B1 E1 F1 B3 • used for craftsperson
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label communication between
D1 D2 D3 C2 equipment locations
Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status
G1
• mobile phones commonly used
H1 H2 H3
instead
BIP-8 APS APS User
B2 K1 K2 F2

Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator

D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3

Growth
D10 D11 D12 Z4

Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem

wire Connection
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2 Z5

Presentation_ID 27
 Pointers
TOH POH

Framing Framing T/G STS Trace

A1 A2 ID J0/Z0 J1 • Payload Pointer bytes H1-H3
BIP-8 Orderwire BIP-8
• Align SPE within STS frame
SOH User
B1 E1 B3
F1 • set/controlled by h/w
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label
D1 D2 D3 C2

Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status

H1 H2 H3 G1

BIP-8 APS APS User

B2 K1 K2 F2

Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator

D4 D5 D6 H4
LOH
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3

Growth
D10 D11 D12 Z4

Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem

wire Connection
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2 Z5

Presentation_ID 28
 Misc Bytes
TOH POH

Framing Framing T/G STS Trace

A1 A2 ID J0/Z0 J1 • F1: Customer communications
channel. Not used much.
SOH BIP-8 Orderwire User BIP-8
B1 E1 F1 B3 • F2: same as F1.
Section Data Comm. Channel Signal Label
C2
• S1: Sync status byte. Indicates
D1 D2 D3
synchronization quality of OC-
Pointer Pointer Pointer Path Status
H1 H2 H3 G1 N signal.
BIP-8 APS APS User • H4: Multi-frame byte. Only used
B2 K1 K2 F2 for VT payloads.
Line Data Comm. Channel Indicator
H4
• Z3/4: Growth bytes. Allocated
D4 D5 D6
LOH for future undefined uses.
Growth
D7 D8 D9 Z3 • Z5: Tandem connection. New
Growth function. Not used much.
D10 D11 D12 Z4

Sync REI M0 or Order Tandem

wire Connection
S1/Z1 M1/Z2
E2 Z5

Presentation_ID 29
 OAM - The Big Picture ?
Network
Management LOS 1
LOF
B1
B2
3 Data Communications Channel (DCC)

ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM

2
K1/K2 K1/K2 K1/K2 K1/K2

Three Steps:
1) Detect failure (BIP-8, B1, B2, B3)
2) Service restoration (50ms) - fast local signaling (K1/K2)
3) Fault isolation and repair - signaling to centralized
network management location (DCC)
Presentation_ID 30
 Is SONET the only way ?
London ‘Supy’ Channel (SCM)
Bristol
4x140M
4x140M

MUX LTE LTE MUX

REG REG REG
#1 #2 #N

50km
OAM OAM
• LOS
• Error counts
• BER
• Tx Laser Bias
• Rx Optical power
• ALS

• 565Mb/s Optical Line System

• Installed 1985, Mercury Communications,
London-Bristol
• 5B6B Block Coded - 678Mb/s line rate
• Sophisticated single-ended OAM features
Presentation_ID 31
 To Wrap Up !

• TDM multiplexing onto high capacity fiber

systems.
• Standard bit rate, frame format, optical
specifications to ensure multi-vendor
interoperability.
• Fast restoration (50ms) schemes for both
linear (pt-pt) and ring topologies.
• Operations, Administration, Maintenance &
Provisioning (OAM&P)
- provision connections
- performance monitoring
- detect/isolate failures

Presentation_ID 32
 Summary

• SONET provides standardization,

interoperability, and OAM
• SONET is complex to implement
• largely due to requirement to support
legacy traffic
• SONET is widely deployed
• However, there is no magic about SONET

Presentation_ID 33
 Acronyms
• ADM: Add-Drop Multiplex
• APS: Automatic Protection Switching
• BIP: Bit Interleaved Parity
• BITS: Building Integrated Timing Supply
• OC: Optical Carrier
• POH: Path Overhead
• POS: Packet Over SONET
• PTE: Path Terminating Entity
• SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
• SONET: Synchronous Optical Network
• SPE: Synchronous Payload Envelope
• STE: Section Terminating Entity
• STM: Synchronous Transport Module
• STS: Synchronous Transport Signal
• TOH: Transport Overhead
• VT: Virtual Tributary

Presentation_ID 34
 References

• Telcordia (Bellcore) GR-253-CORE

• ANSI T1.105 and T1.106
• ITU-T G.707 and G.783
• SONET, Walter J. Goralski, McGraw-Hill Series on
Computer Communications
• Broadband Networking, ATM, SDH, and SONET, Mike
Sexton, Andy Reid, Artech House
• www.sonet.com

Presentation_ID 35
 Backup Material

Presentation_ID 36
 SONET STS-1 Pointers

0 us
Start of STS-1 SPE
H1 H2 H3

9
Rows
STS-1
SPE
125 us

H1 H2 H3
9
Rows
STS-1 Path
Overhead

250 us

Transport
Overhead

Presentation_ID 37
 Pointer Bytes (H1, H2) - Channelized

•Consider STS-3
•3 STS-1 bit steams of 51.84 Mbps
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 268 269 270

271 273
STS-3

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2

2430
Transport
Overhead (TOH) 3 x STS-1's
1 2 3 87 89 90

H1 H2

SPE

810

Path
Overhead (POH)

Presentation_ID 38
 Pointer Bytes (H1, H2) - Concatenated (STS-Nc)

•Consider STS-3c (c = concatenated)

•Single bit stream of 155.52 Mbps

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 268 269 270

271 273

STS-3c
H1 c c H2 c c
SONET
Frame
STS-3c SPE

2430

Transport
Overhead (TOH)

Path
Overhead (POH)

Presentation_ID 39
 Using Pointers to Accommodate
Timing Offsets/Jitter
Positive Stuff Negative Stuff

Byte After H3 Ignored, Or H3 Holds Extra Byte To Shorten/Lengthen Frame

H1, H2 Values Indicate Changes - Maximum Every 4 Frames
Requires Close (Not Exact - up to 300ppm offset) Clock Synchronization
Among Elements

Presentation_ID 40
 SONET Multiplexing Hierarchy

• STS-1 signals can be wideband or broadband

Wideband = Channeled with VT 1.5s containing DS1s
Broadband = High rate DS3 and concatenated STS-1s

• VT mapped STS-1s are designed for transport and

switching of sub-STS-1 rate payloads
• STS-1s can be concatenated to create higher speed
payloads
STS-3c, STS-12c, STS-48c, STS-192c (future)
For data applications, etc..

• STS-1s are multiplexed together to create the transmitted

payload
STS-N = N multiplexed STS-1s
Can intermix broadband and wideband STS-1s within STS-Ns
N is currently defined as 1, 3, 12, 48, 192….
Presentation_ID 41
 Automatic Protection Switching

•Uses K1 and K2 bytes of Line Overhead

•Needs 2 or more fibers
•Allows network to react to failed lines, interfaces, or
poor signal quality
•Can be provisioned for a 1:1 or 1:n facility
•For 1:1 each working facility is backed up or protected
•For 1:n one protection facility exists for n-working fibers

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 268 269 270

271 273

Line H1 c c H2 c c
K1 K2
STS-3c
SONET
STS-3c SPE Frame
2430

Transport
Overhead (TOH)
Path
Overhead (POH)

Presentation_ID 42
 APS - Diagram

ADM/Router ADM/Router
Working facility

Protection facility

1:1 Protection

Working facility

Protection facility

1:N Protection

Presentation_ID 43
 Automatic Protection Switching - K1, K2

•APS - all bits of K1 + bits 1-5 or K2

•K1 byte:
Switch priority - K1 bits 1-4
Channel requesting switch action - K1 bits
5-8
•K2 byte:
Carries the Line "Alarm Indication Signal"
and
Line "Remote Defect Indicator"

Presentation_ID 44